Winter semester 2022-2023

THEORY DA-1

Name: SERALATHAN S
Reg no: 21BEC2378
Course Code: BECE204P
Submitted To: Dr. Niladri Das
Intel Pentium Microprocessor:
The original Pentium was introduced in 1993, it was the P5 Pentium launched with 60 MHz,
with features such as superscalar architecture, allowed it to execute multiple instructions at
once, and a floating-point unit (FPU) integrated onto the processor.

• The Pentium microprocessor was available in various versions such as Pentium Pro,
Pentium MMX, and Pentium OverDrive
• It used a complex instruction set computing (CISC) architecture, which was a carry on
from simpler reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture used by some other
processors
• This had a significant improvement over its predecessors, and its performance helped to
drive the growth of the personal computer industry in the 1990s.

• It has numeric designators that, like other Intel processors, indicate higher levels of
features with high series number
• First of its kind to feature branch prediction in a Pentium microprocessor
• This would allow the prediction of which path a program would take based on previous
executions of the same program.
• The Pentium microprocessor was the first processor to have the “speculative execution”
feature, which allowed it to predict and preload instructions that are likely to be
executed with the help of cache.
Intel Celeron Microprocessor:
The first Celeron series was based on the 250 nm Covington core available from 266 to 300
MHz on the desktop and the 250 nm Mendocino core (19 million transistors, including L2 on-die
cache) up to 500 MHz on the mobile side and note books.

• Celeron microprocessors are designed for lower-end

desktop computers that are primarily used for web
activities and basic computing
• Low-end specific needs are managed through IA-32
and x86-64 chips
• Celeron processors have a numerical indicator. The
higher the number, the more features on the processor
• The name "Celeron" is derived from the Latin word
"celer," which means "fast."
• Celeron processors use a 400 MHz bus and comes with
only 128 KB of cache memory, it is designed for a motherboard that uses a 66 MHz
system bus.
• While the fastest Celeron processor has a clock speed of 2.8GHz, it doesn’t support
multiprocessing and hyperthreading, one of the reasons why they are cheaper than
Pentium.
• Some versions of the Celeron microprocessor are designed for use in embedded
systems, such as point-of-sale terminals and industrial control systems.
Intel Dual Core Microprocessor:
Dual core’s development was Intel’s strike back against AMD’s X2 and processors,
which were highly successful at the time. The Core microarchitecture was launched
with the 65 nm Conroe on the desktop.
• The Intel Dual Core microprocessor is a line of processors produced by Intel, which was
introduced in 2006.
• They have two separate physical cores, which allows for increased multitasking
performance and improved efficiency compared to Pentium D.
• The Dual Core microprocessor has a thermal design power (TDP) ranging from 35 to 130
watts(In general )

• Widely used in entry-level and mid-range computers, as well as in some high-end

gaming and workstation systems.
• It is designed to provide improved energy efficiency, which can lead to longer battery
life in laptops and other portable devices.
• has a typical clock speed ranging from 1.6 to 3.5 GHz, which supports a wide range of
instruction sets, including SSE2, SSE3, and SSSE3.
• Paved the way for advancing the capabilities of mainstream computing devices by
opening a market for Multicore processors
Intel Core 2 Duo Microprocessor:
Intel positioned its remaining Pentium and Pentium D processors to drive AMD into
price war in 2005 and 2006, while the Core 2 Duo processor regained the
performance lead over AMD in 2006.
• The Core 2 Duo processors have two separate physical cores, which allows for increased
multitasking performance and improved efficiency.
• The Core 2 Duo microprocessor has a thermal design
power (TDP) ranging from 35 to 130 watts on most
models.
• This microprocessor supports a wide range of
instruction sets, including SSE4, VT-x, and Intel 64
and has a clock speed ranging from 1.8 to 3.0 GHz.
• Improved Performance on consumer Single-
Threaded applications
• Active when One string of code needs to executed
and has One core active while another Idle(C3)
• Active core takes extra headroom from idle core to
gain increased performance
• Core 2 Duo can be easily over clocked up to 4.0GHz
whereas Dual core can be over clocked up to 20-30%
of its specified clock speed
 Core I-Series
Intel’s Core i3, i5 and i7 processors launched with the Nehalem microarchitecture
and the company’s 45 nm production process in 2008.

Intel Core i3 Microprocessor:

The Core i3 microprocessors have two or four cores, depending on the specific model and these
are on based on the Intel Nehalem and West mere microarchitectures that have a thermal
design power (TDP) ranging from 35 to 65 watts.

