Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ain Shams Engineering Journal

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com

Mechanical Engineering

Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a

DI diesel engine
A. Prabu
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This experimental work investigates the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a sin-
Received 4 January 2016 gle cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine with three fuel series: biodiesel–diesel (B20), biodiesel–die
Revised 12 April 2017 sel–nanoparticles (B20A30C30) and biodiesel–nanoparticles (B100A30C30). The nanoparticles such as
Accepted 23 April 2017
Alumina (Al2O3) and Cerium oxide (CeO2) of each 30 ppm are mixed with the fuel blends by means of
Available online xxxx
an ultrasonicator, to attain uniform suspension. Owing to the higher surface area/volume ratio character-
istics of nanoparticles, the degree of mixing and chemical reactivity are enhanced during the combustion,
Keywords:
attaining better performance, combustion and emission attributes of the diesel engine. The brake thermal
Alumina
Cerium oxide
efficiency of the engine for the nanoparticles dispersed test fuel (B20A30C30) significantly improved by
Nanoparticles dispersed test fuels 12%, succeeded by 30% reduction in NO emission, 60% reduction in carbon monoxide emission, 44%
NO reduction in hydrocarbon emission and 38% reduction in smoke emission, compared to that of B100.
Ó 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Ain Shams University. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction tally studied the promotion of cerium oxide nanoparticles with

Biodiesel is conceived as a renewable and environment-friendly
fuel benignant to petro-diesel [1], with benefits of lower level of
smoke, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide than
petro-diesel [2]. It is easier to achieve clean combustion with bio-
diesel, resulting in reduced level of exhaust emission by using oxy-
genates as additives [3,4] antioxidants as additives [5] and
nanoparticles as additives [6,7] in biodiesel. Recently, many
researchers focused their attention on fuel formulation technique
for achieving better performance and emission characteristics.
Among the recent fuel additives to biodiesel, the nanoparticles as
additive in biodiesel has emerged as a new promising fuel additive
for achieving utmost improvement in the performance and level
best reduction of exhaust emission. Dreizin [8] observed that the
nanoparticles dispersed test fuels shows better thermo physical
properties due to its higher surface to volume ratio and acts as
an oxygen buffer with respect to NO emission. Later, Kenneth
et al. [9] observed that nanoparticles enhance the heat transfer
rates due to its higher specific surface area. Idriss [10] experimen-
E-mail address: prabu1603@gmail.com
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
ethanol and revealed that nanoparticles can be used as a fuel-
borne additive in hydrocarbon liquid fuels. Later Farfaletti et al.
[11] employed ceria nanoparticles as additive in diesel emulsion
fuel and found significant reduction of Particulate Matter, CO,
and UBHC emission. Kao et al. [12] studied the working character-
istics of a single cylinder diesel engine by using aluminium
nanoparticles of 3 and 6% volume separately in diesel and found
significant reduction of fuel consumption, smoke and NO emission.
Arul Mozhi Selvan et al. [13] conducted experiments in computer-
ized single cylinder, four stroke, DI variable compression ratio
engine by using cerium oxide nanoparticles as additive in diesel
and biodiesel-ethanol blends and observed substantial reduction
of exhaust emission with marginal improvement in the brake ther-
mal efficiency. Meantime Sajith et al. [14] conducted experiments
in a naturally aspirated, four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled
compression ignition engine to study the effect of cerium oxide
nanoparticles dispersed at 20 to 80 ppm in Jatropha biodiesel for
evaluating the engine performance and emission characteristics
and resulted with significant reduction of NO by 30% and UBHC
by 40% for cerium oxide nanoparticles dispersed test fuel, besides
percentage improvement of brake thermal efficiency by 1.5%.
Sadhik Basha and Anand [15] carried out experimental investi-
gations in a single cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspirated, air
cooled, constant speed, direct injection diesel engine by using Car-
bon Nanotubes (CNT) dispersed at 25, 50 and 100 ppm separately
in Jatropha biodiesel by using surfactants Span 80 and Tween 80

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.004
2090-4479/Ó 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Prabu A. Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Ain Shams Eng J
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.004
2 A. Prabu / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Nomenclature

