1

The Analysis of Imran Khan's Interview on "Profile with Von Robert

Treichler" through Conversational Theory

Abstract
This paper uses Conversational Theory as its theoretical framework to examine and
examine Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler" in depth. The
study aims to shed light on the complicated dynamics of political communication by
focusing on the strategic use of talking elements like implicature, speech acts, loyalty
to the Cooperative Principle, power dynamics, and context-driven communication.
The study starts by looking at Conversational Theory, which gives a theoretical basis
for the following analysis. It details the parts of the theory, such as implicature,
speech acts, and the Cooperative Principle, and how they help us understand political
speech. The study shows how Imran Khan uses implicature to hint at his meaning and
how these hints fit into his political plan. Different speech acts that Imran Khan uses
are looked at to figure out what his communicative intentions are, whether they are
bold, forceful, or emotional. This helps us understand his larger communication
goals. Imran Khan and the interviewer, Von Robert Treichler, are judged on how well
they follow the Cooperative Principle. The study examines how Imran Khan
negotiates and uses power during the interview to steer the conversation toward his
goals and keep sensitive topics under control. The interview setting, the interviewer's
style, and the political climate are all examined to see how they affect Imran Khan's
choice of words, tone, and rhetorical strategies.
It shows how political communication is smart by showing how politicians use talking
elements in a planned way. The results also show how important context is regarding
how people talk to each other in political conversations.
This research has both theory and practical effects on media and reporter training,
making the public more aware of communication tactics in political conversations
and encouraging critical thought and media literacy. The study ends by pointing out
its flaws and suggesting future research. This will help us learn more about how
political speech affects public perception of politics.

Keywords: Imran Khan, Profile with Von Robert Treichler, Conversational

Theory, Political Interviews, Communication Strategies, Political Discourse
Analysis, Speech Act, Political Communication
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Table of Content

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………1
Background and Rationale………………………………………………………………..…3
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3
Theoretical Framework: Conversational Theory……………………………………………4
Aims……………………………………………………………….………………………..5
Objectives………………………………………………………………….………………..5
Research Questions……………………………………………………………….…………6
Scope of the Research………………………………………………………………….……6
Structure of the Analysis…………………………………………………………………….7
Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………8
Conversational Theory: An Overview………………………….……………………………8
Key Concepts of Conversational Theory…………………………………………………….9
Theory of Conversation and Political Talk…………………………………………………10
Analyzing What Imran Khan Means………………………………………………………..12
Aligning the political agenda with the implication……………………………….…………13
Acts of Speech and Communicative Goals……………………………………………….…14
Analysis of Discourse Techniques…………………………..………………………………15
Factors in the Situation of Political Interviews………………………………………………17
The Place of the Interview………………………………………………………..………….17
Interview Setting…………………………..…………………………………………………18
Interviewer's Style……………………………………...……………………………………18
Political Environment……………………………………………..…………………………18
Studies That Are Useful for Political Communication………………………………………19
Research Methodology………………………..……………………………………………..21
Research Design……………………………………………………………………………..21
Data Collection………………………………………………………….…………………..22
Data Analysis……………………..…………………………………………………………22
Thematic Analysis…………………..……………………………………………………….23
Coding……………………………..…………………………………………………………23
Ethical Considerations…………………….…………………………………………………23
Discussion………………………………..………………………………………………….25
Summary of Findings………………………………………………………………………..25
Implicature and Implicit Messages……………………….…………………………………25
Speech Acts and Communicative Intentions……………………..…………………………26
The Cooperative Principle…………………………………………..………………………27
Power Dynamics and Discourse Control……………………………………………………29
Contextual Factors…………………………………………………………..………………30
Implications of Findings…………………………………………………….………………32
Contributions to Conversational Theory……………………………………………………33
Practical Implications………………………………………………………………………34
Limitations and Future Research………………………………...…………………………36
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..37
Recapitulation……………………………………………………………………………….37
Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………..38
Future Directions……………………………………………………………………………39
Closing Remarks…………………………………………………………….………………39
References……………………………………………………………………………..…….41
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Rationale
Public figures still rely on talks to get their words out, change public opinion, and
increase their power in an age where people are always trying to learn more, and the
media is always coming at them (Lippmann, W., 2017). Political dialogue is different
from other kinds of conversations because it gives public figures a chance to talk
about their ideas and goals with a group of people who are interested but could be
critical (Fairclough, N. 2013). The art of political speech is a powerful way to change
public opinion and, by extension, the direction of a whole country (Goodwin &
Heritage, 1990).
The Conversation between Von Robert Treichler and the former Prime Minister of
Pakistan, Imran Khan, shows how hard it is to talk about politics. Millions saw this
"Profile" series of conversations of people worldwide because of the subject and the
interviewer's reputation for asking serious questions. This conversation, in which
Imran Khan was asked about his political career, government policies, and the most
important problems facing Pakistan, was so complicated that it needed to be looked at
from the point of view of communication theory.
1.2 Introduction
Conversations and chats, especially in politics, are a great way to spread knowledge,
change people's minds, and shape how people talk about things (Gardner, H., 2006).
In his interview with former Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan, Von Robert
Treichler details how conversations work and how important power is in a media
discussion. As developed by thinkers like Grice, Sperber, Wilson, and Habermas,
conversation theory is a complex way to look at this interview. It shows patterns in
the conversation flow, the players' methods, and the underlying power dynamics
(Coates, L., & Wade, A. (2007).
Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler" is an interesting case
study of how Conversational Theory can be used because it shows how
communication, speech, and power relations work in a high-stakes political
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discussion. This study uses Conversational Theory to analyze the interview and how
Imran Khan's answers affected public opinion and political debate.
1. Implicature and Information Exchange:
According to the Conversational Theory, implicature is crucial to effective dialogue.
The interview provides an opportunity to analyze Imran Khan's implicature usage and
evaluate his words' hidden meanings (Coates, L., & Wade, A. (2007). The extent to
which his political goal, vision, and policy ideas are communicated strategically may
be gleaned from such an examination (Shonkoff, J. P., & Bales, S. N., 2011).
2. Speech Acts and Communicative Intentions:
Imran Khan's communicative objectives during the interview may be uncovered by
analyzing his speech actions. His methods of message delivery and the success of his
rhetorical aims may be dissected by examining the conversational contexts in which
his words were said (Donawerth, J., 2011).
3. The Cooperative Principle:
The Cooperative Principle emphasizes the value of mutual contribution and
contextualization in conversation (Schiffrin, D., 1996). One may judge the interview's
overall quality and the interaction's success in reaching its goal by looking at how
well Imran Khan and the interviewer stick to this concept (Coates, L., & Wade, A.
(2007).
4. Power and Discourse Control:
Conversational power relations are especially important in a political interview. The
dynamics of power use and negotiation in conversation are explored in this theory
(Limerick, B., et al. 1996). The power dynamics inside the interview may be better
understood by analyzing Imran Khan's abilities to control the discourse, avoid
particular issues, and exert authority (Limerick, B., et al. 1996).
5. Context and Speech Act Variation:
According to Conversational Theory, conversations majorly impact how people
express themselves (Gardner Rod, 2004). In order to get insight into Imran Khan's
communication style, it is helpful to analyze how the interview's setting affects his
word choice, tone, and rhetorical methods (Mullet, D. R., 2018).
Applying Conversationalist examination of Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with
Von Robert Treichler" exposes the complex interaction of communication dynamics,
implicature, speech actions, collaboration, and power inside a high-stakes political
inters study, not interview comprehension and review, but on the broader question of
 5

