Southeast Asian Countries TT

Southeast Asian Countries
Philippines Singapore
Indonesia Brunei
Myanmar Cambodia
Timor leste Laos
Malaysia Thailand
Vietnam
1. PHILIPPINES
Brief History
⁃ Ferdinand Magellan first landed in the Philippines in 1521
⁃ Philippines takes its name from Phillip II who was the king of Spain during
Spaning Colonization of the islands in 16th century.
⁃ Ruled 333 years
Founding
⁃ January 23, 1899 Philippine Republic
GDP per capita
⁃ 3497.00 USD by the end of 2023
⁃ 3460.00 USD 2021
Land area
⁃ The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands covering 300,000 square
kilometers (30 million hectares) – 298,170 square kilometers of land and
1,830 square kilometers of water.
Currency
⁃ Peso
Current President/King/Prime Minister
⁃ Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr., commonly referred to by the
initials PBBM or BBM, is a Filipino politician who is the 17th and current
president of the Philippines. He previously served as a senator from 2010 to
2016.
Population
⁃ 113.9 Million 2021
⁃ 113,750,046 as of May 7, 2023
Government System
⁃ The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein
power is equally divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and
judicial.
Type of Governance
⁃ Govern as unitary state under presidential representative and democratic
constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of the
state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi party
system.
3 Branches
⁃ The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them
through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided
into the Senate and the House of Representatives.
⁃ The Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice President
who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The
Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These
departments form a large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.
⁃ The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights
that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether
or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess
of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up
of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
Local Management System
⁃ In the Philippines, local government is divided into three levels: provinces
and independent cities, component cities and municipalities, and barangays,
all of which are collectively known as local government units (LGUs).
Military System
⁃ The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) (Filipino: Sandatahang Lakas ng
Pilipinas) are the military forces of the Philippines. It consists of three main
service branches; the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy (including the Marine
Corps).
Legal System
⁃ The Philippine legal system is a mixture of customary usage, Roman (civil
law) and Anglo-American (common law) systems, and Islamic law. The legal
system is the result of the immigration of Muslim Malays in the fourteenth
century and the subsequent colonisation of the islands by Spain and the
United States.
Political System
⁃ The Philippines has a representative democracy modeled on the U.S.
system. The 1987 constitution, adopted during the Aquino administration,
reestablished a presidential system of government with a bicameral
legislature and an independent judiciary.
2. MYANMAR
Brief history
⁃ Historically known as Burma
⁃ Origins of the people of Myanmar can be traced to Indo-Aryans
⁃ Settled in the area in the 7th century BC and Mongolians who invaded the
region under Khan in the 13th century AD
Founding
⁃ January 4, 1948 Independent Republic
GDP per capita
⁃ 1,209. 93 USD 2021
⁃ 1361.00 USD 2023
Land area
⁃ Area 676,590 km2 (261,233 mi2)
⁃ Coastline 1,930 km (1,199.2 mi)
⁃ One of the largest countries in asia
⁃ 40th biggest in the world
Currency
⁃ Myanmar Kyat
⁃ Subdived into 100 pyas
⁃ Pya coins are limited; banknotes of up to 1,000 kyat are mainly used.
Current President/King/Prime minister
⁃ Myint Swe President
⁃ SAC Chair Min Aung Hlaing Prime Minister
Population
⁃ 53.8 million 2021
⁃ 54.38 million 2023
Government system
⁃ Parliament Republic 2008
⁃ Myanmar (also known as Burma) operates de jure as a unitary assembly-
independent republic under its 2008 constitution.
Type of Governance
⁃ Parliamentary System
⁃ Unitary State
⁃ Presidential System
⁃ Parliamentary Republic
Specify if they have the 3 branches and how does it function.
⁃ Executive The president appoints the cabinet, nominates judges, is the
commander-in-chief of armed forces, and is in charge of executory tasks of
the government.
⁃ Judicial The supreme court is the highest court of the land.
