What is the Flu?

Influenza (the Flu) is a serious disease spread by coughs and sneezes and caused by influenza A or B viruses, mainly
during the winter season.  It can cause mild to severe illness and at times can lead to death. Signs and symptoms
include fever, cough, headache, muscle aches, and weakness. A sore throat, and runny nose can also be present. The
best way to prevent influenza is by getting a flu vaccination each year.

How is the Flu Spread?

The flu virus spreads through the tiny wet droplets inadvertently produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes,
or talks. A person can get the flu by breathing in these wet drops, or by touching items and surfaces covered with
these drops and then touching their mouth, nose, or eyes.

People who have the flu may spread it to others about 1 day before getting sick to 5-7 days after, and are most
contagious during the first three days of feeling sick. Children and people with weak immune systems can spread the
flu virus for a longer period of time.

This means that you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while
you are sick. Almost half of the people with the flu virus do not know that they have the flu and continue with their
daily activities.

Hepatitis B
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can lead to acute or chronic hepatitis B disease, both of which cause damage to
the liver. A vigorous immune response to infection leads to the eventual clearing of the vaccine from the body; this is
called an acute infection. If the virus is not cleared, it remains in the body, damaging the liver over many years, and
can lead to life threatening liver disease if not treated; this is called chronic infection.

Other Hepatitis Viruses

The word “hepatitis” comes from the words meaning “liver” and “inflammation”. There are many diseases that can
lead to liver inflammation, several of which have the word “hepatitis” in their names. Despite their similar sounding
names and their often similar symptoms, these diseases are caused by different viruses, have different modes of
transmission, and different methods of treatment and prevention. The most common of these hepatitis diseases, in
addition to hepatitis B are hepatitis A and hepatitis C. Compare these three diseases with the ABCs of Hepatitis
Factsheet. Additionally, hepatitis D and hepatitis E viruses are also causes of human disease worldwide, but are much
less common than the others.

What is HIV/AIDS?
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS, the Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome. Over 1.1 million people in the United States are living with HIV, and almost a fifth (18.1%) of HIV infected
Americans are unaware of their status. Although there have been major advances in the prevention and treatment of
HIV, we continue to see too many new HIV infections and too many AIDS deaths. For these reasons, a general
understanding of HIV is essential to public health.

How do people get HIV?

It is important to recognize the main modes of HIV transmission. HIV can be passed from one person to another
through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Unprotected sex with an HIV infected
person and direct contact with HIV-infected blood through shared injection equipment, open wounds, or mucous
membranes (eyes, mouth, rectum, vagina) may lead to transmission. It is extremely unlikely for HIV infection to
happen simply through brief contact between infectious bodily fluids and intact skin. The risk of HIV infection from any
single sexual exposure is generally low, but receptive anal intercourse is the highest risk sexual activity, followed by
receptive vaginal intercourse. Oral sex is very low risk, and HIV cannot be transmitted through saliva, sweat, or tears.

Measles

2015 Alameda County Public Health Department Response

The Alameda County Public Health Department (ACPHD) Department Operating Center (DOC) shifted its response
from Ebola planning and response to Measles outbreak response on 1/9/15 and demobilized on 4/3/15.  The DOC
coordinated incoming and outgoing situation update, communications & guidance, preparedness, surveillance, disease
containment, and prevention, relevant to measles infection in collaboration with the California Department of Public
Health (CDPH) and the CDC; Alameda County EMS Agency, regional bay area health departments, local hospitals,
healthcare providers, and others.

Rabies

Rabies is a serious infection of the nervous system caused by a virus, known as Rabies virus. In Alameda County, the
virus is usually transmitted to humans by a bite or scratch from a wild infected animal, most commonly, a bat or a
skunk. Rabies almost always results in death if a bite or scratch from a rabid animal (an animal infected with rabies) is
not treated at the time of exposure and symptoms of an infection develop.

Raccoons, foxes, dogs and cats also can be infected with rabies. A few cases of rabies have been reported in wolves,
coyotes, bobcats, ferrets, cattle, horses, goats and sheep. Small rodents such as hamsters, squirrels, chipmunks,
mice, and rabbits are very rarely infected with the rabies.
How is Rabies Spread to Humans?
Rabies is transmitted to humans and other animals through close contact with saliva from infected animals (i.e. bites,
scratches, licks on broken skin and mucous membranes). Person-to-person spread is very rare.

