Table of Contents

List of Figures:.........................................................................................................................2
List of Tables:...........................................................................................................................2
Abstract:...................................................................................................................................3
Introduction and theory:...........................................................................................................3
Procedure:.................................................................................................................................5
Raw Data:.................................................................................................................................6
Sample calculations:.................................................................................................................7
Data Analysis:..........................................................................................................................9
Conclusion:.............................................................................................................................14
References:.............................................................................................................................15

1
List of Figures:

Figure 1. Fluid Friction Apparatus.............................................................................................5

Figure 2. The Graph show the relation between the velocity and head loss for both smooth
pipes.......................................................................................................................................11
Figure 3. The Graph shows the relation between Pressure drop and volumetric flow rate for
both smooth pipes..................................................................................................................12
Figure 4. Curve shows the relation between Volumetric flow rate and Reynold's number for
both smooth pipes..................................................................................................................12
Figure 5. Curves shows the relation between Head loss and velocity head for booth pipes. .13
Figure 6. Curves shows the relation between Friction Factor and Reynold's Number for a
smooth pipe at Diameter equals to 14.5 mm.........................................................................13

List of Tables:

Table 1. Raw Data of a smooth pipe at a Diameter equals to 9 mm.........................................6

Table 2. Raw Data of a smooth pipe at a Diameter equals to 14.5 mm....................................6
Table 3. Data Obtained for a smooth pipe with Diameter equals to 9 mm..............................9
Table 4. Data Obtained for a smooth pipe with Diameter equals to 9 mm............................10
Table 5. Data Obtained for a smooth pipe at Diameter equals to 14.5 mm...........................10
Table 6. Data Obtained for a smooth pipe at Diameter equals to 14.5 mm...........................10
Table 7. Fanning Friction Factor using Churchill's equation and the error calculated for a
smooth pipe Diameter equal to 14.5mm................................................................................11
Table 8. Fanning Friction Factor using F model for a smooth pipe Diameter equals to 14.5
mm.........................................................................................................................................11

2
Abstract:
Due to the friction that exists between a moving fluid in a pipe and the surface of the
pipe, there is a head loss. In addition to estimating the coefficient of water flow in
various types of pipes, the goal of this experiment was to figure out this relationship.
The experiment involved two pipes with different degrees of roughness (smooth and
rough), but identical lengths and diameters. To obtain precise results, four trials were
conducted, each of which involved measuring the head loss for both pipes at the same
flow rate. Then, it was computed what velocity, Reynolds number, and friction factor
were. In conclusion, it was discovered that the rough pipe's greater friction caused a
bigger pressure drop than the smooth pipe. Additionally, there was a direct correlation
between flow rate and Reynolds number as well as between squared velocity and head
loss. Of course, as flow rate increased, so did velocity.

Introduction and theory:

The flowing of fluids in pipes is considered an important part in chemical
engineering. An essential thing to do when studying the movement of fluid in pipes is
considering the viscosity of because it is the reason that cause “Friction Force”
between the fluid and the surface of the pipe. This force causes pressure drop along
the pipes. Furthermore, there are other equipment that could also cause pressure loss
such as elbows, valves, tees, fittings, and piping entrance. These two reasons together
represent the total pressure loss. The overall pressure loss may be different than what
is predicted from the losses caused by the individual components when considered
separately because of the mutual interference that occurs between adjacent
components in a complicated system. There are several factors that affect the pressure
drop, including pipe length, diameter, and the properties of the fluid [1]. The objective
of this experiment is to use pressure drop measurements to determine head loss in
various piping systems. To accomplish this objective, many equations will be used but
the most important equations are shown below. Due to the identical elevation of the
horizontal pipe in Bernoulli's equation and the absence of a pump or turbine in the
piping system, these terms will be excluded from Eq. 1.

P1 V 21 P2 V 22
+ + z +h = + + z +h +h (1)
ρg 2 g 1 pump ρg 2 g 2 L turbine
Rearranging equation.1 in terms of pressure difference.