⁃ The legislative branch is in charge of creating legislature and confirms the
president's nominations.
Local management system
⁃ Myanmar is divided administratively into seven states largely on the basis of
ethnicity (Chin, Kachin, Kayin (Karen), Kayah, Mon, Rakhine (Arakan), and
Shan)
⁃ Seven more truly administrative divisions of Myanmar proper (Ayeyarwady
(Irrawaddy), Magway (Magwe), Mandalay, Bago (Pegu), Sagaing, Taninthary
(Tenasserim), and Yangon)
⁃ These states and divisions are subdivided further into townships, urban
wards, and village tracts.
Military system
⁃ The first phase is the period of direct military rule from 1962-1974 and
Constitutional Dictatorship phase from 1974 to 1988. In 2011, the military
junta was officially dissolved, following a 2010 general election, and a
nominally civilian government was installed.
Legal system
⁃ Myanmar has a predominantly common law legal system. The principles of
the English common law were adopted in Myanmar in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial
India), when Myanmar (then known as Burma) was part of the British Empire.
Political system
⁃ Myanmar (also known as Burma) operates de jure as a unitary assembly-
independent republic under its 2008 constitution.
Compare to the Philippines or use the Philippines as basis.
3. INDONESIA
Brief history
⁃ The Indonesian archipelago was formed during the thaw after the Last
Glacial Maximum. Early humans travelled by sea and spread from mainland
Asia eastward to New Guinea and Australia. Homo sapiens reached the
region by around 45,000 years ago.
Founding
⁃ August 17, 1945 Independent Republic
GDP per capita
⁃ 4,332.71 USD 2021
⁃ 4,079.00 USD expected to reach by the end of 2023
Land area
⁃ 1.905 million km2 (735, 358 sq mi) total land area
⁃ 93, 000 (35,908 sq mi) Inland seas
Currency
⁃ Rupiah
⁃ IDR Curency Code
⁃ Rp Currency Symbol
⁃ Joko Widodo
⁃ Known as Jokowi
Population
⁃ 273.8 million 2021
⁃ 281,721,919 May 6, 2023
Government system
⁃ Unitary State
⁃ Republic
⁃ Presidential System
Type of Governance
⁃ The politics of Indonesia take place in the framework of a presidential
representative democratic republic whereby the President of Indonesia is both
head of state and head of government and of a multi-party system.
Specify if they have the 3 branches and how does it function
⁃ Executive power is exercised by the government.
⁃ Legislative power is vested in both the government and the bicameral
People's Consultative Assembly.
⁃ The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
-Specify if they have the 3 branches and how does it function.
The politics of Indonesia take place in the framework of a presidential
head of state and head of government and of a multi-party system.
Executive power is exercised by the government.
Legislative power is vested in both the government and the bicameral
People's Consultative Assembly.
BICAMERAL People's Consultative Assembly (MPR)

• Upper house
Regional Representative Council (DPD)
• Lower house
People's Representative Council (DPR)
The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.[1]
The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive,
legislative and judicial power. The governmental system has been described
as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics".
⁃ Indonesia is divided into some 30 propinsi, or provinsi (provinces), plus the
two daerah istimewa (special districts) of Yogyakarta in central Java and Aceh
in northern Sumatra and the daerah khusus ibukota (special capital district) of
metropolitan Jakarta, known as Jakarta Raya.
Military system
⁃ It consists of the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL), and Air Force (TNI-AU).
The President of Indonesia is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. In
2021, it comprises approximately 395,500 military personnel including the
Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir RI), which is a branch of the Navy.
Legal system
⁃ Indonesia has a civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model. The
Dutch colonial occupation of Indonesia for 350 years left a legacy of Dutch
colonial law, which is reflected in the Indonesian Civil Code, Indonesian
Commercial Code and Indonesian Criminal Code.
Political system
⁃ The politics of Indonesia take place in the framework of a presidential
head of state and head of government and of a multi-party system. Executive
power is exercised by the government.