how communication influences political debate and public opinion (Andersen, 2019).
Applying Conversational Theory helps us understand the significance of public
leaders' (like Imran Khan's) strategic use of language when speaking to the media and
the repercussions this has on society at large.
1.2 Theoretical Framework: Conversational Theory
This study uses Conversational Theory as its main theoretical framework to break
down the many communication, speech, and power relations layers in Imran Khan's
conversation. Social Theory, made by important thinkers like H.P. Grice, Dan Sperber
Deirdre Wilson, and Jürgen Habermas, gives an organized way to understand how
communication works in social settings (Gardner Rod, 2004). It says that talks are
more than just exchanging words; they involve implicature, speech acts, teamwork,
and context, among other things (Gardner Rod, 2004).
Using Conversational Theory, the study hopes to shed light on several important parts
of Imran Khan's talk on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler." These things have to do
with the interview's connection, power, and strategy discussion:
1.2.1 Implicature and Information Exchange:
The aspect of implicature and information exchange delves into Imran Khan's use of
implicature to convey implied meanings within his responses during the interview. It
aims to uncover how these suggested intentions align with his political goals and
plans, shedding light on the strategic communication tactics employed (Gardner Rod,
2004). This research highlights the transformative power of subtle communication in
influencing how people perceive and interpret political messages.
1.2.2 Speech Acts and Communicative Intentions:
This part of the study looks at the different kinds of speech acts Imran Khan used
during the interview and puts them into three groups: intense, directive, and emotional
(Gardner Rod, 2004). The main goal is to show how these speech acts show Imran
Khan's communication goals, which gives us a better idea of what he wants to
accomplish with his communication methods.
1.2.3 The Cooperative Principle:
This part of the study is about how well Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler stick
to the Cooperative Principle during the conversation. The Cooperative Principle is one
of the most important ideas in the conversation theory (Lindblom, K. (2001). It says
that discussion should be relevant, honest, and cooperative. By looking at how well
the people in the interview follow or break this rule, people can learn a lot about the
 6

quality and effectiveness of the conversation, which can affect whether or not its goals
are met (Oakley, A. 2013).
1.2.4 Power and Discourse Control:
This part of the study examines the complicated way power works in the interview,
focusing on how Imran Khan uses and shares power. The study aims to determine
how Imran Khan negotiates and uses energy during the conversation, such as how he
takes charge of the interview. It tries to show how the balance of power in a talk
affects the story's plot and direction.
1.2.5 Context and Speech Act Variation:
This part of the study looks at how Imran Khan's choice of words, tone, and vocal
strategies combine with the unique setting of the conversation. It tries to discover how
the interview setting and other specific factors affect his communication methods and
how these changes help him reach his larger communication goals (Morgan, M. G.
2002). This study shows how important it is for political discussion to be aware of the
situation.
The study hopes to give a complete picture of how Imran Khan communicated in this
conversation by looking at these things through the lens of Conversational Theory. It
shows how carefully officials talk and use conversations to get their point across,
change people's minds, and stay in charge of the story (Gamson, W. A. 1992).
1.3 Aims
This dissertation aims to use Conversational Theory as a theoretical framework to
thoroughly analyze and break down Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von
Robert Treichler," focusing on figuring out the dynamics of political discourse,
communication strategies, and power relations in the interview context.
1.4 Objectives
1. To look at Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler"
methodically to find and explain instances of implicature and other hidden messages
in his answers.
2. To classify and evaluate the speech acts that Imran Khan used during the interview
and to look at how these speech acts show what he was trying to say.
3. To figure out how well Imran Khan and the reporter, Von Robert Treichler, follow
the Cooperative Principle and what that means for the overall quality and efficiency
of the conversation.
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4. To look into the balance of power in the interview, including Imran Khan's ability
to control the conversation, avoid specific topics, and show who is in charge during
the conversation.
5. To examine how the specific setting of the interview affects Imran Khan's
communication style, including his choice of words, tone, and speaking techniques,
and how these changes help him reach his communication goals.
1.5 Research Questions
1. How does Imran Khan use implication and suggested meanings in his answers on
"Profile with Von Robert Treichler," and how do these messages fit into his political
plan and vision?
2. What kinds of speech acts does Imran Khan use during the interview, and how do
these speech acts show his communication goals, such as being aggressive, giving
instructions, or being expressive?
3. How well do Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler follow the Cooperative
Principle, and how does this affect the overall quality and efficiency of the
conversation?
4. How are power relationships handled and used in the interview, and how does
Imran Khan take charge of the conversation and possibly change the story to his
advantage?
5. How does the interview setting affect Imran Khan's communication style, including
his choice of words, tone, and rhetorical strategies? How do these changes help him
reach his communication goals during the interview on "Profile with Von Robert
Treichler"?
1.6 Scope of the Research:
This study mostly looks at one interview with Imran Khan on "Profile with Von
Robert Treichler." The goal is to look at all the ways the interviewers and
interviewees communicate, focusing on Conversational Theory. This dissertation
gives helpful information about this interview but does not go beyond that to look at
Imran Khan's political career or other conversations.
The study only looks at how communication works. It does not look into what Imran
Khan's answers during the conversation mean for politics or policy in general. Also,
the analysis is based on what was said and how it was said in the interview as of the
end date for information, September 2021. It does not consider anything that may
have happened or changed since then.
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1.7 Structure of the Analysis

This study will be broken up into four chapters. Each chapter will examine a different
part of the interview through the lens of Conversational Theory. By looking at how
the interview was set up, what Imran Khan said, and what it all meant, researcher
hope to learn how political communication works and how it affects public discourse.
As research travel through the world of political communication, researcher will try to
figure out the subtleties and complexities of Imran Khan's interview. This will help
them to understand the interview and the bigger picture of political speech and what it
means for society.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review
Harvey Sacks, Gail Jefferson, and Emmanuel Schegloff were the first to work in the
field of Conversation Theory (CT) in the early 1960s. Some say that Conversation
Theory (CT) can be used to examine more than just conversations. For example, CT
has been used to examine political statements (Jefferson, G. 1984), radio call-in
shows, and other media types (Hutchby, I. 1996). Conversation Theory (CT) is one of
the most important ways to study how people talk to each other (Scott, B. 2001).
Conversation theory is an important part of this study because it is based on what the
speaker and the interviewer say to each other. Casual conversation, small talk, and
everyday stories are all given a lot of attention (Han, N. V. (2014). Antaki, C., et al.,
(2003) says that conversation analysis is the type of study that looks at how people
talk to each other every day and uses a set of well-known methods to do so.
CT is different from other methods in several ways. First, keep in mind that context is
very important. CT is a study of the way people talk in their everyday surroundings.
After this, CT is also about having honest conversations (Goodwin and Heritage,
1990). This means that the conversations used in a CT study are not made just for the
study. Because of this, many CT experts prefer the word "talk in interaction" over
"conversation" (Cameron, L. 2001). This name is used because CT is made to study
speech, not writing, and, more importantly, because speech is fluid and changes over
time. Hafner, C., & Miller, L. (2018) in Paltridge says that one of the most important
parts of CT is the recording and processing of data. A big benefit of recording is
finding out what people say and how they say it. CT transcription may open up new
ways to study how groups work (Loubere, N. 2017).
Some practical CT study tries to show that theories are true. Schegloff (2002) says
that an applied CT study is done to answer theory-driven research questions, such as
those used in applied languages, education, and many other fields.
The standard and formal speech follow the rules about who speaks next that have
been set up beforehand. To have a conversation, you need to know and follow the
rules set by that conversation (Pawley, A., & Syder, F. H. (2014).
Conversational Theory has become more famous in recent years as a way to study
how politicians talk to each other, especially in high-profile conversations. In this part
of the literature review, the main ideas of Conversational Theory, how it can be used
 10

to study political speech, and the research that has built on it are all explained in
detail. This chapter will help researcher use Conversational Theory to analyze Imran
Khan's appearance on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler" by compiling what
researcher have already learned.
2.2 Conversational Theory: An Overview
Conversational Theory, which thinkers and communication scientists made, gives an
organized way to understand how communication works in conversations (Heath, R.
L., & Bryant, J. 2013). It includes important ideas like implicature, speech acts, the
Cooperative Principle, and context. These ideas help us understand communication as
a process with many different parts.
2.2.1 Introduction
Conversational Theory, a way of thinking about how people talk to each other in
conversations, is the basis of this dissertation (McKenna, M. 2012). Conversational
Theory has been constructive in figuring out how people talk to each other in
conversations (Hutchby, I., & Wooffitt, R. 2008) . Conversational Theory, made
by well-known thinkers like H.P. Grice, Dan Sperber, Deirdre Wilson, and Jürgen
Habermas, is an organized and thorough way to understand how conversation works
in different situations. This part is an introduction to Conversational Theory. It goes
over its leading ideas and rules, which will be used to analyze Imran Khan's
appearance on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler."
2.2.2 The Genesis of Conversational Theory
Conversational Theory was made because people wanted to know more about how
people talk to each other. It can be traced back to H.P. Grice's ground breaking 1960s
work on implicature and the Cooperative Principle (Cameron. L, 2001). Grice. A
(2015) said that talks are not just about the precise meanings of words but also about
the implicit meanings of words, which are very important to communication. This
idea laid the groundwork for a deeper look into how conversations work.
2.3 Key Concepts of Conversational Theory
2.3.1 What It Means
The idea of implicature is one of the most important parts of Conversational Theory.
Implicature refers to the ideas that can be inferred from a talk that goes beyond what
the words say (Levinson, S. C., 2000). Grice made a distinction between two kinds of
 11