3
 P 1 P2
= +h
ρg ρg L
P 1 P2
− =h
ρg ρg L
∆ P=ρg hL

Where P; Pressure

V; Velocity
z; Elevation
hpump; Useful head by pump
hL; Head loss
hturbine; Extracted head by the turbine
ρ; Density

To calculate Reynolds’ Number, Eq. 2 will be used,

Dρv 4 Qρ
N ℜ= = (2)
μ πDμ

Where Nre; Reynolds’ Number

D; Diameter
µ; Viscosity
Q; Volumetric flow rate

Pressure difference can be written in a different form if it related to a circular pipe as

shown in Eq.3,

P1−P2=4 f ( ) L ρ v2
D
(
2
) (3)

Where f ; Fanning friction factor

L; length of the pipe

In terms of head loss. Eq.4,

h L =2 f ( )( )
L
D
v2
g
(4)

4
Thus, the fanning friction factor can be calculated by Eq.5,

h L Dg
f= 2 (5)
2L v

Procedure:

The first step at the beginning of the experiment is to ensure that the device is
properly set up and all valves are closed. Fill the hydraulic seat tank with water and
connect it through the hose of the device, and for the seat to be associated with the
volumetric tank another hose should be used. The resulting flow control valve should
be directed horizontally to allow water to flow during the test part, and then shut
down again. The pump must then be operated by connecting the device to a power
source and opening a current that enters the water into the pipes and gets rid of air
bubbles. Now the experiment starts, first open the test part only and then through the
volumetric tank set the flow rate and notice the pressure difference that happens.
Second, repeat what you did and write down the data you got. Third, turn off the
device, you must turn off the water pump and water supply, and power sources, then
open all the valves to empty water from the system. Keep the water for other
experiments.

Figure 1. Fluid Friction Apparatus

5
Raw Data:

Specification of properties used in this experiment:

1. Length of smooth pipe = 1m
2. Fluid used: Water (H2O)
3. Density of the fluid ( ρ H 2O ) = 1000 kg/m3
4. Viscosity of the fluid ( μ H 2O ¿= 0.001 kg/m. s
5. Acceleration due to gravity ( g) = 9.8 m/ s2
6. Roughness of a smooth pipe (ε)= 0 m

Table 1. Raw Data of a smooth pipe at a Diameter equals to 9 mm

Flow Manometer reading Manometer reading Difference between manometer

Rate (left) (right) reading
Q h1 (cm H2O) h2 (cm H2O) Δh = h2-h1 (cm H2O)
(L/min)
6.00 43.4 45.0 1.60
8.00 39.9 45.0 5.10
10.0 39.8 47.0 7.20
12.0 39.2 49.6 10.4
14.0 38.5 52.0 13.5

Flow Manometer reading Manometer reading Difference between manometer

Rate (left) (right) reading
Q
h1 (cm H2O) h2 (cm H2O) Δh = h2-h1 (cm H2O)
(L/min)
6.00 49.9 52.3 2.40
8.00 47.5 52.4 4.90
10.0 47.2 53.9 6.70
12.0 46.5 56.6 10.1
14.0 45.9 59.0 13.1
Table 2. Raw Data of a smooth pipe at a Diameter equals to 14.5 mm

6
Sample calculations:

Note: All values were taken from the first raw of Table 2. Raw Data of a smooth pipe
at a Diameter equals to 14.5 mm
1. Convert the Volumetric Flow rate unit from Litre Per Minute (LPM) to (m3/s):
3
L −3 m 1 min 1 ×10−4 m3
Q=¿ 6 LPM ¿ 6 ×10 × =
min L 60 s s
2. Calculating the Velocity (m/s):
−4 3
1×10 m
Q s m
v¿ = =0.606
π π 2 s
× ( 14.5 ×10 m )
2 −3
×D
4 4
3. Determining Reynold’s number:
kg
0.0145 m× 1000 × 0.606 m/ s
D× ρH 2 O × v m3
Re¿ = =8787
μH 2O kg
0.001
m. s

4. Determining the Pressure differences (Pa):

kg m −2
10 m
ΔP¿ ρ H 2O × g × Δh=1000 3 ×9.81 2 ×2.40 cm × =235.4 pa
m s cm

5. Calculating head loss (m):

ΔP 235.4 pa
= =¿
h L= ρ H 2 O × g kg m 0.024 m
1000 3 × 9.81 2
m s
6. Calculating Velocity head:

m 2
(0.606
)
v2 s
h v= = =0.0187 m
2×g m
2 ×9.81 2
s
7. Obtaining Fanning’s friction factor:

7
 m
0.024 ×0.0145 m× 9.81
hL × D× g s
2
−3
f¿ = =4.65 ×10
( )
2 2
2×L×v m
2× 1 m× 0.606
s
8. Determining Coefficient of friction:
−3
4 × f × L 4 ×4.65 ×10 × 1 m
Kf = = =1.28
D 0.0145 m