4. SINGAPORE
Brief history
⁃ Modern Singapore was founded in the 19th century, thanks to politics, trade
and a man known as Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. During this time, the
British empire was eyeing a port of call in this region to base its merchant
fleet, and to forestall any advance made by the Dutch.
Brief history: Singapore Public Policy
2 A Brief History Singapore is a small island city state with a total land area of
640 square kilometers and a population of three million It was founded as a
British trading post in 1819 and remained a British colony until 1959. Opted
for self-government. People’s Action Party which was elected in 1959 has
been returned at every election since.
Founding
⁃ August 9, 1965
GDP per capita
⁃ 72,794.00 USD 2021
⁃ 91, 100.37 USD 2023
Land area
⁃ 728.6 km2 (279.6 sq mi)
Currency
⁃ Singapore Dollar (SGD)
⁃ S$ Symbol
⁃ Halimah Yacob President
⁃ Lee Hsien Loong Prime Minister
Population
⁃ 5.454 million 2021
⁃ 5, 980,845 May 7, 2023
Government system
⁃ Unitary Parliamentary Republic
Type of Governance
⁃ Since its independence in 9 August 1965, the country has adopted a
parliamentary democracy system. Currently, the government and the cabinet
are led by Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong while President Halimah Yacob is
the Head of State.
⁃ The Government in Singapore is modelled after the Westminster system
⁃ Legislature (which comprises the President and Parliament) makes the law
of the land
⁃ Executive (which comprises Cabinet Ministers and office-holders, and is led
by the Prime Minister) administers the law
⁃ Judiciary interprets the law through the courts
⁃ There is no local government and no local elections in Singapore. The
community development councils, headed by a mayor, administer certain
community and social services delegated by government ministries.
Military system
⁃ The SAF consists of four service branches: Army (three Combined Arms
Divisions: 3 Div, 6 Div & 9 Div, two Army Operational Reserve Divisions, 21st
and 25th, and one island defence command: 2nd People's Defence Forces)
Air Force (17 squadrons and four air bases) Navy (five commands, eight
flotillas, and two naval bases)
Legal system
⁃ Singapore is a republic with a parliamentary system of Government based
on the Westminster Model. The roots of Singapore's legal system can be
traced back to the English legal system and it has evolved over the years.
Political system
⁃ Since its independence in 9 August 1965, the country has adopted a
parliamentary democracy system. Currently, the government and the cabinet
are led by Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong while President Halimah Yacob is
the Head of State.
-
Singapore is a stable, well-functioning democratic country. It has a
parliamentary system of government where an elected President acts as the
Head of State.
The Singapore Parliament consists of a single house, which is elected every
five years through a general election. The President appoints the person who
is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Members of
Parliament as the Prime Minister of the country. Although Singapore is a
multi-party nation, the People’s Action Party (PAP) has been the dominant
force since independence, regularly winning well over 60% of the vote.
5. CAMBODIA
Brief history
⁃ Following 400 years of decline, Cambodia became a French colony and
during the 20th century experienced the turmoil of war, occupation by the
Japanese, postwar independence, and political instability. Between 1975 and
1979 the country was devastated by the reign of the Khmer Rouge, a rural
communist guerrilla movement.
Founding
⁃ November 9, 1953
GDP per capita
⁃ 1,625.24 USD 2021
⁃ 1,896.13 USD 2023
Land area
⁃ 181,040 km2 (69,900) mi2) Area
⁃ 443 km (275.3 my) Coastline
Currency
⁃ Cambodial Riel
⁃ Riels/US$1
• Monarch: Norodom Sihamoni
• Prime Minister: Hun Sen
Population
⁃ 16.59 million 2021
⁃ 17,374,981 May 6, 2023
Government system
⁃ Parliamentary
⁃ Unitary
⁃ Constitutional monarchy
⁃ One party state
⁃ Elective monarchy
Type of Governance
⁃ Multiple Democracy under Constitutional Monarchy
⁃ Executive The king appoints the prime minister from assembly and is also
responsible for upholding sovereignty. He is the supreme commander of the
armed forces. The prime minister is the head of government, appointing
cabinet members and leading the government.