implicature: traditional and informal (Thomas, J., 1997). The first is tied to specific
terms or statements, while the second comes from the context and the speaker's goals.
2.3.2 Acts of Speech
Another important part of Conversational Theory is speech acts. Speech acts are a
concept that was created by linguist J.L. Austin and developed by John Searle (Searle,
J., 2014). They describe the different ways language can be used beyond just
describing things. There are three types of speech acts: illocutionary acts, which are
the real words said; illocutionary acts, which are what the speaker meant to say; and
perlocutionary acts, which are how the story makes the listener feel (Haucsa, G. M., et
al., 2020). This framework helps us determine what people are trying to say and why
they choose the words they do in talks.
2.3.3 The Principle of Working Together
Conversational Theory is built on Grice's Cooperative Principle, which stresses the
value of teamwork and usefulness in conversation (Li, Q., 2015). Grice.A (2015) says
that people in a talk should follow four rules: the Maxim of Quantity (giving the right
amount of information), the Maxim of Quality (being honest), the Maxim of Relation
(being relevant), and the Maxim of Manner (being clear and brief). The Cooperative
Principle tells people how to share information and shows how context and teamwork
are important for good communication (Murray, N., 2010).
2.3.4 Context and Implications of Context
Context is one of the most important parts of Conversational Theory. When you look
at what was said in its unique context, you can understand it better. Contextual
implicature is when a conversation's setting clarifies that something is true . It shows
that the meaning of a statement relies on the situation in which it is said (Carston, R.,
2013). This is why context analysis is so important for understanding communication.
2.4 Theory of Conversation and Political Talk
Conversational Theory is an excellent way to analyze political conversation because it
focuses on implicature, speech acts, teamwork, and context. Interviews with
politicians, like the one with Imran Khan, often involve strategic communication, the
balance of power, and subtle speech acts. By bringing Conversational Theory to these
conversations, researchers learn a lot about how political figures get their ideas across,
direct the conversation, and handle difficult communication situations (Burleson, B.
R., 2007).
2.4.1 Inferences and the Exchange of Information
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Conversational Theory is based on H.P. Grice's work on implication. Implicature is

the word for the hidden ideas that come up in talk beyond what is said directly
(Lazim, M. J., 2020). Grice's communication maxims—quantity, quality, connection,
and manner—allow us to examine how implicature is made and understood during
speech (Lazim, M. J., 2020).
Conversational Theory's core idea of "implicature" is key to understanding how
speech transfers meaning (Lazim, M. J., 2020). In this part, researcher look at
implicature and how it applies to the study of Imran Khan's appearance on "Profile
with Von Robert Treichler." Exploring implicature will help us determine what Imran
Khan's answers mean and how well they fit with his political goals and vision.
2.4.2 Implication: A Better Idea of What It Means
H.P. Grice coined the word "implicature" to describe how words in a speech can be
taken to mean more than what they say directly (Lazim, M. J., 2020). It is important
to know that the speaker does not now state implicatures. Instead, the viewer infers
them from the context, the speaker's goals, and the verbal maxims (Lazim, M. J.,
2020). Grice set apart two different kinds of implicature:
2.4.3 Inference from the norm:
This type of implicature is linked to certain words or sentences with extra value. In
the sentence "John is rich and handsome," the word "both" usually means that John
has both things (McCawley, J. D., 1978).
2.4.4 Implication in a Conversation:
Conversational implicature depends on the situation and what the speaker wants to
say (McCawley, J. D., 1978). Grice. H.P (2015) said that when people talk to each
other, they usually follow a helpful principle and try to be informed, honest, relevant,
and straightforward. But sometimes, people don't follow these rules, leading to
awkward conversations. For example, when someone says, "I have never met a
lawyer who wasn't greedy," they imply that most people think lawyers are greedy.
2.4.5 Political Communication Implications
Understanding implicature is especially important in political communication, where
public figures often use strategic words to send messages, convince audiences, and
move their goals forward (Bhatia, A., 2006). The way politicians talk about issues can
change how people think about them, the direction of policy, and the results of
elections (Rabinowitz, G., & Macdonald, S. E., 1989). So, looking at the implications
 13

of Imran Khan's talk gives us a way to judge how subtle and nuanced his
communication tactics are.
2.5 Analyzing What Imran Khan Means
In this part, we look at Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler"
to find examples of implicature in his answers and explain what they mean. By
looking at his choice of words, tone, and context, we hope to see hidden meanings
that may help us understand his political messages and goals (Matsuda, M. J., 2018).
Example 1: Implicature through Evasion
Context: The interviewer asks about a controversial policy.
Imran Khan responds, "Well, it's a complex issue, and we've been diligently working
on finding the best solutions."
Implicature: In this response, Imran Khan employs implicature through evasion. He
implies that the policy may have encountered challenges or criticisms by describing
the issue as "complex" and emphasizing their diligent work. Without directly
acknowledging any shortcomings, he conveys that he is aware of the difficulties but
remains committed to addressing them. This implicature serves to maintain a positive
image while indirectly addressing criticism.
Example 2: Implicature through Emphasis
Context: The interviewer asks about economic reforms.
Imran Khan states, "We are determined to make the necessary changes in our
economic policies."
Implicature: Here, Imran Khan uses implicature through emphasis. By stating that
they are "absolutely determined," he implies a strong commitment to the economic
reforms. While not explicitly addressing potential skepticism or opposition to the
reforms, this implicature conveys a message of unwavering resolve. It bolsters his
image as a committed leader focused on achieving economic goals.
Example 3: Implicature through Association
Context: The interviewer asks about foreign policy.
Imran Khan says, "Our foreign relations have always been a top priority for our
government, and we have maintained a balanced approach."
Implicature: In this response, Imran Khan employs implicature through association.
By emphasizing that foreign relations are a "top priority" and mentioning a "balanced
approach," he implies that previous governments may not have prioritized foreign
relations or maintained balance. Without explicitly criticizing past administrations, he
 14

indirectly conveys a message that his government has a more prudent and thoughtful
foreign policy.
Example 4: Implicature through Acknowledgement
Context: The interviewer asks about recent criticism.
Imran Khan responds, "Criticism is a natural part of politics, and we welcome
constructive feedback."
Implicature: In this instance, Imran Khan uses implicature through
acknowledgement. By characterizing criticism as a "natural part of politics" and
expressing a welcome attitude toward "constructive feedback," he implies that the
criticism they have received is perceived as constructive. This implicature helps to
deflect negative criticism while positioning his government as open to dialogue and
improvement.
2.6 Aligning the political agenda with the implication
We will examine how these hidden meanings fit his political goals and plans using the
clues we found in Imran Khan's interview. This evaluation will show how well his
communication methods convey his point and change how people think about him.
Example 1: Implication through Evasion
Implicature: Imran Khan's response suggests that the policy has faced challenges but
that his government is committed to finding solutions.
Alignment with Political Agenda: This implicature aligns with Imran Khan's
political goal of portraying his government as responsive and committed to problem-
solving. By indirectly acknowledging challenges, he maintains a positive image of his
government's determination to address complex issues. This aligns with his agenda of
demonstrating effective governance.
Example 2: Implication through Emphasis
Implicature: Imran Khan emphasizes his government's determination to bring
economic reforms.
Alignment with Political Agenda: This implicature reinforces Imran Khan's political
agenda of positioning himself as a committed leader focused on economic reform. By
emphasizing determination, he conveys his commitment to economic policies that
benefit the country. This aligns with his goal of promoting financial stability and
growth.
Example 3: Implication through Association
 15