BTE brake thermal efficiency CeO2 Cerium oxide

bmep brake mean effective pressure ppm parts per million
BSEC brake specific energy consumption B100 Jatropha Biodiesel
CO carbon monoxide B20 80% diesel + 20% B100
UBHC unburned hydrocarbon B100A30C30 100% B100 + 30 ppm Al2O3 + 30 ppm CeO2
NO nitric oxide B20A30C30 20% B100 + 80% Diesel + 30 ppm Al2O3 + 30 ppm
DI direct injection CeO2
bTDC Before Top Dead Centre
EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature
Al2O3 Alumina

as a bridging medium for the preparation of Jatropha emulsion test
fuel. Based on the results, they found enhanced brake thermal effi-
ciency percentage of 15% with significant NO reduction percentage
of 29%. The same team [16] evaluated the effect of alumina
nanoparticles as additives in the water diesel emulsion fuel, on
the working characteristics of a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm and found significant reduction of UBHC, NO and CO
emissions for the alumina nanoparticles dispersed water diesel
emulsion fuel compared to the neat water diesel emulsion fuel.
Recently Prabu and Anand, [6] conducted experiments by
blending two nanoparticles alumina and cerium oxide of each
30 ppm in Jatropha biodiesel as separate and combined addition
as fuel in a single cylinder DI diesel engine and observed promi-
nent percentage reduction of NO, CO, UBHC and smoke emission
by 13, 60, 33 and 32% respectively. Though, very few studies have
been carried out for the nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel, the
experimental investigations on engine performance and emission
characteristics for two nanoparticles as additives in Jatropha bio-
diesel blends was limited. In view of this, the present paper mainly
committed to a comparison of performance and emission charac-
teristics of a single cylinder DI diesel engine fueled with two
nanoparticles dispersed biodiesel and biodiesel blend.
2. Experimental setup and procedure
2.1. Preparation of test fuels
In this research work, commercially available Jatropha biodiesel
(B100) (Supplier: M/s. Ahimsa Agri (P) Ltd., Chennai, India) and die-
sel fuel are employed. The fuel properties for all the test fuels are
verified before they are subjected for the engine experimental
investigations. Nanoparticles such as Alumina and Cerium oxide
are purchased from Alfa Aesar and Sigma Aldrich Company respec-
tively and the specifications of nanoparticles are listed in Table 1.
The morphology of the nanoparticles is determined by Scanning
Electron Microscope (Model: VEGA3 TESCAN, Czech Republic).
The crystalline phase of nanoparticles are determined by X-ray
Diffraction (Model: Rigaku, Ultima IV, Japan) and the intensities
Table 1
Specification of nanoparticles.
Item Specification
Manufacturer M/s. Alfa Aesar, M/s. Sigma Aldrich,
USA USA
Chemical Name Alumina (Al2O3) Cerium Oxide (CeO2)
CAS No 1344-28-1 1306-38-3
Molecular Weight 101.96 172.11
Average particle size 51 nm 32 nm
diameter
Specific surface area 32 m2/g 30 m2/g
Appearance White Yellow
are compared with the data from the Joint Committee on Powder
Diffraction Standards (JCPDS). The characteristics studies of
nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 1.
For this experimental investigation, three types of test fuels are
prepared, denoted as BxAyCy (x means volume fraction and y
means ppm). They are: B20 (containing 20% biodiesel and 80% die-
sel in volume percentage), B100A30C30 (containing 100% biodiesel
in volume percentage, 30 ppm Alumina, and 30 ppm Cerium
oxide), and B20A30C30 (containing 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel
in volume percentage, 30 ppm Alumina, and 30 ppm Cerium
oxide). Dispersion of nanoparticles with fuels is prepared by using
an apparatus called Ultrasonicator (Fig. 2) for 45 min to prepare
the homogeneous B100A30C30 and B20A30C30 test fuels. The pre-
pared test fuels are subjected to the stability investigation; kept in
a 100 ml graduated scale glass test tube under static conditions
and found stable for 12 h. The physicochemical properties for the
diesel, B100, B20, B100A30C30 and B20A30C30 test fuels are tested
as per ASTM standards and are listed in Table 2.
2.2. Experimental setup and operating conditions
In this study, a single cylinder, four-stroke DI diesel engine is
employed for determining the performance, combustion and emis-
sion characteristics of the engine with the detailed specifications of
engine test rig listed in Table 3. Diesel engine is coupled with an
electrical loading device (AC alternator) for loading and the engine
exhaust gas temperature is measured using calibrated K-type ther-
mocouple placed immediate exhaust of the diesel engine. The
engine setup has two fuel tanks: One fuel tank is meant for diesel
fuel and the other for biodiesel, connected to 50 cm3 standard glass
burette and the volumetric fuel flow rate is measured using a dig-
ital stop watch. The setup consists of data acquisition system that
comprises piezoelectric pressure sensor and a crank-angle indica-
tor for measuring the combustion characteristics of the engine.
The pressure transducer is used to measure the cylinder pressure,
heat release rate, and ignition delay for 50 successive cycles those
are averaged and calculated by amplifying the output signal of the
pressure transducer connected to the data acquisition system. The
level of exhaust gas emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO),
unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) and nitric oxide (NO) are measured
by using AVL Digas 444 exhaust gas analyzer and the smoke opac-
ity is measured by using AVL 437 Smoke meter.
The experiments are conducted in a single cylinder DI diesel
engine operated at constant speed of 1500 rpm, with fixed injec-
tion pressure of 216 bar and fixed injection timing of 26° bTDC.
The schematic view of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 3.
Engine is started under no load condition; allowed to warm up
for the rated speed of 1500 rpm and all the readings are taken
under steady state conditions. Engine performance parameters
such as brake thermal efficiency and the emission parameters such
as NO, EGT, CO, UBHC and smoke opacity are quantified and the