⁃ The judiciary protects the freedom and rights of the citizens.
⁃ The legislature creates laws.
⁃ Cambodia is a unitary country with a three-tier subnational government
system. The 1993 Constitution refered to the division into provinces and
municipalities. Then, elected commune councils were established through the
2001 law on Commune/Sangkat Administrative Management and Elections.
Military system
⁃ The Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (កងយោធពលខេមរភូមន ិ ្ទ , RCAF) is
Cambodia's national military force. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief is King
Norodom Sihamoni.
Legal system
⁃ Cambodia has a civil law legal system with legal codes, which were greatly
influenced by France, to a lesser extent by Japan, and also adapted to
Cambodian circumstances. The Constitution of Cambodia enacted with the
restoration of Monarchy in 1993 and it is the supreme law in Cambodia.
Political system
⁃ The powers are devolved to three branches of the state: the legislature, the
executive and the judiciary, in recognition of the doctrine of separation of
powers. Political sovereignty rests with the Cambodian people, who exercise
their power through the three arms of the state.
Compare to the Philippines or use the Philippines as basis
6. LAOS
Brief History
⁃ Tribe people from Yunnan
⁃ China who pushed South to the border of Khmer empire in 13th century
⁃ First lap kingdom called Lan Xhang “Land of the million elephants”
⁃ Founded by Fa Ngum in 1353
Founding
⁃ July 19, 1949
GDP per capita
⁃ 2,535.62 USD 2021
⁃ 1,858.44 USD 2023
Land area
⁃ 237,955 km2
Currency
⁃ Laotian Kip / Lao kip
Current President/King/Prime Minister
⁃ Thongloun Sisoulith
Population
⁃ 7.425 million 2021
⁃ 7,575,190 May 7, 2023
Government System
⁃ Republic
⁃ Unitary state
⁃ Socialist state
⁃ Communist state
-Thailand is a parliamentary (bi-cameral) democracy with constitutional
monarchy.
Type of Governance
⁃ Communist state
⁃ Executive Appoints prime minister and cabinet, and is in charge of
executory tasks of the government.
⁃ Judicial In charge of interpreting the constitution and upholding the law.
⁃ Legislative Elects the president, approves appointments by president and is
in charge of creating legislature.
Local Management System
⁃ The Lao People's Democratic Republic is divided into three levels of local
administration, namely provinces, districts and villages. The provincial level
consists of provinces and cities; The district level consists of districts and
municipalities; The village level consists of villages.
Military System
⁃ The Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF) includes the Lao People's Army
(LPA) and has around 30,000 active-duty troops including the Riverine Force,
the Air Force of 4,000 personnel, and Self-Defence Militia Forces
Legal System
⁃ The Laos criminal justice system is controlled by the party and the
government. There are few legal restraints on government actions, including
arrests, which are often arbitrary in nature. Dissent is frequently handled by
suppressing basic civil rights.
Political system
⁃ The only legal political party is the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
(LPRP). The head of state is President Thongloun Sisoulith, who is also the
LPRP general secretary, making him the supreme leader of Laos. The head
of government is Prime Minister Sonexay Siphandone.
Compare to the Phlippines or use the Philippines as basis.

⁃ Both the Philippines and Laos live in a patriarchal society. Although this may
be true, the women in the Philippines have gained more authority and
opportunity for success especially in the workplace. The Philippines is seen
as more of an collectivist culture while Laos is considered to be more
individualistic.
CHINA
Brief history
⁃ It is home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled by
various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is believed to be the
Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250 BC. The Shang or Yin
dynasty gained power around the 14th century BC.