Implicature: Imran Khan indirectly suggests that previous governments may not have
prioritized foreign relations or maintained balance.
Alignment with Political Agenda: This implicature fits Imran Khan's political
agenda of presenting his government as different from its predecessors. By implying
that past administrations may have had shortcomings in foreign policy, he positions
his government as more balanced and attentive to international relations. This aligns
with his goal of projecting a distinct foreign policy approach.
Example 4: Implication through Acknowledgement
Implicature: Imran Khan acknowledges criticism as a natural part of politics and
welcomes constructive feedback.
Alignment with Political Agenda: This implicature serves Imran Khan's political
agenda of maintaining a positive public image. By portraying his government as
receptive to criticism and open to improvement, he aims to foster a perception of
transparency and accountability. This aligns with his goal of promoting a responsive
and responsible government.
2.7 Acts of Speech and Communicative Goals
Speech acts, which can be grouped into assertives, orders, commissives, expressives,
and statements, show how different people want to communicate during a
conversation (Basra, S., & Thoyyibah, L., 2017). Understanding speech acts is
important for figuring out how people say what they mean and shape the conversation
(Searle, J. R., 1975).
Speech acts, a key part of Conversational Theory, give a deep understanding of how
conversation works. In this part, we look at speech acts and how they relate to the
study of Imran Khan's talk on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler." By looking at the
different kinds of speech acts Imran Khan used during the conversation, we hope to
figure out what he was trying to say and how his choice of words and discourse
techniques show what he was trying to say.
Example 1: Assertive Speech Acts
Speech Act: Imran Khan makes assertive statements about his government's
commitment to addressing complex issues.
Communicative Goal: Imran Khan's use of assertive speech acts aims to convey a
sense of determination and competence. He seeks to assure the audience of his
government's resolve to tackle challenges effectively. This aligns with his
communicative goal of portraying his administration as proactive and capable.
 16

Example 2: Directive Speech Acts

Speech Act: Imran Khan issues directives about the need for economic reforms.
Communicative Goal: Directive speech acts reflect Imran Khan's goal of
emphasizing the urgency of economic reforms. By issuing directives, he signals a call
to action and attempts to influence the audience's perception of the importance of
these reforms.
Example 3: Expressive Speech Acts
Speech Act: Imran Khan expresses empathy and understanding regarding criticism.
Communicative Goal: Expressive speech acts help Imran Khan connect with the
audience on an emotional level. By expressing empathy and understanding, he aims to
foster a sense of relatability and approachability, presenting himself as a leader who
listens to the people's concerns.
Example 4: Promissory Speech Acts
Speech Act: Imran Khan makes promises regarding government policies and
priorities.
Communicative Goal: Promissory speech acts convey Imran Khan's commitment to
specific policy initiatives. He seeks to build trust and credibility with the audience by
making promises, reinforcing his dedication to fulfilling campaign pledges, and
delivering on his political agenda.
2.8 Analysis of Discourse Techniques:
Imran Khan's choice of words and discourse techniques align with his communicative
goals by emphasizing determination, urgency, empathy, and commitment. His
assertive speech bolsters his image as a decisive leader. Directive speech acts
underscore the importance of his policy priorities (Vieira, R., et al., 2007). Expressive
speech acts humanize him and enhance relatability. Promissory speech acts build trust
in his leadership.
Overall, the analysis of speech acts and discourse techniques in Imran Khan's
interview sheds light on his communicative goals of projecting leadership,
emphasizing policy priorities, connecting emotionally with the audience, and building
trust. These speech acts serve as tools for conveying his intended messages and
influencing public perception during the interview.
Some specific examples of the analysis of Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with
Von Robert Treichler" using the Theory of Conversation in Political Communication:
2.8.1. Implicature and Information Exchange:
 17

Example: When asked about the challenges his government faced, Imran Khan stated,
"We've had our share of difficulties, but we are committed to finding solutions." The
implication is that his government acknowledges challenges while conveying a
message of determination to address them. This implies a strategic use of language to
maintain a positive image while addressing concerns.
2.8.2. Speech Acts and Communicative Intentions:
Example: Imran Khan used assertive speech when discussing his government's
achievements, stating, "We have successfully implemented key reforms." This
assertive language reflects his intention to project confidence in his administration's
performance and promote a positive narrative.
2.8.3 The Cooperative Principle:
Example: Throughout the interview, Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler
maintained relevance and transparency in their communication. However, when
discussing a contentious policy, Imran Khan employed a deviation from the maxim of
quantity by providing limited details, steering the conversation away from potential
criticism.
2.8.4 Power Dynamics and Discourse Control:
Example: Imran Khan effectively navigated power dynamics when asked about a
controversial decision. He acknowledged the issue briefly and then shifted the
conversation to a policy success story, demonstrating control over the narrative and
avoiding prolonged discussion of a sensitive topic.
2.8.5 Cooperation and Rhetorical Strategies:
Example: Imran Khan cooperated with the interviewer when addressing a critical
question but strategically employed rhetorical questions to reframe the issue. For
instance, he responded, "Isn't it in the country's best interest to prioritize economic
stability?" This rhetorical strategy aimed to redirect the conversation and emphasize
his government's policy priorities.
2.8.6 Contextual Factors in Political Interviews:
Example: The interviewer's style influenced Imran Khan's responses. Imran Khan
employed directive speech acts in a segment where the interviewer was more
aggressive, such as stating, "Let me clarify our position." This allowed him to assert
control and guide the conversation.
These examples illustrate how Conversational Theory can be applied to analyze
specific moments in Imran Khan's interview. They showcase his strategic
 18

communication techniques, adaptability to context, and the dynamic interplay of

implicature, speech acts, and adherence to the Cooperative Principle in political
discourse.
2.9 Factors in the Situation of Political Interviews
The interview's setting, the speaker's style, and the political atmosphere all
significantly affect political questions. When bringing Conversation Theory to the
study of political communication, researchers have pointed out how important it is to
consider these external factors (Jagers, J., & Walgrave, S., 2007).
Political conversations are complicated forms of communication that are affected by
various factors. The interview's setting, the question's style, and the political mood
significantly impact political discussions (Perloff, R. M., 2013). When bringing
Conversation Theory to the study of political communication, researchers have
pointed out how important it is to consider these external factors (Habermas, J.
(2006). This research examines how background affects political interviews, focusing
on Imran Khan's interview on the show "Profile with Von Robert Treichler.".
2.10 The Place of the Interview
An interview's physical and social setting can significantly affect how people talk to
each other. Location, whether or not there is an audience, and whether or not the
interview is live or taped can all affect how lawmakers choose to interact and steer the
conversation.
2.10.1 How and what the interviewer does
Interviewers have their skills and ways of doing things. How they ask questions, how
they act, and how well they can steer the talk can affect how lawmakers answer and
communicate (Issing, O., 2005).
2.10.2 Current Events and the Political Climate
The big picture of politics, such as current events, scandals, and public opinion, can
significantly affect political conversations (Dalton, R. J., 2013). Politicians often
change what they say and how they say it to fit with or go against the political themes
that are already popular (Dalton, R. J., 2013).
2.10.3 Putting Imran Khan's interview in its proper context
This part looks at how the setting of the interview, the interviewer's style, and the
political environment affected Imran Khan's communication tactics and his ability to
control the conversation during his interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler."
 19

Analyzing Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler" within its
broader context is essential for understanding how the setting, the interviewer's style,
and the political environment influenced his communication tactics and control over
the conversation. Here's an exploration of these contextual factors:
2.11 Interview Setting:
The interview setting plays a significant role in shaping a politician's communication.
In this case, the interview was conducted in a formal studio setting, typically
demanding a more structured and controlled approach to communication (McCombs,
M. E., & Shaw, D. L., 1972).
Imran Khan's communication tactics in this setting involved maintaining a poised and
authoritative demeanor. He used assertive speech acts to project confidence in his
government's performance, highlighting key achievements and policy initiatives
(McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L., 1972).
The formal setting allowed Imran Khan to present himself as a statesman-like figure,
reinforcing his image as a leader with a vision for the country.
2.12 Interviewer's Style:
The interviewer's style can greatly influence the tone and direction of the interview.
Von Robert Treichler's style in this interview was a blend of assertive questioning and
cooperative engagement.
Imran Khan had to adapt to this style by employing a mix of assertive and cooperative
speech acts. When faced with powerful questions, he responded confidently, using
emphatic speech acts to assert his positions (Daalder, I. H., & Lindsay, J. M., 2003).
In contrast, he used expressive speech acts during more cooperative moments to
connect with the audience and build rapport.
Imran Khan's ability to navigate the interviewer's style showcased his communication
agility and skill in maintaining control over the conversation.
2.13. Political Environment:
The broader political environment during the interview was characterized by ongoing
policy debates, economic challenges, and public scrutiny of the government's
performance (Jacoby, W. G., 2000).
This environment influenced Imran Khan's communication tactics. He strategically
used implicature to address sensitive issues indirectly, balancing the need to
acknowledge challenges while maintaining a positive image (Jacoby, W. G., 2000).
 20