Vaccination of animals against rabies and not feeding or handling wild or stray animals are the primary methods of
rabies prevention. California regulations (H&SC §121690, CCR Title 17 §2606.4) require all dogs to be licensed and
vaccinated against rabies. It is strongly recommended that all cats, ferrets, and, in some cases, livestock, be
vaccinated as well.

Tuberculosis (TB)

What is tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is caused by bacteria (germs) that attack the lungs or other parts of
the body such as the kidney, spine or brain. If not treated properly, TB can be fatal. Approximately one-third of the
world’s population - over 2 billion people - is infected with tuberculosis bacteria. More than 9 million become sick with
TB disease annually.

World TB Day >>

TB in Alameda County – 2016

How is it spread?
TB is spread person-to-person through the air. When a person with active TB coughs or sneezes TB bacteria get in the
air. Anyone who has close and frequent contact with a person with active TB disease can breathe in the bacteria and
become infected. It generally takes several exposures over several hours in order to become infected.

TB is not spread by shaking someone’s hand, sharing food or drink, touching bed linens or toilet seats, sharing
toothbrushes, or kissing.

Bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular organisms. The cells are described as prokaryotic because they

lack a nucleus. They exist in four major shapes: bacillus (rod shape), coccus (spherical

shape), spirilla (spiral shape), and vibrio (curved shape). Most bacteria have

a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by binary fission; and they may possess flagella for

motility. The difference in their cell wall structure is a major feature used in classifying

these organisms.

According to the way their cell wall structure stains, bacteria can be classified as either

Gram-positive or Gram-negative when using the Gram staining . Bacteria can be further

divided based on their response to gaseous oxygen into the following

groups: aerobic (living in the presence of oxygen), anaerobic (living without oxygen),

and facultative anaerobes (can live in both environments).

According to the way they obtain energy, bacteria are classified

as heterotrophs or autotrophs. Autotrophs make their own food by using the energy of

sunlight or chemical reactions, in which case they are called chemoautotrophs.

Heterotrophs obtain their energy by consuming other organisms. Bacteria that use

decaying life forms as a source of energy are called saprophytes.

Archaea
Archaea or Archaebacteria differ from true bacteria in their cell wall structure and lack

peptidoglycans. They are prokaryotic cells with avidity to extreme environmental

conditions. Based on their habitat, all Archaeans can be divided into the following groups:

methanogens (methane-producing organisms), halophiles (archaeans that live in salty

environments), thermophiles (archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures),

and psychrophiles (cold-temperature Archaeans). Archaeans use different energy sources

like hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and sulphur. Some of them use sunlight to make

energy, but not the same way plants do. They absorb sunlight using

their membrane pigment, bacteriorhodopsin. This reacts with light, leading to the

formation of the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Fungi
Fungi (mushroom, molds, and yeasts) are eukaryotic cells (with a true nucleus). Most

fungi are multicellular and their cell wall is composed of chitin. They obtain nutrients by

absorbing organic material from their environment (decomposers),

through symbiotic relationships with plants (symbionts), or harmful relationships with

a host(parasites). They form characteristic filamentous tubes called hyphae that help

absorb material. The collection of hyphae is called mycelium. Fungi reproduce by

releasing spores.

Protozoa
Protozoa are unicellular aerobic eukaryotes. They have a nucleus, complex organelles, and

obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures. They

make up the largest group of organisms in the world in terms of numbers, biomass, and

diversity. Their cell walls are made up of cellulose. Protozoa have been traditionally

divided based on their mode of locomotion: flagellates produce their own food and use

their whip-like structure to propel forward, ciliates have tiny hair that beat to

produce movement, amoeboids have false feet or pseudopodia used for feeding and

locomotion, and sporozoans are non-motile. They also have different means of nutrition,

which groups them as autotrophs or heterotrophs.

Algae
Algae, also called cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, are unicellular or multicellular

eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis. They live in water, damp soil, and

rocks and produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms. It is believed that

cyanobacteria are the origins of green land plants.

Viruses
Viruses are noncellular entities that consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)

surrounded by a protein coat. Although viruses are classified as microorganisms, they are

not considered living organisms. Viruses cannot reproduce outside a host cell and cannot

metabolize on their own. Viruses often infest prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells causing

diseases.

Multicellular Animal Parasites

A group of eukaryotic organisms consisting of the flatworms and roundworms, which are

collectively referred to as the helminths. Although they are not microorganisms by

definition, since they are large enough to be easily seen with the naked eye, they live a

part of their life cycle in microscopic form.  Since the parasitic helminths are of clinical

importance, they are often discussed along with the other groups of microbes.