Please cite this article in press as: Prabu A. Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Ain Shams Eng J
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.004
 A. Prabu / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 3

Figure 1. SEM and XRD images of nanoparticles.

uncertainty analysis for the performance and emission parameters

are found as ±1.2%, ±1 ppm, ±0.01 vol, ±1 ppm and ±1% for brake
thermal efficiency, NO, CO, UBHC and smoke opacity respectively.

3. Results and discussion

Engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics

results are analyzed for diesel, B100, B20, B100A30C30 and
B20A30C30 test fuels and are discussed in the following section.

3.1. Performance characteristics

3.1.1. Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC)

Brake Specific Energy Consumption is the better parameter to
compare the performance of an engine when different heating val-
ues of biodiesel blends are used [17]. Fig. 4 shows the variation of
BSEC with bmep for nanoparticles dispersed test fuels. The BSEC
observed for the B100A30C30 and B20A30C30 test fuels are
Figure 2. Photograph of ultrasonicator.
13.2 MJ/kW h and 12.0 MJ/kW h respectively, compared with
B100 of 14.8 MJ/kW h, B20 of 13.6 MJ/kW h and diesel of 13 MJ/

Table 2
Properties of test fuels.

Properties ASTM Standards Diesel B100 B20 B100A30C30 B20A30C30

Density @ 15 °C (kg/m3) D1298 835 873 843 874 844
Kinematic Viscosity @ 40 °C (cSt) D88 2.20 4.10 2.58 4.10 2.59
Flash point (°C) D 93 48 85 55 83 52
Fire Point (°C) D 93 55 94 63 93 61
Calorific value (MJ/kg) D240 42.3 39.5 41.7 40.2 42.2
Pour Point (°C) D97
9 1
6 1
5
Total Acidity (mg of KOH/g) D664 0.38 0.46 0.40 0.47 0.40

Please cite this article in press as: Prabu A. Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Ain Shams Eng J
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.004
4 A. Prabu / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Table 3
Specification of diesel engine.

Make Kirloskar
Type Single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled,
Direct injection engine
Bore  Stroke 87.5  110 mm
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Swept volume 661 cm3
Combustion chamber Open hemispherical
Spray hole diameter 0.25 mm
Cone angle 110°
Rated output 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm
Injection timing 26° bTDC

kW h respectively. The BSEC reduces for the nanoparticles dis-

persed test fuels when compared to that of B100 and B20 test fuels,
due to the fine atomization property of nanoparticles resulting in
better combustion. Figure 4. Variations of BSEC under bmep.

3.1.2. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)

The brake thermal efficiency is a function of the engine param-
eter, which indicates how efficiently the fuel energy gets converted
into mechanical output. Fig. 5 shows the variation of BTE with
bmep for nanoparticles dispersed test fuels. It is observed from
the Fig. 5 that B20A30C30 test fuel shows improved brake thermal
efficiency over B100 test fuel. The observed brake thermal effi-
ciency values for diesel, B100, B20, B100A30C30 and B20A30C30
test fuels are 32.3, 28.5, 30.3, 31 and 32.5% respectively. The
improvement in brake thermal efficiency for the nanoparticles dis-
persed test fuels is due to the improved combustion, atomization
and rapid evaporation of the nanoparticles dispersed test fuel,
resulting in better air fuel mixing, which allows more surface area
of fuel to react with oxygen molecule (Fig. 6).