• The Core i3 Processor from Intel has a base clock speed of 3.7 GHz and comes with
features such as Intel Hyper-Threading technology
• Hyper-Threading technology, the processor delivers two processing threads per physical
core
• Two cores allows the processor to run multiple programs, while the four threads allow
applications to complete tasks sooner by working in parallel

• The above table shows key specifications of core i3 from same gen
• It comes with intel Smart Cache added to the architecture that allows all cores to
dynamically share access to the last level cache.
• Most current gen models follow 64-bit instruction set and comes with additional
extensions that contains instructions which can increase performance when the same
operations are performed on multiple data objects
• Max Resolution (HDMI) is the maximum resolution supported by the processor via the
HDMI interface (24 bits per pixel & 60 Hz)
• The Core i3 microprocessors are often used in combination with dedicated graphics
cards to provide better performance in gaming
Intel Core i5 Microprocessor:
The Intel Core i5 is a popular line of processors produced by Intel, which was first introduced in
2009. Here are some core specifications of the Intel Core i5 microprocessor:

• The Core i5 processors typically have four or six cores(dual, quad cores), these are based
on the Intel Nehalem, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell, Broadwell microarchitectures.
• It is available in multiple speeds,
ranging from 1.90 GHz up to
3.80 GHz, and it features 3 MB,
4 MB or 6 MB of cache
• The most common type of RAM
used with a Core i5 processor is
DDR3 1333 or DDR3 1600

• Power usage varies for the Core

i5 processors:
Slower speeds (1.90 GHz to 2.30
GHz) use 11.5 W of power
Medium speeds (2.60 GHz to
3.10 GHz) 37 W of power
Faster speeds (3.20 GHz to 3.80
GHz) use 35 W, 65 W or 84 W of
power
• Its designed to provide a good
balance of performance and power efficiency, making them a popular choice for a wide
range of computing devices
• The microprocessors support a wide range of instruction sets, including SSE4.2, AVX,
and AES-NI
• It utilizes either the LGA 1150 or LGA 1155 socket on a motherboard
Intel Core i7 Microprocessor:
Intel Core i7 is a line of Intel CPUs with multiple generations of Intel chipsets. They feature
either four or six cores, with stock frequencies between 1.3 and 4.2 GHz. The first i7 processors
were released in November 2008 and the latest i7 released in 2020

• The Core i7 processor typically has a thermal design power (TDP) ranging from 35 to 165
watts, depending on the specific model and Intel's in built Hyper-Threading technology
allows for better performance in multi-tasking
scenarios.
• The microprocessors are majorly based on following
microarchitectures: Intel Nehalem, Sandy Bridge, Ivy
Bridge, Haswell, Broadwell, Skylake, Kaby Lake, Coffee
Lake, Comet Lake, and Ice Lake.
• Core i7 family processors were the best particularly
for extreme 3D gaming, intensive graphics
tasks, multimedia production in standard computer
level
• Intel Core i7 processor is Intel’s first CPU designed
based on Nehalem micro architecture
• This processor features Intel's Advanced Vector
Extensions (AVX), which is only to improve
performance in mathematical and scientific
applications.
• Intel's Virtualization Technology is possible to avail in
this processor which allows for the creation of virtual
machines
• The Core i7 processors have been used in a wide range of devices, from high-end
desktops and laptops to workstations and servers.
Intel Core i9 Microprocessor:
The Intel Core i9 is the highest-end line of processors produced by Intel, which was first
introduced in 2017, it is the most powerful processor in the Intel lineup, providing the highest
levels of performance for the most demanding users. Fig.a

• The table Fig.a gives a clear

understanding between the
differences of the core i9
benchmarks in comparison with
i7 and i5 versions.
• These processors feature a
performance hybrid
architecture designed for
intelligent performance,
optimized creating, and
enhanced tuning to allow
gamers to game with up to 5.8 GHz clock speed.
• The i9 microprocessor features Intel Hyper-Threading technology this enables each core
to process two threads simultaneously for better performance.
• 9th Generation i9 has eight cores, with two threads allocated to each core and i9 can
process 16 threads at once thus there's an abundance of threads which is a ton of
processing speed
• This processor features Intel's Advanced Vector Extensions 512 (AVX-512), which is only
to improve performance in mathematical and scientific applications along with this it
supports a wide range of instruction sets, including SSE4.2, AVX, AES-NI, and AVX-512.
• Intel's Virtualization Technology is possible to avail in this processor which allows for the
creation of virtual machines
• The Core i9 processors are often used in combination with dedicated graphics cards to
provide even better performance in gaming and other graphics-intensive applications.