Infant Mortality Rate - Number of kids that die for every 1000 live births

IMR = Total number of deaths of children younger than 1 X 1000 total number of live births

Child Mortality Rate - Number of children that die under the age of five, for every 1000
births

CMR = Total number of deaths of children younger than 5 X 1000 total number of live births

Maternal Mortality Rate - The MMR is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live
births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management

MMR = total number of maternal deaths of women x 100,000 total number of live births

Life Expectancy - The average number of years that a person can be expected to live,
usually from birth, given that demographic factors remain unchanged.

Life Expectancy - DALY = HALE

Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) - A heath measure based on years of “healthy” life lost
by being in poor health or in a state of disability

HALE is the number of healthy years an individual is expected to live at birth by subtracting the
years of ill health - weighted according to severity - from overall life expectancy.

Reasonable access to safe drinking water us defined as the availability of at least 20 liters per
person per day from an improved source within 1 kilometer of the users dwelling

Sanitization is the provision of facilities and services of the safe disposal of human urine and
feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide.

Access to Health Services

This is usually measured in the number of doctors/1000 people or doctors/10,000 people or
doctors/hospitals.

Epidemiologic Transition
Process by which the pattern or mortality and disease is transformed from one of high mortality
among infants and children and caused by famine and epidemics affecting all age grounds to
one of degenerative and man-made diseases affecting principally the elderly.

- It is believed that the epidemiologic transitions prior to the 20th century were closely
associated with rising standards of living, nutrition, and sanitation.
 - In contrast, those occurring in LICs have been more or less independent of such internal
socioeconomic development and more closely tied to organized health care and disease
control programs developed and financed internationally

Terms

Epidemiology - study of diseases

Endemic - a disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area
Epidemic- A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
Pandemic - A disease prevalent over a whole country or the world.
Pathogen - A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease
Vector - An organism, typically a biting insect or tick that transmits a disease or parasite from
one animal or plant to another.
Plague - a contagious bacterial disease characterized by fever and delirium, typically with the
formation of buboes and sometimes infection of the lungs.

Degenerative diseases: The result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell

changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time. Normal bodily
wear or lifestyle choices may worsen degenerative diseases. Coronary artery disease,
alzheimers, osteo.

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacterial, viruses,

parasites, or fungi. They can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another

R0 Reproductive number describes how contagious a pathogen is given circumstance. >1 it

spreads <1 infection dwindles

Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted
to humans

Virulence- the severity of harmfulness of a disease or poison.

Contagious: spread of disease from one person to another by direct or indirect contact.

Viral vs. bacterial infections

- Both types of infections are caused by microbes and spread by: coughing sneazing,
contact with infeting people through kissing and sex, contact with contaminated
surfaces, food, and water, contact with infected creatured incliding pets, livestock, and
insects such as fleas and ticks
- Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that are made up of a single cell
- Bacteria can luve in almost every environment, including in or on the human body
 - Few bacteria cause infections in humans. These bacteria are referred to as pathogenic
bacteria
- Viruses are smaller than bacteria
- Viruses are parasitic. That means they require living cells or tissue in which to grow
- Viruses can invade the cells of your body, using the components of your cells to grow
and multiply. Some viruses even kill host cells as part of their life cycle

Diffusion of disease - refers to the spread of disease from its source into new areas
- Diseases are most mobile than in the past
- The network of communications by road, rail, air means that potential carriers of
diseases can travel across the globe in a matter of hours
- Early plagues were carried by rats and their fleas squatting in the holds of sailing ships,
but modern plagues are more likely to be brought in b a business traveler who's been on
a mini break
- There is a reducing effect with distance from the original outbreak (Distance Decay) and
also a time delay. Diseases tend to spread like a wave from a central point.
- Factors that slow down the spread of disease include physical barries plus political
boundaries. Travel restrictions and screening, vaccines, and limiting physical contact are
human barriers to the spread of disease. Public health advice can also help in some
cases.

Main methods of diffusing

1. Expansion diffusion - occurs when the expanding disease has a source and diffuses
outwards to new areas
2. Relocation diffusion - occurs when the spreading disease moves into new areas, leaving
behind its origin or source of disease.
3. Contagious diffusion - is the spread of an infectious disease through the direct contact of
individuals with those infected.
4. Network Diffusion - occurs when a disease spreads via transportation and social
networks.
5. Hierarchical diffusion - occurs when a disease/infections spreads through an order
sequence of classes or places

Neglected Tropical Diseases

NTDs are a diverse group of tropical infections in low income populations in developing regions
of africa, asia, and the americas. They are caused by a variety of pathogens.
These diseases are contrasted with the big three infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, TB, and
malaria). Which generally receive greater treatment and research funding.

Stigma of NTDs
Social stigmas is a major consequence of NTDs
In addition to causing physical and emotional suffering, these diseases hamper a person's
ability to work, keep children out of school, and prevent families and communities from thriving.
- 20 NTDs -
 - River Blindness - caused by a blackfly that transmits the infection that lives and breeds
near fast flowing water
- Elephantiasis - condition characterized by gross enlargement of an area of the body. It is
caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system, which results in accumulation of a fluid
called lymph in the affected areas.
- Trachoma- world's leading infectious cause of blindness and affects over 1 billion
people. It is caused by a bacteria that spreads through contact with eye discharge from
an infected person.
- Cholera - Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which
can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or
drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called vibrio cholerae.
- Breaches of water sanitation leading to contamination by vibrio cholera
- Cholera must be present in the population.
- Treatment - Rehydration therapy, antibiotics, vaccinations

TEST

Find answer on map and state it

Ask to describe 3 things you need to describe (trend, outlier, and describe)
Explain
Explain
1 essay