India Gate:

Established 10 February 1921

Unveiled 12 February 1931

Location 28°36′46.31″N 77°13′45.5″E

Designed by Edwin Lutyens

Design[edit]

India Gate from Rajpath, showing the curvature of the structure

The All-India War Memorial in New Delhi was designed by Edwin Lutyens, who was not only the main architect of
New Delhi, but a leading designer of war memorials. He was a member of the IWGC, and one of Europe's
foremost designers of war graves and memorials. He designed sixty-six war memorials in Europe, including the
highly regarded Cenotaph, in London, in 1919, the first national war memorial erected after World War I, for
which he was commissioned by David Lloyd George, the British prime minister.[3] All-India War Memorial in New
Delhi, like the Cenotaph, in London, is secular memorial, free of religious and "culturally-specific iconography
such as crosses". Lutyens according to his biographer, Christopher Hussey, relied on "elemental Mode", a style
of commemoration based on "universal architectural style free of religious ornamentation". The India Gate, which
has been called a "creative reworking of the Arc de Triomphe" has a span of 30 feet, and lies on the eastern axial
end of Kingsway, present day Rajpath, the central vista and main ceremonial procession route in New Delhi.[3]
The 42-metre tall India Gate, stands on a low base of red Bharatpur stone and rises in stages to a huge
moulding. The shallow domed bowl at the top was intended to be filled with burning oil on anniversaries but this
is rarely done. The India Gate hexagon complex, with a diameter of about 625 metres, covers approximately
306,000 m² in area.
The best time to visit India Gate is amid summers. Generally people prefer visiting the place after sunset or at
night so as to view the illuminated India Gate and enjoying with the flock of locals at this time.

Architecture style

Canopy[edit]

Canopy behind India Gate.

About 150 metres East of the India Gate war memorial, at a junction of six roads, is a 73-foot cupola, inspired by
a sixth-century pavilion from Mahabalipuram. Lutyens used four Delhi Order columns to support the domed
canopy and its chhajja.[8] [9] Under the canopy on a pedestal with the Royal Coat of Arms and the inscription
GEORGE V R I ('Rex Imperator', or 'King Emperor') there was a fifty-foot-tall (15.2 m) marble statue by Charles
Sargeant Jagger of King George V, in his coronation robes, Imperial State Crown, British globus cruciger and
sceptre, which sometime during or after the statue's removal broke off. Since the relocation of the old statue in
the 1960s to Coronation Park to join other British Raj-era statues, it was often suggested that a statue
of Mahatma Gandhi be placed under the cupola, where the king's statue once stood. The suggestion was even
discussed in the Indian Parliament. In 1981, the Government in response to a question in parliament confirmed
that it was considering the installation of Mahatma K Gandhi statue under the empty canopy, but nothing came of
it.

National War Memorial[edit]

In July 2014 the Government announced plans to construct a National War Memorial around the canopy, and a
National War Museum in adjoining Princess Park. The War Memorial and Museum are expected to
cost Rupees 400 crores or about US Dollars 66 Million

Names on the India Gate[edit]

13,218 war dead are commemorated by name on the India Gate. Due to security reasons access to read the
names on the memorial is restricted. The names can be however be seen on the Delhi Memorial (India Gate
website, which lists the names with date of death,unit, regiment, place on gate where name is inscribed, location,
and other information.) The names on the gate include that of a female staff nurse from the Territorial Force,
killed in action in 1917
Relevence today

The India Gate is a memorial that has great historical importance. This memorial was planned
by the architect Sir Edwin Lutyen and is a portal that is 42 meters high. He also established
the plan of New Delhi. Duke of Connaught was the person who set the cornerstone of this
historic monument. In the month of February 1921 India’s port construction was
completed. India Gate today is considered one of the most famous picnic spot among the
other tourist places of Delhi by tourists and residents of Delhi. India Gate is also popular
with another name “All India War Memorial” was erected in New Delhi in memory and honor
of 90,000 soldiers who died were in the world 1. War and 3rd Anglo Afghan War.