3.2. Emission characteristics

3.2.1. CO and UBHC

A comparison of CO emissions for nanoparticles dispersed test
fuels under bmep is presented in Fig. 7. CO emission of 0.05 vol%
is observed for B100 when compared with diesel of 0.09 vol%,
due to the presence of inherent oxygen molecule converting CO
to CO2 [18]. Further reduction in CO emission values are observed
for B20, B100A30C30 and B20A30C30 test fuels as 0.03, 0.02 and
0.02 vol% respectively, due to improved spray atomization and
rapid evaporation of fuel by addition of nanoparticles in biodiesel
and biodiesel blend. Fig. 8 shows the variation of UBHC with bmep
Figure 5. Variations of BTE under bmep.
for nanoparticles dispersed test fuels. Higher UBHC emissions are
formed during combustion of fuel, due to the deficiency of oxygen
molecule in the fuel-rich region [19]. But for B100 fuel, reduction in
UBHC emission of 18 ppm is observed when compared with diesel
of 25 ppm. The UBHC values observed for B20, B100A30C30 and
B20A30C30 test fuels are 13, 12 and 10 ppm respectively. The sub-

Figure 3. Schematic view of experimental setup.

Please cite this article in press as: Prabu A. Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Ain Shams Eng J
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.004
 A. Prabu / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 5

Figure 6. Atomization of nanoparticles dispersed test fuel.

Figure 9. Variations of EGT under bmep.

Figure 7. Variations of CO under bmep.

Figure 10. Variations of NO under bmep.

Figure 8. Variations of UBHC under bmep.

stantial reduction in the values of UBHC and CO emissions are
observed for nanoparticles dispersed test fuels due to the ability
of nanoparticles to convert CO to CO2 and HC into H2O by its strong
redox-active property [20].
3.2.2. EGT and NO
Flame temperature, oxygen concentration and reaction resi-
dence time are the important factors by which NO emission is
formed in diesel engines [21]. Biodiesel containing more double
bond molecules causes higher adiabatic flame temperature than
the petro diesel fuel, which leads to increase in NO emission
[22]. But for the nanoparticles dispersed test fuels, drastic reduc-
tion of EGT and NO emission are observed as shown in Figs. 9
and 10 respectively. The EGT values observed for the nanoparticles
dispersed test fuels such as B100A30C30 and B20A30C30 are
302 °C and 257 °C respectively, compared with diesel of 325 °C,
B100 of 339 °C and B20 of 321 °C respectively. Due to the ability
of nanoparticles to scavenge the nitric oxide radicals to N2, lower
level of NO values are observed for the nanoparticles dispersed test
fuels B100A30C30 and B20A30C30 as 1208 and 978 ppm, where as

Please cite this article in press as: Prabu A. Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Ain Shams Eng J
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.004
6 A. Prabu / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Figure 11. Variations of smoke opacity under bmep. Figure 13. Variations of ignition delay under bmep.

3.2.3. Smoke opacity

The oxygenated nature of biodiesel, results in reduction of
smoke opacity when compared with diesel fuel [23,24]. A compar-
ison of smoke opacity for nanoparticles dispersed test fuels under
bmep is presented in Fig. 11. When nanoparticles are treated with
biodiesel and biodiesel blend, further reduction in smoke opacity
values are observed for B100A30C30 and B20A30C30 test fuels as
25.6% and 23.4%, followed by B20 of 35.4%, B100 of 37.6% and die-
sel of 43.5% respectively. The reduction of smoke opacity is due to
the improved combustion characteristics of nanoparticles (owing
to their higher surface area/volume ratio) enhancing better fuel
air mixing in the combustion chamber [14].