Founding
⁃ October 1, 1949
GDP per capita
⁃ 12,556.33 USD 2021
⁃ 13,721.05 USD 2023
Land area:
⁃ 9,562,910 km (4million mi2) Area
⁃ 14,500 km (9,009.9 mi) Coastline
⁃ Largest country in asia
⁃ 4th largest country in the world
Currency
⁃ Chinese Yuan
⁃ Yuan
⁃ e-RMB
⁃ Hongkong Dollar
⁃ Chinese cash
⁃ New Taiwan dollar
⁃ Flying cash
Current President/King/Prime minister:
⁃ Xi Jinping
Population:
⁃ 1.412 billion 2021
⁃ 1,455,083,403 May 7, 2023
Government system
⁃ Unitary state
⁃ Socialist state
⁃ Communist state
⁃ One- party state
Type of Governance:
⁃ The Government of the People's Republic of China is a unitary Marxist–
Leninist one-party authoritarian political system under the Chinese
Communist Party (CCP). The government consists of legislative, executive,
military, supervisory, judicial, and procuratorial branches.
⁃ Executive The presidency is the ceremonial office and serves as head of
state. It represents China in foreign relations and receives foreign diplomats.
The state council is the chief authority overseeing subordinate people's
governments.
⁃ Judicial The supreme people's court is highest court of the land and
supervises lower courts in local municipalities.
⁃ Legislative The national people's congress wields the highest power of the
government and appoints the state council, president, and judges. It mediates
policy differences of the party and government, amends constitution, and
supervises enforcement of constitution.
⁃ The constitution of China provides for three levels of government. However
in practice, there are five levels of local government; the provincial (province,
autonomous region, municipality, and special administrative region),
prefecture, county, township, and village.
Military system
⁃ Today, the majority of military units around the country are assigned to one
of five theater commands by geographical location. The PLA is the world's
largest military force (not including paramilitary or reserve forces) and has the
second largest defense budget in the world.
Legal system
⁃ The origin of the current law of the People's Republic of China can be traced
back to the period of the early 1930s, during the establishment of the Chinese
Soviet Republic. In 1931 the first supreme court was established.
Political system
⁃ The politics of the People's Republic of China takes place in a framework of
a unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist state under the Chinese
Communist Party (CCP). China is among few contemporary party-led
dictatorships to not hold any direct elections at the national level.
7. MALAYSIA
Brief history
⁃ The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. The independent
Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak,
and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia. In August 1965,
Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate
independent country.
Founding
⁃ September 16, 1963
GDP per capita
⁃ 11,109.26 USD 2021
⁃ 13,382.41 USD 2023
Land area:
⁃ 330, 345 km2 (127,547 mi2) Area
⁃ 4,675 km (2,904.9 mi) Coastline
Currency
⁃ Malaysian Ringgit
⁃ Indian Rupee
⁃ Brunei Dollar
⁃ Malayan Dollar
⁃ Anwar Ibrahim Prime Minister
⁃ King Sultan Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah Cheif of state
⁃ Ismail Sabri Yaakob Head of Government
Population
⁃ 33.57 million 2021
⁃ 34,308,525 year 2023
Government system:
⁃ Parliamentary system
⁃ Elective monarchy
-The form of government in Malaysia is Federal parliamentary constitutional
monarchy.
Type of Governance:
⁃ Politics of Malaysia takes place in the framework of a federal representative
democratic constitutional monarchy, in which the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is
head of state and the Prime Minister of Malaysia is the head of government.
Executive power is exercised by the federal government and the 13 state
governments.
⁃ Executive The King is largely a ceremonial role and is head of state. The
prime minister is the head of government, leads the cabinet of ministers and
can choose to not appoint a Deputy Prime Minister if they so please.
⁃ Judicial The highest court and the final appellate court in Malaysia.
⁃ Legislative The Dewan Negara reviews legislation that has been passed by
the lower house. If the Dewan Negara rejects a bill, it can delay the bill's
passage by only a year before it is sent to the King. The Dewan Rakyat is the
lower house of parliament - all bills must be passed by both houses before
they are given Royal Assent.