There is a regular burning flame named ‘Amar Jawan Jyoti’ to be immortal warrior flame
burning continuously and is under Indian Gate since 1971. This goal of this flame is reminded
of the brave soldiers victims who lost their lives to protect their nation. locals in New
DelhiIndia Gate is considered as per the site of New Delhi, where they can get relaxed on
summer evenings. It is also famous picnic spot for people during winters too. This popular
monument is located in the core heart of New Delhi, which can be easily accessed
by tourists and people. india Gate is located at the east end of Janpath and thus continues to
Rashtrapati Bhawan. huge variety of enjoyment offered by India Gate. can spend your
entire day by watching the performance of monkeys, camel riding, enjoying the balloons and
watch soap bubbles blowing in the lawns of India Gate etc. evening while India Gate gets
crowded by locals as and tourists. A number of mobile vendors and hawkers are moving
through Gate India. A variety of snacks are available with these hawkers and vendors as
different fast food, “bhelpuri ‘,’ fruit chaat, pakodas of Dal ‘Chana Jor garam other carbonated
beverages etc.

GATEWAY OF INDIA

Architectural style Indo-Saracenic

Location Mumbai, Maharashtra

Coordinates 18.9219°N 72.8346°E

Elevation 10 m (33 ft)

Construction started 31 March 1913

Completed 1924

Inaugurated 4 December 1924

Cost ₹ 2.1 million (1913)

Owner Archaeological Survey of India

Height 26 m (85 ft)

 Dimensions

Diameter 15 metres (49 feet)

Design and construction

Architect George Wittet

Architecture firm Gammon India[1]

Renovating team

Architect George Wittet

Design and structure[edit]

The Scottish architect George Wittet combined the elements of the Roman triumphal arch and the 16th-century
architecture of Gujarat.[16] Its design is a combination of Hindu and Muslim architectural styles; the arch is of
Muslim style while the decorations are of Hindu style.[17] The gateway is built from yellow basalt and reinforced
concrete.[12] The stone was locally obtained, and the perforated screens were brought from Gwalior.[18] The
gateway faces out to Mumbai Harbour from the tip of Apollo Bunder.[19]
The central dome is 48 feet (15 metres) in diameter and 83 feet (25 metres) above the ground at its highest point.
[20]
 The whole harbour front was realigned in order to come in line with a planned esplanade which would sweep
down to the centre of the town. On each side of the arch, there are large halls that can hold 600 people.[12] The
cost of the construction was ₹2 million (US$31,000), borne mainly by the Imperial Government of India. Due to a
paucity of funds, the approach road was never built, and so the gateway stands at an angle to the road leading
up to it.[

Significance[edit]
It is the place where the viceroys and governors used to land upon their arrival in India. Though built as a
welcome to King George V for his visit of 1911, then an event of grand significance for British India and the
British empire, today serves as a "monumental memento" of British colonial rule over India.[11] Built right next to
the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower hotel,[21] for British arriving for the first time to India, the gateway was a symbol of
the "power and majesty" of the British empire.[3]
Opposite the gateway stands the statue of Shivaji, the king who used guerilla warfare to establish the Maratha
empire in the Sahyadri mountain range in the 17th century,[22] as a symbol of Maratha "pride and courage".[23] The
statue was unveiled on 26 January 1961 on the occasion of India's Republic Day.[24][25] The other statue in the area
is that of Swami Vivekananda, by renowned sculptor Sitaram S. Arte.[26]
There are five jetties at the gateway.[27] The first jetty is exclusive to the Atomic Research Centre, the second and
third are used for commercial ferry operations, the fourth is closed and the fifth is exclusive to the Royal Bombay
Yacht Club.

After the 2008 Mumbai attacks, there has been a proposal to close all these jetties and replace them with two
newer ones to be built near the Bombay Presidency Radio Club nearby.[28] The second and third jetties are the
starting point for tours of Elephanta Caves, which is a 50-minute boat ride away by ferry.[21][29] Other routes from
the Gateway include ferry rides to Alibaug and Mandwa; these ferries are said to carry passengers above their
certified capacity due to their popularity.[30]
The Gateway of India is a major tourist destination and a popular gathering spot for locals, street vendors and
photographers.[19] In 2012, Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation moved the "Elephanta Festival of
music and dance" from its original location at Elephanta Caves (where it had been celebrated for 23 years) to the
Gateway due to the increased capacity offered by the venue. The Gateway can host 2,000 to 2,500 people,
whereas Elephanta Caves could host only 700 to 800 people.[31][32]
A bomb planted in a taxi exploded near the gateway in the 2003.[9] The gateway was also the site of a major
bomb-blast in August 2003 and was the disembarkation point of the terrorists participating in the November 2008
terror attacks when four gunmen attacked the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower.[33] Public movement in certain areas
was restricted after the 2008 attacks
Architectural Layout 
The structural design of the Gateway of India is constituted of a large arch, with a height of 26m. The monument
is built in yellow basalt and indissoluble concrete. The structural plan of Gateway of India is designed in the Indo-
Saracenic style. One can also find traces of Muslim architectural styles incorporated in the structure of the
grandiose edifice. The central dome of the monument is about 48 feet in diameter, with a total height of 83 feet.
Designed with intricate latticework, the 4 turrets are the prominent features of the entire structure of the Gateway
of India. There are steps constructed behind the arch of the Gateway that leads to the Arabian Sea. The
monument is structured in such a way that one can witness the large expanse of the 'blue blanket' right ahead,
welcoming and sending off ships and visitors.

