OCT.

24, 2022

ASSIGNMENT IN SOCRATES

PHILOSOPHY PLATO
SUBMITTED BY: G06_CUISON, ALYSSA JENNELY A.
12-ST.AUGUSTINE
SUBMITTED TO: MR.ADRIAN EUSEBIO

ARISTOTLE
 THE THREE GREATEST
GREEK
PHILOSOPHER'S

Plato Aristotle Socrates

 Born 428/427 BCE,
Athens, Greece—died
348/347, Athens
He was the student of Socrates and
the teacher of Aristotle, and he
wrote in the middle of the fourth
century B.C.E. in ancient Greece.

PLATO Author of Timaeus book.

Is one of the most important figures

of the Ancient Greek world and the
entire history of Western thought. In
his written dialogues he conveyed and
expanded on the ideas and techniques
of his teacher Socrates.
 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY

"-"The changing world that we see

around us is just a shodow of a
higher, truever reality that is
eternal and unchanging."

-He believes that everything is

changing and no one is permanent.
 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY

Plato can be understood as idealistic

and rationalistic, much like Pythagoras
but much less mystical. He divides
reality into two: On the one hand we
have ousia, idea or ideal. This is
ultimate reality, permanent, eternal,
spiritual. On the other hand, there’s
phenomena, which are a manifestation of
the ideal. Phenomena are appearances --
things as they seem to us -- and are
associated with matter, time, and space.
 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY

According to Plato, the phenomenal world

strives to become ideal, perfect,
complete. Ideals are, in that sense, a
motivating force. In fact, he identifies
the ideal with God and perfect goodness.
God creates the world out of materia
(raw material, matter) and shapes it
according to his “plan” or “blueprint” -
- ideas or the ideal. If the world is
not perfect, it is not because of God or
the ideals, but because the raw
materials were not perfect.
 Aristotle (384-322) was
born in a small Greek
colony in Thrace called
Stagira.

He was Plato’s prize student, even

though he disagreed with him on
many points. When Plato died,
ARISTOTLE Aristotle stayed for a while with
another student of Plato, who had
made himself a dictator in northern
Asia Minor. He married the
dictator’s daughter, Pythias.

Author of Aristotle's Ethics

 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY

-"The only reality is the one that we

can see and experience by sight and
touch."

-"It is the mark of an educated mind to

be able to entertain a thought without
accepting it.
 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY
-While Plato separates the ever-changing phenomenal world
from the true and eternal ideal reality, Aristotle suggests
that the ideal is found “inside” the phenomena, the
universals “inside” the particulars.
-What Plato called idea or ideal, Aristotle called essence,
and its opposite, he referred to as matter. Matter is
without shape or form or purpose. It is just “stuff,” pure
potential, no actuality. Essence is what provides the shape
or form or purpose to matter. Essence is “perfect,”
“complete,” but it has no substance, no solidity. Essence
and matter need each other!
-Essence realizes (“makes real”) matter. This process, the
movement from formless stuff to complete being, is called
entelechy, which some translate as actualization.
 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY
There are four causes that contribute to the
movement of entelechy. They are answers to the
question “why?” or “what is the explanation of
this?”
1. The material cause: what something is made of.
2. The efficient cause: the motion or energy that
changes matter.
3. The formal cause: the thing’s shape, form, or
essence; its definition.
4. The final cause: its reason, its purpose, the
intention behind it.
 Born on 469 BC Socrates was
the son of a sculptor and a
midwife, and served with
distinction in the Athenian
army during Athens’ clash
with Sparta.

He married, but had a tendency to

SOCRATES fall in love with handsome young

men, in particular a young soldier
named Alcibiades. He was, by all
accounts, short and stout, not
given to good grooming, and a lover
of wine and conversation.

His famous student, Plato,

called him “the wisest, and
justest, and best of all men
whom I have ever known”
 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY

-"True wisdom comes to each of us when

we realize how little we understand
about life, ourselves, and the world
around us"
 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY
Socrates’ most important contribution to Western
philosophy was his technique for arguing a
point, known as the Socratic technique, which he
applied to many things such as truth and
justice. This is described in Plato’s “Socratic
dialogues.” An issue would be divided up into a
series of questions, the responses to which
progressively led to the desired outcome.
The Socratic technique is a negative strategy
for gradually disproving unwanted theories,
leaving you with the most logical one. It aims
to make the individual examine their own beliefs
and challenge the legitimacy of such
convictions.
 CONTRIBUTION
TO PHILOSOPHY
A significant number of the beliefs generally
credited to Socrates are deliberately confusing
because they present ideas which, at first,
appear contradictory. These are called
paradoxes. The most famous paradox is: “I know
that I know nothing“.
In that paradox Socrates claims that he knows
nothing, but if that’s true, then how could he
even know that he knows nothing.
The expression “catch 22” can be applied to all
of Socrates’ paradoxes, as problems which cannot
be easily solved as they do not have an obvious
answer.