 Legislature- The first function of the legislature is law-making. The
legislatures make laws or amend the old laws. Laws are introduced in the
Bill. In a parliamentary system, any bill should get approval from
parliament.
BICAMERAL: PARLIAMENT
- Upper house: Dewan Negara (Senate)
- Lower house: Dewan Rakyat (House of rep)
⁃ Malaysia comprises 13 states and 3 federal territories. Each state has its
own written constitution, legislative assembly, and executive council, which is
responsible to the legislative assembly and headed by a chief minister.
Military system
⁃ The Malaysian Army consists of 5 infantry divisions, 11 infantry brigades, 1
mechanised brigade, 3 border brigades, 1 special forces brigade and 1
airborne brigade composed of: 30 Light Infantry Battalions. 4 Airborne Infantry
(Paratrooper) Battalions. 4 Mechanised Infantry Battalions.
Legal system
⁃ The Malaysian civil court system is based on the UK common law legal
system. Syariah courts decide matters within their 'exclusive jurisdiction'
relating to Islamic law in which the litigants are all Muslim.
Political system
⁃ PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA. Malaysia
practises parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarchy. His Majesty
the King is the head of state. Parliament is the most important institution in a
country which practises the principles of democracy.

⁃ One of the biggest cultural differences between Malaysia and the
Philippines is religion. Malaysia is largely a Muslim country, whereas the main
religion in the Philippines is Catholicism. You'll notice much more modest
clothing in Malaysia, more expensive and harder to find alcohol, and almost
no PDA.
8. THAILAND
Brief history
⁃ The Tai people originally lived in southwest China and migrated into the
main part of Southeast Asia over many centuries. The first mention of their
existence in the region is a 12th century AD inscription at Angkor Wat, which
refers to syam or "dark brown" people as being vassals of the Khmer
monarch.
- CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Founding:
⁃ 13 th century (1238)
GDP per capita:
⁃ 7,066.19 USD 2021
⁃ 8,181.93 USD 2023
Land area:
⁃ 513,120 km2 (198,117 mi2) Area
⁃ 3,219 km (2,000.2 mi) Coastline
Currency:
⁃ Thai baht
⁃ Prayut Chat-o-cha Prime Minister
⁃ King Maha Vajiralongkorn Cheif of the state
Population:
⁃ 71.6 million 2021
⁃ 70, 296,050 May 6,2023
Government system:
⁃ Unitary state
-Thailand is a parliamentary (bi-cameral) democracy with constitutional
monarchy.
Type of Governance:
⁃ Thailand categorizes itself as a constitutional monarchy, the king has little
direct power under the constitution and exercises power through the National
Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Courts in accordance with the
2017 constitution.
⁃ Executive Advises the king on matters of legislation, government affairs,
clemency, awards, and other matters requiring the king’s signature.
⁃ Judicial Interprets the constitution, as well as adjudicate disputes involving
state agencies, state enterprises, and local government organizations, or
between state officials and private individuals.
⁃ Legislative Appointment of a regent, declarations by a regent, amendment
of the Palace Law on Succession, approval of succession to the throne,
reconsideration of bills or organic law bills, constitutional amendments, a
declaration of war, and approval of treaties.
Local management system:
⁃ The system of Thai municipal government is that of Mayor and Council, The
Mayor has 2-4 assistants: the same system of the municipal government in
France called "Mayor and Adjoint" which mayor has assistants like the
cabinet. All municipal government in Thailand have the same form.
Military system:
⁃ Conscription. Conscription was introduced in Thailand in 1905. According to
the Constitution of the Kingdom, serving in the armed forces is a national duty
of all Thai citizens. In practice, only males over the age of 21 who have not
gone through reserve training are subject to conscription.