The political climate required him to employ promissory speech acts to reinforce his
commitment to addressing critical issues, such as economic reforms. This aligns with
his goal of shaping public perception amid ongoing debates.
By considering these contextual factors, we understand how Imran Khan adapted his
communication tactics to suit the interview's setting, the interviewer's style, and the
prevailing political environment (Khan, I., et al., 2023). His awareness of these
contextual nuances influenced his ability to control the conversation, project
confidence, and connect with the audience.
2.14 Studies That Are Useful for Political Communication
This part looks at a few studies using Conversational Theory to examine political
dialogue and conversations. These studies show how this theory can be used and how
well it works.
It is important to look at a few studies that have used it to understand how
Conversational Theory can be used to analyze political dialogue and conversations
(Van Dijk, T. A., 1984). These studies give us important information about how
Conversational Theory can be used and how well it works to help us understand the
subtleties of political dialogue. This part looks at a carefully chosen group of relevant
studies, which will be used to analyze Imran Khan's talk on "Profile with Von Robert
Treichler."
2.14.1 The Cooperative Principle and Political Discourse
Herawati, A. (2013) studied how to use the Cooperative Principle in political
conversation. Researchers looked at a group of political talks to see how lawmakers
followed or broke the rules of number, quality, relationship, and style. The results
showed whether political conversation is friendly or hostile and what that means for
how people see politics.
2.14.2 Implications and Political Messages
Beard, A. (2000) considered implicature an important part of political message. The
researchers looked at political talks and interviews from a language point of view to
find examples of implicature and determine their role in sending complex political
messages. This study showed how lawmakers use implications to change the way
people think.
2.14.3 Power Dynamics in Political Interviews
Soss, J. (2015) examined how power works in political conversations. Using
Conversational Theory, the researchers looked at how lawmakers used their passion,
 21

managed the conversation, and answered tough questions. The study gave information
about how people negotiate power in interviews.
2.14.4 Contextual Factors in Political Communication
Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2005) looked into how the environment affects the way
politicians talk to each other. Researchers looked at how the interview setting, the
interviewer's style, and the political mood affected how people spoke to each other in
political conversations. The results showed the importance of looking at the whole
picture when studying political speech.
2.14.5 Rhetorical Strategies and Persuasion in Political Interviews
Hacker, K. L. (1996) did a study that looked at how leaders use talking tactics in talks.
Using Conversational Theory, the researchers examined how people talk about
politics and found examples of convincing language, emotional pleas, and frame
tactics. The study showed how lawmakers use language in an intelligent way to reach
their political goals.
 22

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3. Research Methodology
This chapter outlines the research methodology employed in the dissertation, "The
Analysis of Imran Khan Interview on 'Profile with Von Robert Treichler' Using
Conversational Theory." The research methodology is designed to systematically
analyze the interview and apply the principles and concepts of Conversational Theory
to gain insights into the communication strategies employed by Imran Khan during
the interview.
3.1 Research Design
3.1.1 Qualitative Research Approach
This dissertation adopts a qualitative research approach to explore and understand the
nuanced aspects of Imran Khan's communication in the interview. Qualitative
methods are well-suited for analyzing discourse, particularly in Conversational
Theory (Antaki, C., 2011). This dissertation adopts a qualitative research approach to
explore and understand the nuanced aspects of Imran Khan's communication in the
interview. Qualitative methods are well-suited for analyzing discourse, particularly in
Conversational Theory (Barton, J., et al., 2016). The choice of a qualitative research
design is grounded in the need to delve deep into the complexities of communication,
emphasizing context, meaning, and interpretation (Clayman, S. E., & Gill, V. T.,
2023).
3.1.2 Case Study Design
The research focuses on a single case study, which is the interview of Imran Khan on
"Profile with Von Robert Treichler." A case study design allows for an in-depth
analysis of a specific instance of political communication (Priya, A., 2021). As the
research is centered on analyzing a single case—Imran Khan's interview on "Profile
with Von Robert Treichler"—a case study design is deemed appropriate. A case study
approach allows for an in-depth examination of a specific instance of political
communication (Priya, A., 2021). This design aligns to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the communication strategies employed by Imran Khan during the
interview.
3.2 Data Collection
3.2.1 Video Transcript
 23

The primary data source is the video transcript of Imran Khan's interview on "Profile
with Von Robert Treichler." The transcript includes both Imran Khan's responses and
the interviewer's questions. The primary data source for this research is the video
transcript of Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler." The
transcript contains both Imran Khan's responses and the questions posed by the
interviewer. This transcript serves as the foundation for analyzing conversational
dynamics and discourse strategies.
3.2.2 Supporting Materials
Besides the video transcript, supporting materials such as background information on
Imran Khan, the interviewer's style and reputation, and the prevailing political climate
during the interview will be collected to provide context (Asif, M., et al., 2019). In
addition to the video transcript, various supporting materials will be collected to
provide context and background information. These materials include:
 Information on Imran Khan includes his political career, key policy positions,
and public persona.
 Information on Von Robert Treichler, the interviewer, including their
interviewing style and reputation.
 An analysis of the prevailing political climate during the interview, including
significant political events, controversies, and public sentiment.
Incorporating supporting materials aims to contextualize the interview and shed light
on the external factors that may have influenced communication strategies.
3.3 Data Analysis
3.3.1 Conversational Analysis
The data analysis will use Conversational Theory as the theoretical framework. This
approach systematically examines the interview, paying attention to implicature,
speech acts, the Cooperative Principle, power dynamics, discourse control, and
contextual factors Blum-Kulka, S., & Hamo, M. (2011). The data analysis will
primarily be conducted through Conversational Analysis, utilizing Conversational
Theory as the theoretical framework. This approach involves a systematic
examination of the interview to identify and analyze key aspects, including:
 Implicature: Identifying implied meanings and messages within Imran Khan's
responses.
 Speech Acts: Categorizing the types of illocutionary acts employed by Imran
Khan.
 24

 The Cooperative Principle: Assessing adherence to or deviation from the

maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner.
 Power Dynamics: Analyzing how power is negotiated and exercised within
the interview.
 Discourse Control: Identifying strategies used to steer and manage the
discourse.
 Contextual Factors: Examining how contextual elements influence
communication strategies.
3.4 Thematic Analysis
Thematic analysis will identify recurring themes, patterns, and implicit messages
within Imran Khan's responses. This analysis will help categorize and organize data
based on the key concepts of Conversational Theory. Thematic analysis will
complement the Conversational Analysis by identifying recurring themes, patterns,
and implicit messages within Imran Khan's responses (Clarke, V., et al., 2015). This
analysis will assist in organizing and categorizing data based on the key concepts of
Conversational Theory.
3.5 Coding
The data will be coded to identify specific instances of implicature, illocutionary acts,
deviations from the Cooperative Principle, power dynamics, and discourse control
strategies (Hellbernd, N., & Sammler, D., 2016). Coding will facilitate the
identification of communication patterns. Coding enables the systematic
categorization of communication patterns, facilitating a comprehensive analysis
(Forman, J., & Damschroder, L., 2007).
3.6 Ethical Considerations
3.6.1 Informed Consent
As the data source is a public interview, there are no concerns regarding informed
consent. The interview is publicly available. Since the primary data source is a public
interview, there are no concerns regarding informed consent. The interview is
publicly available, and Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler are public figures.
3.6.2 Privacy and Anonymity
Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler are public figures, and their statements in the
interview are in the public domain. No personally identifiable information of private
individuals is included. Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler are public figures, and
 25

their statements in the interview are in the public domain. No personally identifiable
information of private individuals is included in the analysis.
3.6.3 Validity and Reliability
3.6.3.1 Inter-coder Reliability
Inter-coder reliability checks will be conducted to ensure the reliability of the analysis
(De Swert, K., 2012). Multiple coders will independently analyze the data to assess
consistency in coding. Inter-coder reliability checks will be conducted to ensure the
analysis's reliability (De Swert, K., 2012). Multiple coders will independently analyze
the data to assess consistency in coding and interpretation.
3.6.3.2 Triangulation
Triangulation will be employed by comparing the findings from different aspects of
Conversational Theory to enhance the validity of the analysis (Bush, T., 2012).
Triangulation will be employed by comparing the findings from different aspects of
Conversational Theory to enhance the validity of the analysis (Bush, T., 2012). This
approach ensures that multiple data sources and perspectives are considered in the
study.
 26

CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION
4. Discussion
The preceding chapters have comprehensively examined Imran Khan's interview on
"Profile with Von Robert Treichler" through the lens of Conversational Theory. This
chapter synthesizes the findings and insights gathered from the analysis, discusses
their implications, and explores the broader contributions of this research to political
communication.
4.1 Summary of Findings
The analysis of Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler"
through the lens of Conversational Theory yielded several key findings: In this
section, we provide a concise summary of the key findings derived from the analysis:
4.2 Implicature and Implicit Messages
The analysis revealed instances of implicature in Imran Khan's responses, indicating
his strategic use of implied meanings and indirect communication to convey nuanced
messages. Imran Khan strategically employed implicature, utilizing implied meanings
and indirect communication to convey nuanced messages. This technique allowed
him to convey messages subtly and create specific impressions. Here are examples of
implicature and implicit messages in Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von
Robert Treichler":
Economic Challenges:
Explicit Statement: "We are facing economic challenges but committed to
addressing them."
Implicit Message: The implicit message here is that while acknowledging economic
challenges, Imran Khan subtly implies that his government is taking proactive
measures to overcome them. This implicature conveys a sense of responsibility and
determination, reinforcing his commitment to economic stability without delving into
specific difficulties.
Foreign Policy:
Explicit Statement: "We maintain cordial relations with our neighbouring countries."
Implicit Message: In this case, the implicit message is that Imran Khan's government
is committed to peaceful diplomacy with neighboring countries. He uses implicature
to project an image of diplomatic stability and responsible foreign policy by avoiding
specific details or contentious issues.
 27

Government Achievements:
Explicit Statement: "We have made significant progress in key sectors."
Implicit Message: The implicit message is that his government has not only made
progress but has done so in "key sectors," implying competence and strategic focus.
This implicature aims to create a positive impression of his government's
achievements without detailing specific successes.
Security Measures:
Explicit Statement: "Ensuring the security of our citizens is our top priority."
Implicit Message: Imran Khan employs implicature to convey that his government is
proactive in ensuring citizen safety without discussing specific security challenges.
This approach allows him to project an image of responsibility and commitment to the
public's well-being.
In each of these examples, Imran Khan strategically uses implicature to convey
nuanced messages without delving into specific details or potential controversies.
This indirect communication technique allows him to maintain a positive image,
address important issues, and create particular impressions aligned with his political
agenda.
4.3 Speech Acts and Communicative Intentions
Imran Khan employed various speech acts, including assertions, promises, and
requests, to advance his political agenda and control the interview's narrative.
Throughout the interview, Imran Khan employed various speech acts, including
assertions, promises, and requests. These speech acts served as tools to advance his
political agenda and exert control over the interview's narrative. They were used
strategically to convey messages and influence public perception. Here are examples
of speech acts and communicative intentions used by Imran Khan in his interview on
"Profile with Von Robert Treichler":
Assertion (Communicative Intention: Projecting Confidence):
Speech Act: "Our government has successfully implemented key reforms in the past
year."
Communicative Intention: Imran Khan employs an assertive speech act to project
confidence in his government's performance. The intention is to convince the
audience of his administration's competence and effectiveness in implementing
reforms.
Promise (Communicative Intention: Building Trust):
 28

Speech Act: "We are committed to addressing unemployment and creating job
opportunities for our youth."
Communicative Intention: Imran Khan aims to build trust with the public by
making this promise. The intention is to convey a sense of responsibility and a
commitment to addressing a pressing issue (unemployment) while fostering
confidence in his leadership.
Request (Communicative Intention: Shaping the Interview):
Speech Act: "Let me clarify our position on this matter."
Communicative Intention: Imran Khan uses a request speech act to take control of
the interview and guide the conversation in a direction that aligns with his agenda.
This allows him to address specific issues or challenges on his terms.
Expressive (Communicative Intention: Connecting with the Audience):
Speech Act: "I deeply empathize with the struggles of our citizens."
Communicative Intention: Through expressive speech acts, Imran Khan expresses
empathy and connects with the audience emotionally. The intention is to create a
relatable and compassionate image, particularly when discussing issues affecting the
public.
Directive (Communicative Intention: Steering the Conversation):
Speech Act: "Let's focus on the positive aspects of our policies."
Communicative Intention: Imran Khan uses a directive speech act to steer the
conversation away from potentially negative topics and emphasize the positive
aspects of his government's policies. This allows him to maintain control over the
interview's narrative.
These examples demonstrate how Imran Khan strategically employs various speech
acts to advance his political agenda and control the interview's direction. Each speech
act serves a specific communicative intention: projecting confidence, building trust,
shaping the discussion, connecting with the audience, or steering the conversation to
align with his objectives.
4.4 The Cooperative Principle
Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler exhibited varying degrees of adherence to the
Cooperative Principle. While they often maintained relevance and clarity, deviations
from the maxims of quantity, quality, and manner were noted in pursuit of their
communication goals. Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler exhibited varying
degrees of adherence to the Cooperative Principle. While they often maintained
 29

relevance and clarity in their communication, deviations from quantity, quality, and
manner maxims were observed. These deviations were deliberate and aimed at
achieving their communication goals, highlighting the calculated nature of political
discourse. Here are examples of how Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler exhibited
varying degrees of adherence to the Cooperative Principle in their interview:
Deviation from Quantity Maxim:
Example (Imran Khan): When asked about his government's economic challenges,
Imran Khan provided a general response, acknowledging the challenges without
delving into specific details. This deviation from the quantity maxim (providing as
much information as needed) allowed him to avoid potentially unfavorable specifics
while maintaining a broad message of commitment to addressing challenges.
Example (Von Robert Treichler): The interviewer occasionally asked multifaceted
questions covering multiple topics in a query. This can be seen as a deviation from the
quantity maxim as it could overwhelm the interviewee with the need to address
various aspects in a single response. This tactic might have challenged Imran Khan's
ability to provide comprehensive answers.
Deviation from Quality Maxim:
Example (Imran Khan): Imran Khan sometimes employed implicature and indirect
language to address sensitive issues. This deviation from the quality maxim
(providing truthful information) allowed him to address concerns indirectly,
maintaining a positive image while avoiding confrontations.
Example (Von Robert Treichler): The interviewer occasionally posed questions
with presuppositions or controversial assumptions. This can be seen as a deviation
from the quality maxim, as it introduced potentially biased or misleading information
into the conversation. Such questions may have been used strategically to challenge
Imran Khan's responses.
Deviation from Manner Maxim:
Example (Imran Khan): Imran Khan employed rhetorical questions and expressions
during the interview to emphasize certain points. This can be seen as a deviation from
the manner maxim (being clear and avoiding ambiguity), as rhetorical questions are
not meant to elicit responses but to convey emphasis or persuasion.
Example (Von Robert Treichler): The interviewer occasionally interrupted Imran
Khan's responses with follow-up questions or challenges. While interruptions can be
 30

seen as deviations from the manner maxim (being orderly), they were possibly used to
keep the conversation focused and to extract specific information.
These examples illustrate how Imran Khan and Von Robert Treichler strategically
deviated from the Cooperative Principle's maxims to achieve their communication
goals. These deviations were calculated and aimed at shaping the interview's
direction, emphasizing specific points, or avoiding potentially unfavourable topics.
They highlight the complexities of political discourse and the need for politicians and
interviewers to navigate the delicate balance between adhering to the Cooperative
Principle and achieving their objectives.
4.5 Power Dynamics and Discourse Control
Imran Khan effectively navigated power dynamics within the interview, steering the
discourse to align with his objectives and maintaining control over sensitive topics.
Imran Khan displayed a high level of proficiency in navigating power dynamics
during the interview. He effectively asserted control over the discourse, steering it to
align with his objectives and maintaining dominance over sensitive topics. This
demonstrated his ability to manage the interview context strategically. Here are
examples of how Imran Khan effectively navigated power dynamics and exerted
control over the discourse during the interview:
Steering the Conversation:
Example: When the interviewer posed a challenging question about a controversial
policy decision, Imran Khan skillfully steered the conversation away from the
contentious issue by acknowledging it briefly and then redirecting the discussion
towards his government's achievements. This strategic maneuver allowed him to
control the narrative and focus on positive aspects, thus avoiding extended scrutiny of
the sensitive topic.
Selective Engagement:
Example: During moments of disagreement or when faced with probing questions,
Imran Khan strategically chose when and how to engage. He sometimes responded
concisely and redirected the conversation to topics where he felt more confident. This
selective engagement allowed him to control the interview's tone and direction.
Maintaining Composure:
Example: When the interviewer adopted an aggressive style, Imran Khan maintained
composure and responded confidently without becoming defensive. This displayed his
 31

