CPU

Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit

 Microprocessor
 The Chip
 The Processor

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CPUs

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 CPU

 The brain of a computer system where

calculations and decisions are made
 The main part of the computer that
manages, stores, and uses data
 A silicon chip which normally contains
millions of transistors

 https://duckduckgo.com/?q=define+central processing unit

 https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU&tbs=dfn:1

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 Components of a CPU

Two main components

 Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Control Unit

Other components
 Registers
 Cache
… etc

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 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

 The unit that performs arithmetic and logic operations

such as addition, subtraction, shifting operations and
logic instructions (boolean comparisons, such as AND, OR,
XOR, and NOT operations)

 FPU (Floating-Point Unit)

● ALUs typically do not perform division operations, as the
result may be a fraction, or a "floating point" number.
Instead, division operations are usually handled by the FPU,
which also performs other non-integer calculations

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 Control Unit (CU)

 The control unit is basically circuitry inside the CPU,

controlling the operations inside the CPU and
"directing traffic" in a sense. The functions a control
unit performs can depend on the type of CPU, since
the varying degrees of architecture between all the
different CPUs will determine the functions of the
control unit

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 Registers

 Local storage space on a CPU that holds data that is being

processed. Registers generally occupy the top-most position in
the memory hierarchy, providing high-speed and fast access

 Generally measured in terms of bits to determine the amount

of data they can hold. For example, the two most frequently
used terms, 32-bit processor’ and 64-bit processor, generally
refer to the size of the register on the processor

 Processor registers are normally made of static or dynamic

random access memory (RAM) cells. Static RAM offers faster
access to data than dynamic RAM, which is relatively slow

 Categories of Registers
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register#Categories_of_registers

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 Cache

 CPU Cache is a data storage section of a CPU or processor. Its purpose

is to "cache" (or "keep in hand") the next set of instructions and data
that is currently needed

 Slower than Registers, Faster than Main Memory

 Comes in different levels. L1, L2, L3

 Speed (performance): L1 > L2 > L3

 Size (capacity): L1 < L2 < L3

 Typical Core I CPU contains

● L1 cache 64 kB per core
● L2 cache 256 kB per core
● L3 cache 1 MB to 8 MB shared

 55

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CPU Diagrams

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 CPU Vendors

 Intel
 AMD
(Advanced Micro Devices)

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 CPU Vendors

 List of Intel microprocessors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors

 List of AMD microprocessors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessors

Different manufacturers use different CPU architectures

and technologies. Therefore similar CPU related terms
such as Cache may different as well…

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 Microarchitecture

 The microword definition, data flow, timing

constraints, and precedence constraints that
characterize a given microprogrammed
computer

● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures

● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures#Microar
chitectures

● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures

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 Intel Microarchitectures

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures

 Semiconductor device fabrication

● Semiconductor manufacturing processes measured by nanometers
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication

 Intel Tick-Tock
● Every "tick" is a shrinking of process technology of the
previous microarchitecture and every "tock" is a new
microarchitecture
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Tick-Tock

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 Intel Microarchitectures

Notable Microarchitectures
Fabrication
Microarchitecture Major CPUs
process
NetBurst 65 nm Pentium 4

Core 65 nm, 45 nm Core 2

Nehalem 45 nm, 32 nm

Sandy Bridge 32 nm Core i3

Sandy Brid Core i5
ge Ivy Bridge 22 nm Core i7

Haswell 22 nm
Haswell
Broadwell 14 nm

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 Intel Core CPU Generations

 Processor Generation of a Core I CPU is a term used to

identify certain CPU families
 Instead of using microarchitecture names, simply a
generation name is used
 Generation can be determined by the relevant Sub
Microarchitecture Codename or CPU model no.

 1st Generation: Nehalem (~45nm)

 2nd Generation: Sandy Bridge (~32nm)

 3rd Generation: Ivy Bridge (~22nm)

 4th Generation: Haswell (~22nm)

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 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Core Generations

 CPU Generation or its Microarchitecture Codename

can be determined by the CPU model no.