3.3. Combustion characteristics

The comparison of cylinder pressure and the heat release rate

with respect to crank angle for the nanoparticles test fuels at full
load is shown in Fig. 12. For the nanoparticles dispersed test fuels,
lower cylinder pressure and heat release rate characteristics are
observed when compared to that of B100. At the full load, the
cylinder pressure observed for B100 is 71.3 bar, whereas it is
70.9, 70.3, 69.6 and 69.2 bar for the B20, diesel, B100A30C30 and
B20A30C30 test fuels respectively. The dispersion of alumina and
cerium oxide nanoparticles with biodiesel has initiated the com-
bustion earlier due to the improved ignition properties [25] accom-
plishing catalytic combustion, shorter ignition delay and decreased
cylinder pressure and heat release rate [26]. At the full load, the
heat release rate observed for B100 is 21.5 J/deg CA whereas it is
20.8, 19.6, 19.7 and 18.8 J/deg CA for B20, diesel, B100A30C30
and B20A30C30 test fuels respectively. Ignition delay strongly
depends on the type of fuel used and their concentrations in the
cylinder charge. The associated changes in the charge temperature
Figure 12. Variations of cylinder pressure and heat release rate under crank angle during compression, pre-ignition energy release, and external heat
at full load.
transfer to the surroundings are the main factors responsible for
for diesel, B100 and B20 are 1320, 1390 and 1300 ppm respec- controlling the length of the ignition delay of the engine [27].
tively. The reaction by how the nitric oxide radicals get converted The comparison of ignition delay with respect to bmep for
to N2 is shown below [6]. nanoparticles dispersed test fuels is shown in Fig. 13. At the full
load, the ignition delay observed for the neat biodiesel is
4CeO2 ! 2Ce2 O3 þ O2 5.8 deg CA whereas it is 4.6, 7.5, 4.6 and 4.5 deg CA for B20, diesel,
B100A30C30 and B20A30C30 test fuels, respectively. A similar
Ce2 O3 þ Al2 O3 ! 2CeAlO3 trend of reduced ignition delay, cylinder pressure and heat release
rate characteristics are reported in some studies [13,28] on using
4CeAlO3 þ 2NO ! 4CeO2 þ 2Al2 O3 þ N2 ceria and alumina nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel.