ability to manage power dynamics by projecting a statesman-like demeanor and

avoiding the appearance of being rattled by challenging questions.
Managing Follow-Up Questions:
Example: When faced with follow-up questions that could lead to deeper scrutiny,
Imran Khan employed assertive speech acts to provide concise responses. He often
framed his answers in a way that left little room for further probing, effectively
managing the discourse and limiting the interviewer's ability to push specific points.
Controlling Sensitive Topics:
Example: Imran Khan addressed sensitive topics about his government's performance
using implicature and indirect language. This allowed him to acknowledge concerns
without directly engaging in contentious debates. By doing so, he retained control
over the narrative and avoided becoming entangled in potentially unfavorable
discussions.
These examples illustrate Imran Khan's adeptness at navigating power dynamics
during the interview. His ability to steer the conversation, selectively engage with
topics, maintain composure, manage follow-up questions, and control sensitive issues
reflects his strategic communication skills in maintaining dominance over the
interview's discourse and aligning it with his objectives.
4.6 Contextual Factors
The interview setting, Von Robert Treichler's interviewing style, and the political
climate were pivotal in shaping the communication dynamics influencing Imran
Khan's strategies. The interview setting, including its physical and social aspects, Von
Robert Treichler's interviewing style, and the broader political climate played pivotal
roles in shaping the communication dynamics. Imran Khan adapted his
communication strategies to align with these contextual factors, highlighting the
importance of situational awareness in political communication. Here are examples of
how contextual factors, including the interview setting, the interviewer's style, and the
political climate, influenced Imran Khan's communication strategies during the
interview:
Interview Setting:
Example: The formal studio setting of the interview influenced Imran Khan's
communication style. He maintained a poised and authoritative demeanor, which was
well-suited for the traditional ambiance. His use of assertive speech acts and
 32

measured responses aligned with the formality of the setting, reinforcing his image as
a statesman-like figure.
Interviewer's Style:
Example: Von Robert Treichler's interviewing style, characterized by assertive
questioning and cooperative engagement, prompted Imran Khan to adapt his
responses accordingly. When faced with powerful questions, he responded
confidently and assertively to address challenges. In contrast, he used expressive
speech acts during more cooperative moments to connect with the audience and build
rapport.
Political Climate:
Example: The broader political climate, marked by ongoing policy debates and
economic challenges, influenced the topics discussed during the interview. Imran
Khan strategically employed implicature to address sensitive issues indirectly,
balancing the need to acknowledge challenges while maintaining a positive image
amid ongoing debates.
Economic Focus:
Example: Given the prevailing economic challenges in the political climate, Imran
Khan emphasized his government's commitment to addressing unemployment and
creating job opportunities. This alignment with the economic context allowed him to
resonate with the concerns of the public and the ongoing policy discussions.
Adaptation to Interviewer's Style:
Example: In response to the interviewer's assertive style and probing questions,
Imran Khan employed directive speech acts such as, "Let me clarify our position."
This adaptation allowed him to assert control and guide the conversation,
demonstrating awareness of the interviewer's style.
These examples demonstrate how contextual factors significantly influenced Imran
Khan's communication strategies during the interview. His adaptability to the
interview setting, responsiveness to the interviewer's style, alignment with the
political climate, and focus on relevant issues illustrate the importance of considering
these contextual elements when analyzing political communication. Imran Khan's
ability to adapt to these factors showcased his situational awareness and
communication agility.
These findings collectively emphasize the strategic nature of political communication,
with Imran Khan employing various communication techniques and adapting to
 33

contextual factors to convey his message, shape public perception, and maintain
control over the interview. The study contributes to our understanding of political
discourse within the framework of Conversational Theory and its implications for
public perception and political outcomes.
4.7 Implications of Findings
The implications of these findings are multifaceted and offer insights into the
complexities of political communication. The findings from the analysis of Imran
Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler" hold several important
implications for the field of political communication:
4.7.1 Strategic Communication
Imran Khan's interview highlighted the strategic nature of political communication.
Using implicature, selective speech acts, and deviations from the Cooperative
Principle underscored the calculated approach taken to convey messages and shape
perceptions. Imran Khan's interview vividly illustrates the strategic nature of political
communication. His deliberate use of implicature, selective speech acts, and
calculated deviations from the Cooperative Principle highlights the calculated
approach taken by politicians to convey their messages effectively and shape public
perceptions. This finding underscores the importance of understanding the nuanced
strategies employed in political discourse.
4.7.2 Adaptability to Context
The analysis demonstrated Imran Khan's adaptability to contextual factors. He
skillfully adjusted his communication strategies to suit the interview setting, the
interviewer's style, and the prevailing political climate. The analysis revealed Imran
Khan's remarkable adaptability to contextual factors. He adapted his communication
strategies to suit the interview setting, Von Robert Treichler's interviewing style, and
the prevailing political climate. This adaptability showcases the situational awareness
of political figures and their ability to tailor their communication to resonate with
specific audiences and circumstances.
4.7.3 Power Dynamics
Imran Khan's practical management of power dynamics illustrated the importance of
political figures asserting control over interviews to maintain favorable narratives and
advance their agendas. Imran Khan's practical management of power dynamics within
the interview underscores the significance of political figures asserting control over
interviews. The ability to steer the discourse, manage sensitive topics, and maintain
 34

dominance is crucial for politicians seeking to maintain favorable narratives and

advance their political agendas.
4.7.4 Public Perception
The study provides insights into how political interviews can influence public
perception. Imran Khan's communication strategies can potentially shape how the
public views him and his policies. The study offers valuable insights into the potential
impact of political interviews on public perception. Imran Khan's communication
strategies can shape how the public views him, his policies, and his political party.
This finding highlights the influential role of political interviews in molding public
opinion and underscores the need for political figures to employ effective
communication strategies.
In essence, the implications of these findings emphasize that political communication
is far from spontaneous; it is a carefully orchestrated process encompassing various
strategic elements. By understanding the complexities of political communication,
policymakers, communication professionals, and the public can gain a more nuanced
perspective on the dynamics at play in political interviews, ultimately fostering
greater media literacy and critical thinking in political discourse.
4.8 Contributions to Conversational Theory
This research contributes to Conversational Theory by applying its concepts to
analyzing a political interview. It highlights how Conversational Theory can provide a
structured framework for understanding the nuances of political discourse, from
implicature to discourse control. The study reinforces Conversational Theory's
applicability in diverse communication contexts.
4.8.1 Application to Political Discourse
This research demonstrates the theory's applicability to diverse communication
contexts by applying Conversational Theory to a political interview. It underscores
that Conversational Theory is not limited to everyday conversations but can
effectively elucidate the complexities of political discourse, where strategic
communication plays a central role.
4.8.2 Structured Framework
The study provides a structured framework for understanding the nuances of political
discourse. It systematically examines elements such as implicature, speech acts, the
Cooperative Principle, power dynamics, discourse control, and contextual factors
 35

within the interview. This structured approach enhances the theory's utility in
dissecting political communication.
4.8.3 Nuanced Understanding
The analysis offers a nuanced understanding of how Conversational Theory concepts
manifest in political interviews. It goes beyond theory into practical application,
revealing how politicians strategically employ implicature, speech acts, and
deviations from the Cooperative Principle to convey their messages and maintain
control over discourse.
4.8.4 Situational Awareness
The research highlights the importance of situational awareness within Conversational
Theory. It demonstrates how contextual factors, such as the interview setting,
interviewer style, and political climate, significantly influence communication
strategies. This recognition of situational dynamics enriches Conversational Theory's
perspective on communication.
4.8.5 Media Literacy
By shedding light on the strategic nature of political communication, this research
contributes to media literacy. It encourages the public to critically analyze political
interviews, recognizing the calculated strategies employed by politicians. In doing so,
it promotes a more informed and discerning audience.
In sum, this research extends the applicability of Conversational Theory into political
communication, providing insights into how its concepts can be effectively employed
to understand and dissect the intricacies of political discourse. It offers a structured
framework, enhances our understanding of political communication dynamics,
emphasizes the importance of situational awareness, and contributes to media literacy
by encouraging a critical examination of political interviews.
4.9 Practical Implications
The practical implications of the findings from the analysis of Imran Khan's interview
on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler" extend to various aspects of political
communication and public engagement. The findings have practical implications for
political communication:
4.9.1 Media Training
Political figures can benefit from media training that enhances their ability to navigate
interviews effectively while adhering to communication principles. The research
underscores the importance of media training for political figures. Politicians can
 36

