Microprocessors &

Microcontrollers

Name: Manas Kumar Sanda

Register Number: 21BEC2366
Course Code: BECE204L
Faculty: Prof. Niladri Das
Date: 15/04/2023
 Intel Pentium microprocessor

The first CPU under the Pentium brand, the 32-bit x86 Intel Pentium
microprocessor was released by Intel in 1993. It is a cutting-edge
superscalar processor with over 3.1 million transistors and 4 GB of
physical memory space. It has a 64-bit data bus and a 32-bit address
bus.

1. Its pipelined architecture enables it to carry out several instructions in

parallel and outperform earlier x86 processor generations in terms of
performance.
2. It supports running in real mode, protected mode, virtual 8086 mode,
and legacy software mode.
3. New innovations are introduced, including branch prediction, data
prefetching, improvements to floating-point units, and the MMX
instruction set for multimedia applications.
4. It is constructed utilizing a 0.8-micron BiCMOS process technique,
which boosts speed while consuming less power.
5. Its bus speed is either 60 MHz or 66 MHz, and its clock speed ranges
from 60 MHz to 200 MHz.
6. It contains an internal 8 KB instruction cache, an internal 8 KB data
cache, and an external up to 256 KB cache that is an option.
 Intel Celeron microprocessor

Since 1998, Intel has been producing a line of entry-level x86

microprocessors called Celeron that are intended for low-cost
personal computers. It is based on a number of Pentium-brand
architectures, including P6, NetBurst, Core, Nehalem, Sandy Bridge,
etc. Compared to its higher-end competitors, it has slower clock
rates, smaller caches, and less functionality.

1. Depending on the generation and model, it uses a range of

architectures, including single-core, dual-core, quad-core, or
hexa-core designs with various instruction sets and
microarchitectures.
2. In some variants, it supports additional security features, virtualization
technologies, and both 32-bit and 64-bit operating modes of
operation3.
3. It introduces cutting-edge innovations like Intel® Wi-Fi 6 (Gig+),
Intel® UHD Graphics for 720p gaming and 4K HDR video playback,
and Intel® Graphics Command Centre for quick adjustments to some
models' graphics and settings.
4. Depending on the generation and model, it is manufactured utilising
a variety of process methods ranging from 250 nm to 10 nm.
5. Depending on the generation and model, it has a clock speed range
of 266 MHz to 3.5 GHz and a bus speed range of 66 MHz to 1600
MHz.
6. Depending on the generation and model, it includes an embedded
cache with a size that ranges from 16 KB to 8 MB.
 Intel Dual Core microprocessor

An x86 microprocessor known as a "Intel Dual Core" contains two full

execution cores on a single chip, enabling it to do numerous tasks
simultaneously. It is built on a number of Core brand-derived
architectures, including Yonah, Merom, Allendale, Wolfdale, etc. With
regard to multitasking and multithreaded programmes, it performs
and uses resources more effectively than single-core processors.

1. It makes use of a dual-core architecture that has two separate cores

on a single die, each with their own caches, buses, and controllers.
2. For improved multimedia performance in some models, it supports
SSE3 and SSE4 instruction sets as well as both 32-bit and 64-bit
operating systems.
3. For power management, virtualization, and security in select models,
it introduces new technologies as the Enhanced Intel SpeedStep
Technology (EIST), Intel Virtualization Technology (VT), and Intel
Trusted Execution Technology (TXT).
4. Depending on the generation and model, it is manufactured utilising a
variety of process methods ranging from 65 nm to 45 nm.
5. Depending on the generation and model, it has a clock speed range
of 1.06 GHz to 3.33 GHz and a bus speed range of 533 MHz to 1333
MHz3.
6. Depending on the generation and model, it includes an embedded
cache with a size ranging from 1 MB to 6 MB.
7. In terms of performance per watt, scalability, compatibility with current
x86 software and hardware, and increased performance for
multitasking and multithreaded programmes, it offers an advantage
over other types of CPUs.
 Intel Core 2 Duo microprocessor

A type of x86 CPU called the Intel Core 2 Duo features two cores and
is based on the Core microarchitecture, an improved Pentium M
design. It is the Core Duo CPU's replacement and the Core i3/i5/i7
processor families' forerunner. It was made accessible for desktops
and laptops and was first announced by Intel in 2006.

1. It makes use of a dual-core architecture that has two separate cores

on a single die or multi-chip module, each with their own caches,
buses, and controllers.
2. For improved multimedia performance in some models, it supports
SSE3 and SSE4 instruction sets as well as both 32-bit and 64-bit
operating systems.
3. For power management, virtualization, security, and cache efficiency
in select models, it introduces new technologies as the Enhanced
Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST), Intel Virtualization Technology
(VT), Intel Trusted Execution Technology (TXT), and Intel Advanced
Smart Cache.
4. Depending on the generation and model, it is manufactured utilising a
variety of process methods ranging from 65 nm to 45 nm.
5. Depending on the generation and model, it has a clock speed range
of 1.06 GHz to 3.33 GHz and a bus speed range of 533 MHz to 1600
MHz.
6. Depending on the generation and model, the inbuilt cache ranges in
size from 2 MB to 6 MB.
 Intel Core i3 microprocessor

A Nehalem, Westmere, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell,

Broadwell, Skylake, Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake, Comet Lake, or Rocket
Lake-based Intel Core i3 microprocessor is an x86 microprocessor
with two or four cores. It is the Core 2 Duo processor's replacement
and the Core i5 processor family's predecessor. It was made
accessible for both desktops and laptops when it was first released
by Intel in 2010.