Nearby Tourist Attractions

The Elephant Caves are located very close to the Gateway of India, and tourists can travel on motor boats to
reach the Elephant Islands. Statues of the Maratha leader Shivaji and Swami Vivekananda are installed at the
entrance of the Elephant Caves. The Taj Mahal Hotel is India's most prestigious and luxurious hotel and is
situated close to the Gateway of India.

Visiting Hours
People can visit the monument at any time of the day. The best time to visit the Gateway of India is during the
period of November to March, as the post-monsoon climate is very pleasant and there are very less chances for
downpours at this time.

One of India's prized monuments, the Gateway of India was built in 1924. The Gateway of India is a major tourist
hub in the city, which is located at Apollo Bunder Waterfront in Southern Mumbai. This monument was built to
welcome King George V and Queen Mary to Mumbai and years later, the last horde of British troops left India
through this gateway.

What is disaster management?

The United Nations defines a disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society. Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or
environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own resources.

The Red Cross and Red Crescent societies define disaster management as the organisation
and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact
of disasters.

Types of disasters
There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies.
There are four main types of disaster.

 Natural disasters: including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have
immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering
from (for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis.
 Environmental emergencies: including technological or industrial accidents, usually involving the
production, use or transportation of hazardous material, and occur where these materials are
produced, used or transported, and forest fires caused by humans.
 Complex emergencies: involving a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic
installations, including conflict situations and war.
 Pandemic emergencies: involving a sudden onset of contagious disease that affects health,
disrupts services and businesses, brings economic and social costs.
Any disaster can interrupt essential services, such as health care, electricity, water,
sewage/garbage removal, transportation and communications. The interruption can seriously
affect the health, social and economic networks of local communities and countries. Disasters
have a major and long-lasting impact on people long after the immediate effect has been
mitigated. Poorly planned relief activities can have a significant negative impact not only on
the disaster victims but also on donors and relief agencies. So it is important that physical
therapists join established programmes rather than attempting individual efforts.
Local, regional, national and international organisations are all involved in mounting a
humanitarian response to disasters. Each will have a prepared disaster management plan.
These plans cover prevention, preparedness, relief and recovery.

Disaster prevention
These are activities designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. Not all
disasters, particularly natural disasters, can be prevented, but the risk of loss of life and injury
can be mitigated with good evacuation plans, environmental planning and design standards.
In January 2005, 168 Governments adopted a 10-year global plan for natural disaster risk
reduction called the Hyogo Framework. It offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and
practical means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities.

Disaster preparedness
These activities are designed to minimise loss of life and damage – for example by removing
people and property from a threatened location and by facilitating timely and effective rescue,
relief and rehabilitation. Preparedness is the main way of reducing the impact of disasters.
Community-based preparedness and management should be a high priority in physical
therapy practice management.

Disaster relief
This is a coordinated multi-agency response to reduce the impact of a disaster and its long-
term results. Relief activities include rescue, relocation, providing food and water, preventing
disease and disability, repairing vital services such as telecommunications and transport,
providing temporary shelter and emergency health care.

Disaster recovery
Once emergency needs have been met and the initial crisis is over, the people affected and
the communities that support them are still vulnerable. Recovery activities include rebuilding
infrastructure, health care and rehabilitation. These should blend with development activities,
such as building human resources for health and developing policies and practices to avoid
similar situations in future.

Disaster management is linked with sustainable development, particularly in relation to

vulnerable people such as those with disabilities, elderly people, children and other
marginalised groups. Health Volunteers Overseas publications address some of the common
misunderstandings about disaster management.