Legal system:
⁃ The Thai legal system is a statutory law system, which means it is mostly
based on written law passed by the legislature. Primary sources of law include
the Constitution, which is the supreme law, legislation such as Codes and
Acts, decrees and custom.
Political system:
⁃ All of Thailand's charters and constitutions have recognized a unified
kingdom with a constitutional monarchy, but with widely differing balances of
power between the branches of government. Most Thai governments have
stipulated parliamentary systems.
JAPAN
Brief history:
⁃ Japan was settled about 35,000 years ago by Paleolithic people from the
Asian mainland. At the end of the last Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, a
culture called the Jomon developed. Jomon hunter-gatherers fashioned fur
clothing, wooden houses, and elaborate clay vessels.
Founding:
⁃ February 11,660 BC
GDP per capita:
⁃ 39,312.66 USD 2021
⁃ 35,385.07 USD 2023
Land area:
⁃ 377,970 kmw (145,935 mi2) Area
⁃ 29,751 km (18,486.4 my) Coastline
Currency:
⁃ Japanese Yen
⁃ Fumio Kishida Prime Minister
⁃ Emperor Naruhito Chief of state
Population:
⁃ 125.7 million 2021
⁃ 125,379,493 May 7, 2023
Government system:
⁃ Democracy
⁃ Unitary state
Type of Governance:
⁃ Executive According to the constitution, the emperor acts as the "symbol of
the state and of the unity of the people". The prime minister holds various
constitutional roles such as signing laws/orders, presenting bills, and making
reports on domestic and foreign relations to the Diet.
⁃ Judicial Saiko Saibansho is the highest court of the land and is in charge of
holding the constitution.
⁃ Legislative The national Diet is responsible for making laws, approving the
annual national budget, and initiating the drafting of constitutional
amendments. The house of councilors is the higher house and can delay the
adoption of a budget or treaty.
⁃ The local government system in Japan consists of two tiers: prefectures and
the municipalities that make up the prefectures. Prefectures and municipalities
are both local public entities of equal status and cooperate in local
administration according to their share of duties.
Military system:
⁃ The Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) (Japanese: 自衛隊; Hepburn:
Jieitai) and also known as the Japanese Armed Forces, are the unified
military forces of Japan. Established in 1954, the JSDF comprises the Japan
Ground Self-Defense Force, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and the
Japan Air Self-Defense Force.
Legal system:
⁃ The legal system of Japan is based upon civil law. Under Japanese criminal
law, the accused is innocent until proven guilty and the burden of proof rests
with the prosecutor. The defendant must be given the benefit of the doubt.
Political system:
⁃ Politics of Japan are conducted in a framework of a dominant-party
bicameral parliamentary constitutional monarchy, in which the Emperor is the
head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government and the head
of the Cabinet, which directs the executive branch.

⁃ Every country has its own preserved or adapted cultures. Cultures may
differ from many things, like celebrating certain occasions and/or engaging
with our daily lives. But our focus is the culture of Japan and Philippines. This
article might help you a little if you’re a Japanese citizen planning to visit the
Philippines, a Filipino citizen planning to visit Japan someday or maybe just
interested in the topic.
⁃ Japan and Philippines are two different countries located in Asia and one of
the differences between them is culture. They culture are different since
Japan is a first world country which explains they preserved culture while
Philippines was conquered by different countries that explains our different
cultures that we adapted.
9. VIETNAM
Brief history:
⁃ Vietnam would remain a part of the Chinese empire for over 1000 years. It
was in 938 AD that Ngo Quyen defeated the Chinese and gained
independence for Vietnam. Vietnam was then ruled by a succession of
dynasties including the Ly, Tran, and the Le dynasty.
-In 1858 the French came to Vietnam. In 1893 the French incorporated
Vietnam into French Indochina. France continued to rule until it was defeated
by communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh in 1954. The country became divided
into Communist North Vietnam and the anti-Communist South
Vietnam experienced a period of prolonged warfare in the mid-20th century,

and a partitioning (1954–75), first militarily and later politically, into the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam, better known as North Vietnam, and the
Republic of Vietnam, usually called South Vietnam.