Please cite this article in press as: Prabu A. Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Ain Shams Eng J
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.004
 A. Prabu / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
4. Conclusions
The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of
nanoparticles dispersed test fuels are investigated in a single cylin-
der constant speed DI diesel engine and the conclusions drawn are
summarized as follows:
1. Significant improvement in brake thermal efficiency is observed
for nanoparticles dispersed test fuels compared to those of
B100. At the maximum of 12% improvement in BTE is observed
for B20A30C30 test fuels, followed by 9% improvement in BTE
for B100A30C30test fuel, compared with B100.
2. The addition of nanoparticles in biodiesel decreases the ignition
delay and accelerates earlier initiation of combustion which
results in the lower heat release rate and cylinder pressure at
the full load condition.
3. The NO emission drastically reduced for the B20A30C30 test
fuel with percentage reduction of 30%, when compared with
B100 due to the combined effect of Alumina and Cerium oxide
nanoparticles.
4. At the maximum of 60% reduction of CO, 44% reduction of UBHC
and 38% reduction of smoke opacity are observed for
B20A30C30 test fuel due to the improved Oxidation–Reduction
process by addition of nanoparticles.
5. Among the nanoparticles dispersed test fuels B20A30C30 shows
significant improved of performance and emission characteris-
tics of the engine.
Altogether, the performance, combustion and emission character-
istics of a DI diesel engine are improved by incorporation of alu-
mina and cerium oxide nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel
diesel blend without any engine modification.
References
[1] Meng YL, Tian SJ, Li SF, Wang BY, Zhang MH. Transesterification of rapeseed oil
for biodiesel production in trickle-bed reactors packed with heterogeneous Ca/
Al composite oxide-based alkaline catalyst. Biores Technol 2013;136:730–4.
[2] Salinas Daniela, Araya Paulo, Guerrero Sichem. Study of potassium supported
TiO2 catalysts for the production of biodiesel. Appl Catal B 2012;117–
118:260–7.
[3] Prabu A, Anand RB. Influence of oxygenate additives on the performance and
emission characteristics of Jatropha fuelled direct injection diesel engine.
Biofuels 2015;5(6):1–7.
[4] Prabu A, Anand RB. Working characteristics of a C.I. engine fuelled with
oxygenates as additives in jatropha biodiesel. Appl Mech Mater 2014;592–
594:1842–6.
[5] Prabu A, Anand RB. Inhibition of NO emission by adding antioxidant mixture in
jatropha biodiesel on the performance and emission characteristics of a C.I.
engine. Front Energy 2015;9(2):238–45.
[6] Prabu A, Anand RB. Emission control strategy by adding alumina and cerium
oxide nano particle in biodiesel. J Energy Inst 2015:1–7.
[7] Prabu A, Anand RB. Performance combustion and emission characteristics of a
D.I. diesel engine fuelled with nanoparticle blended. Period Polytech Mech Eng
2015;59:88–93.
[8] Dreizin EL. Phase changes in metal combustion. Prog Energy Combust Sci
2000;26:57–78.
[9] Kenneth KK, Risha GA, Evans BJ, Boyer E. Potential usage of energetic nano-
sized powders for combustion and rocket propulsion. Mater Res Soc Symp MRS
Proc 2003;800:3–14.
[10] Idriss H. Ethanol reactions over the surface of noble metal/cerium oxide
catalysts. Platin Met Rev 2004;48:105–15.
Please cite this article in press as: Prabu A. Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Ain Shams Eng J
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.04.004
7
[11] Farfaletti A, Astorg C, Martini G, Manfredi U, Mueller A, Rey M, et al. Effect of
water/fuel emulsions and a cerium-based combustion improver additive on
HD and LD diesel exhaust emissions. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:6792–9.
[12] Kao MJ, Ting Chen-Ching, Lin Bai-Fu, Tsung Tsing Tshih. Aqueous aluminium
nanofluid combustion in diesel fuel. J Test Eval 2008;36(2):1–5.
[13] Arul Mozhi Selavn V, Anand RB, Udayakumar M. Effects of cerium oxide
nanoparticle addition in diesel and diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends on the
performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine. J Eng Appl Sci
2009;4:1–6.
[14] Sajith V, Sobhan CB, Peterson GP. Experimental investigations on the effects of
cerium oxide nanoparticle fuel additives on biodiesel. Adv Mech Eng; 2010. p.
1–6 [ID 581407].
[15] Sadhik Basha J, Anand RB. An experimental investigation in a diesel engine
using carbon nanotubes blended water–diesel emulsion fuel. J Power Energy
2010;225:279–88.
[16] Sadhik Basha J, Anand RB. Effects of nanoparticle additive in the water–diesel
emulsion fuel on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of
a diesel engine. Int J Veh Des 2012;59:164–81.
[17] Nantha Gopal K, Thundil Karupparaj R. Effect of pongamia biodiesel on
emission and combustion characteristics of DI compression ignition engine.
Ain Shams Eng J 2015;6:297–305.
[18] Gumus M, Kasifoglu S. Performance and emission evaluation of a compression
ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester) and its
blends with diesel fuel. Biomass Bioenerg. 2010;34(1):134–9.
[19] Dhar Atul, Agarwal Avinash Kumar. Performance, emissions and combustion
characteristics of Karanja biodiesel in a transportation engine. Fuel
2014;119:70–80.
[20] William Self, Sudipta Seal, DoWding. Methods for scavenging nitric oxide
using cerium oxide nanoparticles. US 2014/0227368 A1.
[21] Benjumea P, Agudelo JR, Agudelo AF. Effect of the degree of unsaturation of
biodiesel fuels on engine performance, combustion characteristics and
emissions. Energy Fuels 2011;25:77–85.
[22] Raheman H, Ghadge SV. Performance of diesel engine with biodiesel at varying
compression ratio and ignition timing. Fuel 2008;87:2659–66.
[23] Sureshkumar K, Velraj R, Ganesan R. Performance and exhaust emission
characteristics of a CI engine fueled with pongamia pinnata methyl ester
(PPME) and its blends with diesel. Renew Energy 2008;33(10):2294–302.
[24] Nurun Nabi, Najmul Hoque SM, Shamim Akhter Md. Karanja (Pongamia
Pinnata) biodiesel production in Bangladesh, characterization of karanja
biodiesel and its effect on diesel emissions. Fuel Process Technol 2009;90
(9):1080–6.
[25] Tyagi H, Phelan Patrick E, Prasher Ravi, Peck Robert, Lee Taewoo, Pacheco Jose
R, et al. Increased hot plate ignition probability for nanoparticle-laden diesel
fuel. Nano Lett 2008;8:1410–6.
[26] Arul Mozhi Selavn V, Anand RB, Udayakumar M. Effect of cerium oxide
nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes as fuel-borne additives in diesterol
blends on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a
variable compression ratio engine. Fuel 2014;130:161–7.
[27] Karim GA, Jones W, Raine RR. An examination of the ignition delay period in
dual fuel engines. SAE 892140, USA; 1989.
[28] Sadhik Basha J, Anand RB. The influence of nano additive blended biodiesel
fuels on the working characteristics of a diesel engine. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng
2013;35:257–64.
A. Prabu obtained his Ph.D. in I.C. Engines from National
Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India. His area
of interest includes I.C. Engines, Renewable energy,
Alternative fuels, Emission control and Automobile
Engineeing.