1. It makes use of a dual-core or quad-core architecture, which consists

of two or four independent cores on a single die or multi-chip module,
each with their own caches, buses, and controllers.
2. For improved multimedia performance in select models, it supports
SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, and AVX-512 instruction sets in
addition to 32-bit and 64-bit operating modes.
3. For power management, virtualization, security, graphics efficiency,
and connectivity in some models, it introduces new technologies like
Intel Turbo Boost Technology (in some models), Intel
Hyper-Threading Technology (in some models), Intel Smart Cache,
Intel HD Graphics or Intel UHD Graphics (in some models), and Intel
Wi-Fi 6 (Gig+).
4. Depending on the generation and model, it is manufactured utilising a
variety of process methods ranging from 45 nm to 14 nm.
5. Depending on the generation and model, it has a clock speed range
of 1.2 GHz to 4.4 GHz and a bus speed range of 800 MHz to 1600
MHz.
6. Depending on the generation and model, the inbuilt cache ranges in
size from 3 MB to 12 MB.
 Intel Core i5 microprocessor

A Nehalem, Westmere, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell,

Broadwell, Skylake, Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake, Comet Lake, Rocket
Lake, or Alder Lake-based Intel Core i5 microprocessor is an x86
microprocessor with two, four, or six cores. It is the Core i3 CPU
family's successor and the Core i7 processor family's predecessor. It
was made accessible for desktops and laptops and was first
announced by Intel in 2009.

1. It makes use of a dual-core, quad-core, or hexa-core architecture,

which consists of two, four, or six separate cores, each with their own
caches, buses, and controllers, on a single die or multi-chip module.
2. For improved multimedia performance in select models, it supports
SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, and AVX-512 instruction sets in
addition to 32-bit and 64-bit operating modes.
3. For power management, virtualization, security, graphics efficiency,
and connectivity in some models, it introduces new technologies like
Intel Turbo Boost Technology (in some models), Intel
Hyper-Threading Technology (in some models), Intel Smart Cache,
Intel HD Graphics or Intel UHD Graphics (in some models), and Intel
Wi-Fi 6 (Gig+).
4. Depending on the generation and model, it is manufactured utilising a
variety of process methods ranging from 45 nm to 10 nm.
5. Depending on the generation and model, it has a clock speed range
of 1.2 GHz to 5 GHz and a bus speed range of 800 MHz to 1600
MHz.
6. Depending on the generation and model, the inbuilt cache ranges in
size from 3 MB to 12 MB.

Intel Core i7 microprocessor

 A Nehalem, Westmere, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell,
Broadwell, Skylake, Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake, Comet Lake, Rocket
Lake, or Alder Lake-based Intel Core i7 microprocessor is an x86
microprocessor with two, four, six, eight, or ten cores. It is the Core i5
CPU family's replacement and the Core i9 processor family's
predecessor. It was made accessible for desktops and laptops and
was first announced by Intel in 2008.

1. It makes use of a dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, octa-core, or

deca-core architecture, which has two, four, six, eight, or ten separate
cores, each with their own caches, buses, and controllers, on a single
die or a multi-chip module.
2. For improved multimedia performance in select models, it supports
SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, and AVX-512 instruction sets in
addition to 32-bit and 64-bit operating modes.
3. For power management, virtualization, security, graphics efficiency,
and connectivity in some models, it introduces new technologies like
Intel Turbo Boost Technology (in some models), Intel
Hyper-Threading Technology (in some models), Intel Smart Cache,
Intel HD Graphics or Intel UHD Graphics (in some models), and Intel
Wi-Fi 6 (Gig+).
4. Depending on the generation and model, it is manufactured utilising a
variety of process methods ranging from 45 nm to 10 nm.
5. Depending on the generation and model, it has a clock speed range
of 1.6 to 5.3 GHz and a bus speed range of 800 to 1600 MHz.
6. Depending on the generation and model, the inbuilt cache can range
in size from 4 MB to 30 MB.

Intel Core i9 microprocessor

 The Skylake-X, Kaby Lake-X, Coffee Lake, Cascade Lake-X, Comet
Lake, Rocket Lake, or Alder Lake microarchitectures are used in the
two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, fourteen, sixteen, eighteen, twenty, or
twenty-four core Intel Core i9 microprocessors. It is the Core brand's
most advanced processor family and the Core i7 processor's
replacement. It was made accessible for desktops and laptops and
was first announced by Intel in 2017.

1. It uses an architecture with two to twenty-four independent cores on a

single die or multi-chip module, such as a dual-core, quad-core,
hexa-core, octa-core, deca-core, dodeca-core, tetradeca-core,
hexadeca-core, or tetracosa-core.
2. For improved multimedia performance in select models, it supports
SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX2, and AVX-512 instruction sets in addition to
32-bit and 64-bit operating modes.
3. For power management, virtualization, security, graphics efficiency,
and connectivity in some models, it introduces new technologies like
Intel Turbo Boost Technology (in some models), Intel
Hyper-Threading Technology (in some models), Intel Smart Cache (in
some models), Intel HD Graphics or Intel UHD Graphics, and Intel
Wi-Fi 6 (Gig+).
4. Depending on the generation and model, it is manufactured utilising a
variety of process methods ranging from 14 nm to 10 nm.
5. Depending on the generation and model, it has a clock speed range
of 1.6 to 6 GHz and a bus speed range of 800 to 1600 MHz.
6. Depending on the generation and model, the inbuilt cache can range
in size from 4 MB to 36 MB.