REVIEWER GEN 010

Albert Bandura's- social learning theory suggests that observation and modeling play a
primary role in how and why people learn.

Transgender - is a term used to describe people who do not conform to culturally defined
traditional gender roles associated with their biological sex.

Hermaphrodites- today the term intersex describes the approximate 1-3 percent of infants
who are born with both male and female sex organs or who have ambiguous genitals (such as a
clitoris that looks like a penis).

Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different
morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction.
The condition occurs in most animals and some plants.

SRS-SEXUAL REASSIGNMENT SURGERY-refers to procedures that help people transition to

their self-identified gender.

Transsexuals- are genetic males or females who believe they are members of the opposite
sex. Transsexuals are people who transition from one sex to another.

Heterosexual is the category of people who have sexual preference for and erotic attraction to
those of the other gender. Homosexual is the category of people who have sexual preference
for and erotic attraction to those of their own gender.

Homosexual males are also referred to as gay men and homosexual females as lesbians.

Bisexual is the category of people whose sexual orientations may shift and are sexually
responsive to either gender.

Sexual orientation, defined as preference for sexual partners of one gender or the other, is
divided into the categories of heterosexual and homosexual in most Western cultures.

LGBT is an inclusive term for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people.

Because most people have sexual experiences with persons whom they are unlikely to marry,
the term premarital sex is inaccurate. A more accurate term for this would be nonmarital sex.

Gender socialization is the process by which individuals are taught how to socially behave in
accordance with their assigned gender,

Asian Families. For Asian American children, gender roles emphasize female subordination to
all males and older females in a highly patriarchal family structure. This is especially true for
Indian American families where traditional ethnic and religious values about gender persist even
with highly educated professional parents. Children expect their parents to arrange meetings
with prospective marriage partners.

Latino Families. There is a great deal of diversity within Latino subcultures in the United
States, but they share a Catholic heritage that has a powerful impact on gender roles. Religious
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socialization fosters women’s subservience to men and teaches girls to value motherhood
above all other roles. Women are expected to be chaste before marriage and dependent after
marriage. Latino parents, especially mothers, are stricter with messages related to sexual risk
for girls than for boys (Raffaelli and Ontai, 2004; Killoren and Deutsch, 2013).

African American Families. Compared to other racial and ethnic groups, research on gender
socialization in African American families is more extensive as well as more inconsistent.
Compared to children of other races, African American children are socialized into views gender
that are less rigid and less stereotyped. African American girls from homes with nontraditional
gender roles have high achievement motivation and self-esteem.Compared to white males,
African American males—both older children and adults—participate more in
housework and childcare.

Non-verbal Communication
Communication also occurs nonverbally, often conveying messages in a more forceful manner
than if spoken. In addition to bodily movement, posture, and general demeanor, nonverbal
communication includes eye contact, use of personal space, and touching. Women are better at
communicating nonverbally and appear to be more accurate in decoding nonverbal messages,
but men may have an advantage in communication online.

Facial Expressions and Eye Contact. In decoding nonverbal cues, females rely more on facial
information and exhibit a greater variety of facial expressions than men do.

Touch and Personal Space. Because touch can suggest a range of motives—affection,
dominance, aggression, sexual interest, or sexual domination—the context of the touching is
extremely important. Men touch women more than women touch men, and women are touched
more often than men overall.