9. Calculating Fanning’s friction factor by using Churchill’s equation:

[ [ ] [ [ ]
16 16
1 1 20
¿ 2.457 ln 0.9
= 2.457 ln 0.9
=1.224 ×10
A 7 ε 7 0
ℜ +0.27 D 8787
+ 0.27
0.0145 m

( ) ( ) =1.226 ×10
16 16
37530 37530 10
B= ℜ =
8787

[ ] [ ]
1 1

( )+ ( ) + (1.224 ×10
12 12
8 1 12 8 1 12 −3
f¿ 2 ℜ 3
=2
8787 3
=6.17 × 10
2 20 10 2
( A+ B) +1.226 ×10 )

10. Calculating Fanning’s friction factor by using given model:

Excel solver have been used to determine the values of A and B to be as
follows:
A= 0
B= 10.46

f= ( ℜA )=( 87870 )=0

B 10.46

11. Finding the error between empirical and experimental value for the fanning’s
friction factor:

Percentage error¿ | | |
f emp−f
f emp
exp
×100 =
6.17 ×10−3−4.65 ×10−3
6.17 ×10
−3
× 100=¿ 24.64%
|
12. Finding the Square Deviation to compare experimental values with f model:
Squared Deviation= ( f model −f exp)2=(0−4.65 ×10−3)2 = 2.16×10−3

8
Data Analysis:

- Tabulated Data found using Excel:

Table 3. Data Obtained for a smooth pipe with Diameter equals to 9 mm

Flow Flow Rate (Q) Velocity (V) Reynold’s Number ΔP

Rate
(Q)
L/min m^3/s m/s - Pa
6.00 0.000100 1.57232704 14150.9434 156.96
8.00 0.000133 2.09643606 18867.92453 500.31
10.0 0.000167 2.62054507 23584.90566 706.32
12.0 0.000200 3.14465409 28301.88679 1020.24
14.0 0.000233 3.66876310 33018.86792 1324.35

Table 4. Data Obtained for a smooth pipe with Diameter equals to 9 mm

f f using
hL hv Kf A B
experimental Churchill’s
m m - - - - -

0.016 0.126005 0.000286 0.126979 3.35377E+20 5990881.509 0.005436738

0.051 0.224008 0.000512 0.22767 5.98422E+20 60044.1836 0.005057129

9
0.072 0.350013 0.000463 0.205707 9.24668E+20 1690.093518 0.004789407
0.104 0.504019 0.000464 0.206341 1.30818E+21 91.41359724 0.004586134
0.135 0.686026 0.000443 0.196786 1.74407E+21 7.760007933 0.004424198

Table 5. Data Obtained for a smooth pipe at Diameter equals to 14.5 mm

Flow Flow Rate (Q)

Velocity (V)
Rate Reynold’s Number ΔP
(Q)
L/min m^3/s m/s - Pa
6.00 0.000100 0.606060606 8787.878788 235.44
8.00 0.000133 0.80744464 11707.94727 480.69
10.0 0.000167 1.009305799 14634.93409 657.27
12.0 0.000200 1.211166959 17561.92091 990.81
1285.1
14.0 0.000233 1.413028119 20488.90773
1

Table 6. Data Obtained for a smooth pipe at Diameter equals to 14.5 mm

hL hv f experimental Kf

m m - -

0.024 0.018721 0.004647 1.281971

0.049 0.03323 0.005345 1.474584
0.067 0.051921 0.004678 1.290412
0.101 0.074767 0.004897 1.350866
0.131 0.101766 0.004666 1.287267

10
Table 7. Fanning Friction Factor using Churchill's equation and the error calculated for a smooth pipe Diameter
equal to 14.5mm

f (by using
A B Percentage Error
Churchill’s equation)
1.22452E+20 12243683718 0.006166437 24.63810033
2.26337E+20 124269600.9 0.00571065 6.396506525
3.59256E+20 3497878.301 0.005390195 13.21756471
5.18981E+20 189192.8671 0.005147971 4.877270856
7.03734E+20 16060.39138 0.004955688 5.838632472

Table 8. Fanning Friction Factor using F model for a smooth pipe Diameter equals to 14.5 mm

Reynold’s
F experimental F model Squared Deviation
Number
8787.878788 0.004647 0 2.15959E-05

11707.94727 0.005345 0 2.8573E-05

14634.93409 0.004678 0 2.18813E-05

17561.92091 0.004897 0 2.39795E-05
20488.90773 0.004666 0 2.17748E-05

- Graphs plotted that shows relation between different variables:

11
 Velocity vs. Head loss
4.00
3.50 f(x) = 17.9320560681042 x + 1.26488163462658
R² = 0.995637962658139
3.00
Velocity (m^2/s)

2.50
Smooth Pipe with Diameter=
2.00 9mm
1.50
f(x) = 7.50517694406756 x + 0.451016060108083
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Head loss (m)

Figure 2. The Graph show the relation between the velocity and head loss for both smooth pipes

Pressure Drop vs. Volumetic Flow Rate

1400

f(x) = 8564130.00000001 x − 685.719000000001

1200 f(x)==0.995637962658138
R² 7828380 x − 574.866 Smooth Pipe with Diameter= 9mm
R² = 0.989428347689897
Linear (Smooth Pipe with Diameter=
1000 9mm)
Pressure Drop (Pa)

Linear (Smooth Pipe with Diameter=

800 9mm)
Linear (Smooth Pipe with Diameter=
600 9mm)
Smooth Pipe with Diameter= 14.5 mm
Linear (Smooth Pipe with Diameter=
400 14.5 mm)
Linear (Smooth Pipe with Diameter=
200 14.5 mm)

0
0.000050 0.000100 0.000150 0.000200 0.000250
Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s)

Figure 3. The Graph shows the relation between Pressure drop and volumetric flow rate for both smooth pipes

12

Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s)
Volumetric Flow Rate vs. Reynold's number
0.000250
f(x) = 1.13936594082499E-08 x − 9.45528683306415E-08
f(x) = 7.06666666666666E-09 x
0.000200

0.000150
Smooth pipe with Diame-
ter=9mm
0.000100 Linear (Smooth pipe with
Diameter=9mm)

0.000050

0.000000
5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 20000.00 25000.00 30000.00 35000.00
Reynold's number

Figure 4. Curve shows the relation between Volumetric flow rate and Reynold's number for both smooth pipes.

Head loss vs. Velocity head

0.16
0.14 Smooth Pipe with a constant Diame-
f(x) = 0.205190983648757 x − 0.00196508875739641 ter= 9mm
0.12 f(x) = 1.27574723537842 x + 0.00285478976819828
Linear (Smooth Pipe with a constant
Diameter= 9mm)
Head loss (m)

0.1
Linear (Smooth Pipe with a constant
0.08 Diameter= 9mm)
Smooth pipe with a constant Diame-
0.06 ter= 14.5mm
Linear (Smooth pipe with a constant
0.04 Diameter= 14.5mm)
0.02 Linear (Smooth pipe with a constant
Diameter= 14.5mm)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Velocity head (m)

Figure 5. Curves shows the relation between Head loss and velocity head for booth pipes

13
 Friction Factor vs. Reynold's number
0.006

0.005
Fanning Friction Factor

0.004 Friction Factor Experimental

0.003 Friction Factor Model
Linear (Friction Factor Model)
0.002 Linear (Friction Factor Model)

0.001

0
8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000
Reynolds Number

Figure 6. Curves shows the relation between Friction Factor and Reynold's Number for a smooth pipe at
Diameter equals to 14.5 mm

Conclusion:

To sum up, the experiment was conducted to determine the friction factor of fluid
flowing through pipes. It has been noted that additional elements such as the pipe's
length and diameter, the flow's characteristics, the type of fluid, etc. had an impact on
the friction faction. Additionally, computations or graphing and behavior analysis of
the empirical relations were used to identify the relationships that all the factors
shared. It was found in this experiment that the flow rate of fluid is directly
proportional to the Reynolds number but inversely proportional to Fanning's friction
factor. Along with calculating the friction factor for the rough pipe empirically, a
model was also employed to do so; the model's result for the first flow rate reading
was Fmodel =(0 ). Obtained an error rate of 4.88 when compared with the empirical
value of fexpt = 0.0049. The error was relatively large across experimental values and

14
those estimated using empirical relationships. This can be due to a variety of reasons,
including incorrect handling and reporting of sphygmomanometer readings, defects in
the device, etc.

References:

[1]: (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2022, from “Shutdown, from

https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/bernoullis-equation-
bernoullis-principle/head-loss/.

[2]:
Hardee, R. (2015, april 13). pumps. Calculating Head Loss in a Pipeline, p. 1.

[3]: PIPES, F. F. I. Fluid flow in pipes.

15