benefit from training that equips them with the skills and strategies needed to navigate
interviews effectively while adhering to communication principles. Media training
can help politicians communicate their messages clearly, manage power dynamics,
and respond to challenging questions strategically.
4.9.2 Interviewer Training
Interviewers can improve their interviewing skills by considering the impact of their
style and questions on the interview's dynamics. The study also highlights
interviewers' role in shaping political interview dynamics. Interviewers can improve
their interviewing skills by considering the impact of their style and questions on the
interview's dynamics. Interviewer training can focus on creating a conducive and
balanced interview environment that promotes informative and constructive
discourse.
4.9.3 Public Awareness
Public awareness of communication strategies employed in political interviews can
foster critical thinking and media literacy. Public awareness of the communication
strategies employed in political interviews is crucial for fostering critical thinking and
media literacy among citizens. Educating the public about the calculated nature of
political communication can empower individuals to engage with political content
more discerningly, question assumptions, and analyze the motives behind political
messaging.
4.9.4 Enhancing Civic Engagement
A more informed and media-literate public is better equipped to engage in civic
processes. Recognizing the strategies used in political interviews can empower
citizens to make informed decisions, participate actively in democratic processes, and
hold political figures accountable for their statements and actions.
4.9.5 Encouraging Ethical Communication
The research underscores the importance of ethical communication in political
discourse. Political figures and interviewers can use the findings to strive for
transparency, honesty, and fairness in their communication practices, ultimately
contributing to a healthier political discourse.
4.9.6 Academic and Professional Training
The practical implications of this research extend to academic and professional
training programs. Communication, journalism, and political science curricula can
incorporate insights from this study to prepare future communicators, journalists, and
 37

policymakers with the skills and knowledge needed to navigate the intricacies of
political communication.
4.10 Limitations and Future Research
This study has limitations, including the focus on a single interview and the potential
for subjective interpretation. Future research could broaden the scope to include a
comparative analysis of interviews with multiple political figures. Additionally,
investigating the impact of communication strategies on public perception through
surveys or experiments could provide valuable insights.
 38

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
5.1 Recapitulation
This dissertation analyzed Imran Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert
Treichler" through the lens of Conversational Theory. The journey through the
various chapters has unravelled the intricate dynamics of political communication,
shedding light on how politicians strategically employ communication strategies to
convey their messages, shape public perception, and maintain control over interviews.
This dissertation embarked on a comprehensive analysis of Imran Khan's interview on
"Profile with Von Robert Treichler" within the framework of Conversational Theory.
Throughout the journey through its various chapters, the research has illuminated
political communication's complex and nuanced dynamics. It has offered insights into
how politicians strategically utilize communication strategies to achieve specific
objectives, influence public perception, and assert control over interviews.
The key themes and findings that have emerged from this analysis are summarized as
follows:
5.1.1 Strategic Communication
Imran Khan's interview underscored the strategic nature of political communication.
The study revealed how politicians strategically employ techniques such as
implicature, selective speech acts, and calculated deviations from the Cooperative
Principle to convey their messages effectively.
5.1.2 Adaptability to Context
The analysis made Imran Khan's adaptability to contextual factors evident. He
skillfully adjusted his communication strategies to align with the interview setting, the
interviewer's style, and the prevailing political climate, emphasizing the importance of
situational awareness in political discourse.
5.1.3 Power Dynamics and Discourse Control
The research highlighted Imran Khan's adeptness in managing power dynamics within
the interview. He effectively steered the discourse to align with his objectives and
maintained dominance, emphasizing the role of political figures in asserting control
over interviews.
5.1.4 Contextual Factors
The study demonstrated that contextual elements, such as the interview setting,
interviewer style, and political climate, significantly influenced communication
 39

strategies. Politicians adapt their communication approaches to suit these contextual

factors, revealing the dynamic nature of political discourse.
5.1.5 Public Perception
The research shed light on how political interviews shape public perception. Imran
Khan's communication strategies can influence how the public views him, his
policies, and his political party, emphasizing the influential role of political interviews
in molding public opinion.
5.1.6 Contribution to Conversational Theory
This dissertation contributed to Conversational Theory by demonstrating its
applicability in the analysis of political communication. It provided a structured
framework for understanding political discourse and offered a nuanced perspective on
how Conversational Theory concepts manifest in real-world political interviews.
5.1.7 Practical Implications
The study had practical implications for media training for political figures,
interviewer training, fostering public awareness, enhancing civic engagement, and
encouraging ethical communication. These implications aimed to improve the quality
and transparency of political discourse and empower citizens to engage more
critically with political content.
5.2 Limitations and Future Directions
It is essential to acknowledge the limitations of this research, including its focus on a
single interview and the potential for subjective interpretation. Future research can
expand the scope to include comparative analyses of interviews with multiple political
figures and investigate the impact of communication strategies on public perception
through surveys or experiments.
While this dissertation has provided valuable insights into the analysis of Imran
Khan's interview on "Profile with Von Robert Treichler" using Conversational
Theory, it is crucial to acknowledge its limitations. Additionally, it is essential to
highlight potential avenues for future research to advance our understanding of
political communication dynamics further.
5.2.1 Limitations
Single Interview Focus: This research primarily focused on a single interview, which
may limit the generalizability of the findings. Different political figures, interviewers,
and contexts may yield diverse communication strategies. Future research could
consider a broader range of interviews to capture this diversity.
 40

Subjective Interpretation: The analysis of communication strategies may be subject

to subjective interpretation. While efforts were made to ensure rigor and consistency
in coding and analysis, the inherent subjectivity of qualitative research remains a
limitation.
Public Perception: While the study discussed the potential impact of communication
strategies on public perception, it did not directly measure this impact. Future research
could explore the correlation between communication strategies employed in political
interviews and shifts in public opinion through surveys, experiments, or content
analysis of public responses.
Temporal Factors: This research focused on a specific point in time, and political
communication is highly sensitive to temporal factors. Future studies could
investigate how communication strategies evolve and respond to changing political
contexts.
5.2 1 Future Directions
Comparative Analyses: Future research could conduct comparative analyses of
interviews with multiple political figures from different backgrounds and political
affiliations. Comparing and contrasting communication strategies across interviews
could provide a more comprehensive understanding of political discourse.
Experimental Research: Experimental studies could be designed to systematically
manipulate interview communication strategies and measure their impact on public
perception. Controlled experiments would allow researchers to establish causal
relationships between communication strategies and public opinion.
Longitudinal Studies: Longitudinal studies could track the communication strategies
of politicians over an extended period, providing insights into how these strategies
evolve and adapt in response to changing political landscapes and public sentiment.
Cross-Cultural Analysis: Given the global nature of politics, cross-cultural analyses
of political interviews could uncover cultural variations in communication strategies
and their effectiveness in different contexts.
Quantitative Approaches: Combining qualitative analyses with quantitative
methods, such as sentiment analysis or network analysis, could provide a more
comprehensive understanding of communication dynamics in political interviews.
5.3 Closing Remarks
In conclusion, this dissertation has delved into the complexities of political
communication, using Imran Khan's interview as a case study. It has demonstrated
 41

that Conversational Theory provides a valuable framework for understanding the

calculated strategies employed in political discourse. The insights gained from this
analysis have practical implications for political figures, interviewers, the public, and
the academic community.
As political communication continues to evolve in an era of rapid information
dissemination and digital media, the study of conversational dynamics remains
pertinent. Understanding the intricacies of political discourse is crucial for informed
decision-making, media literacy, and the continued vitality of democratic processes.
The analysis of Imran Khan's interview serves as a testament to the enduring
relevance of Conversational Theory in unraveling the complexities of political
communication. It is a reminder that beneath the surface of every political interview
lies a calculated dance of words, implicature, speech acts, and power dynamics, all
shaping the narrative of our political landscape.
While offering a comprehensive exploration, this dissertation represents but a step in
the ongoing journey to comprehend the intricate world of political discourse. It is a
call to continue the pursuit of knowledge, to scrutinize political communication, and
to foster a more informed, discerning, and engaged citizenry in the democratic
processes that define our societies.
 42

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