Here # is a number. Not a letter

Generation CPU Model No. Sample

1st Core i# - ### Core i5 - 750

2nd Core i# - 2### Core i5 - 2310

3rd Core i# - 3### Core i5 - 3450

4th Core i# - 4### Core i5 - 4570

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 CPU Socket

 A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component

that provides mechanical and electrical connections
between a microprocessor and the motherboard

 Typically made of plastic. Has a lever or latch and metal

contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Many
packages are keyed to ensure the proper insertion

 Earlier Sockets had holes, as older CPUs had pins, and

newer sockets have pins as newer CPUs are pin-less

● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket
● http://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/

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 CPU Socket

Notable Intel CPU Sockets

Socket Major CPUs

Socket 478 Pentium 4

LGA 775 Core 2 Duo

LGA 1156 Core i3, i5 (1st Gen)

LGA 1155 Core i3, i5 (2nd, 3rd Gen)

LGA 1150 Core i3, i5 (4th Gen)

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CPU Socket

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 Threads

 In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest

sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed
independently by an operating system scheduler

 Multithreading

● Multithreading CPUs have hardware support to efficiently

execute multiple threads

 Hyperthreading

● Hyper-Threading Technology or HT Technology is

Intel's proprietary simultaneous multithreading (SMT)
implementation used to improve parallelization of
computations

 Here a Logical Core is called as a thread

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 Multicore

 A multi-core processor is a single computing

component with two or more independent
actual processing units (Physical Cores)
 Normally a Core means a Physical Core and a
Thread means a Logical Core
 Multicore systems have more than one Cores
 Dual-Core and Quad-Core CPUs are common

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 Multicore

 Dual-Core
● Pentium D
● Core 2 Duo
● Core i3 Dual Core

 Quad-Core
● Core 2 Quad
● Core i5 Quad Core

 Intel's Core i# numbering scheme

o i#-6## and down: dual core
o i#-7## and up: quad core

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 Multicore

Multicore Cache Distribution

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 Multicore

Multicore Cache Distribution 25

 Processor Types

 Server Processors
 Desktop Processors
 Mobile (Notebook) CPUs
 CPUs for other Mobile Devices

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 Server Processors

 High Speed
 Multiple CPUs used
 Bigger Cache
 Examples
● Intel Xeon, AMD Opteron

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Mobile (Notebook) CPUs

 Compared to Desktop CPUs

● Smaller Cache
● Less Power Consumption
● Less Performance

 Typically vendors include special

letters like M (for mobile) in notebook
CPUs

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CPUs for other Mobile Devices

 Mobile Devices like Mobile Phones, Tabs use

CPUs

 Newer high end devices use Multicore CPUs

 Examples
● Sony Xperia Z:
1.5 GHz quad-core Qualcomm Krait

● Samsung Galaxy S4
1.2 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7, 1.6 GHz quad-core 1.6 GHz
quad-core Cortex-A15 +

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 Future: SoC

 A System on a Chip or System on Chip (SoC) is an

integrated circuit (IC) that integrates all components of
a computer or other electronic system into a single chip

 Integrates almost all components into a single silicon

chip. Along with a CPU, an SoC usually contains a GPU,
memory, USB controller, power management circuits,
and wireless radios.

 Whereas a CPU cannot function without dozens of other

chips, it’s possible to build complete computers with just
a single SoC
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip

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 SoC (System on a Chip)

 SoC vs. CPU

● CPUs are on the way out. Eventually, SoCs will almost completely
consume CPUs
● http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-b
attle-for-the-future-of-computing

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SoC (System on a Chip)

ARM server SoC: Calxeda EnergyCore ECX-1000 Block Diagram 32

CPU: Considerations

 Motherboard
● Socket
● Chipset

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More Links and References

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_
of_Intel_processors
 https://duckduckgo.com/?q=CPU
 https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU

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 Thank You!

Ayubowan!