Founding:
⁃ September 2, 1945
GDP per capita:
⁃ 3,756.49 USD 2021
⁃ 4,475.51 USD 2023
Land area:
⁃ 331,690 km2 (127,889 mi2) Area
⁃ 3,444 km (127,889 mi2) Coastline
Currency:
⁃ Vietnamese Dong
- đồng (₫)

⁃ Pham Minh Chinh Prime Minister
⁃ President Nguyen Xuan Phuc Chief of state
Population
⁃ 97.47 million 2021
⁃ 99,823,123 May 7, 2023
Government system:
⁃ Republic
⁃ Unitary state
⁃ Socialist state
⁃ Communist state
⁃ One party state
Type of Governance:
⁃ Communist forces overran Saigon on 30 April 1975, marking the end of the
Republic of Vietnam. On 2 July 1976, the North Vietnam-controlled Republic
of South Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)
merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
⁃ Executive President serves as head of state, nominal commander of the
armed forces and chairman of the Council of National Defense and Security.
Prime Minister heads a cabinet composed of deputy prime ministers and
heads of ministries and agencies, all confirmed by the National Assembly.
⁃ Judicial Responsible for providing leadership to the Vietnamese court
system, supervising the judicial process, and recommending bills to the
National Assembly as appropriate under law.
⁃ Legislative (UNICAMERAL: National Assembly) Responsible for
fundamental domestic and foreign policies, socio-economic policies, defense
and security issues, and it exercises supreme control over all state activities.
⁃ Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces ( tinh ), and three municipalities ( thu do
)—Hanoi, Haiphong, and Ho Chi Minh City—all administered by the national
government. Districts, towns, and villages are governed by locally elected
people's councils. Council candidates are screened by the party.
Military system:
⁃ The People's Army of Vietnam composes of the standing (or regular) forces
and the reserve forces. The standing forces include the main forces and the
local forces. During peacetime, the standing forces are minimised in number,
and kept combat-ready by regular physical and weapons training, and stock
maintenance.
Legal system:
⁃ The legal system of Vietnam is based on the socialism legal theory and
inherited from French civil law system. National Assembly is the highest office
responsible for the law making activities.
Political system:
⁃ Vietnam is a socialist republic with a one-party system led by the
Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV).
is authoritarian, with the freedom of assembly, association, expression, press
and religion as well as civil society activism being tightly restricted.
• There are no freely elected national leaders, political opposition is
suppressed, all religious activity is controlled by the CPV, and dissent is not
permitted and civil rights are curtailed.
• Elections in Vietnam occur under a single-party authoritarian political
system.
• Vietnam is among the few contemporary party-led dictatorships to not hold
any direct multiparty elections at the national level.
• The competitive nature of the elections is highly constrained by the
Communist Party's monopoly on power in Vietnam, limitations on free speech,
and government interference with the elections.
⁃ The first difference between the two developing countries in Southeast Asia
is the type of the government: Vietnam is still a communist country, while
Philippines has become a republic since the Second World War.
10. BRUNEI
Brief history:
⁃ From the 14th to the 16th centuries Brunei Darussalam was the seat of a
powerful sultanate extending over Sabah, Sarawak and the lower Philippines.
Thus, the current Sultan represents one of the oldest continuously ruling
dynasties in the world.
Founding:
⁃ January 1, 1984
GDP per capita:
⁃ 31, 449.08 USD 2021
⁃ 30712.00 USD 2023
Land area:
⁃ 5,765 km2 (2,228 mi)
⁃ 161 km (100.0 mi) Coastline
Currency:
⁃ Brunei Dollar
⁃ B$
⁃ Hassanal Bolkiah Prime Minister
Population:
⁃ 445,373 (2021)
⁃ 449,352 May 6, 2023
Government system:
⁃ Unitary state
⁃ Absolute monarchy
⁃ Islamic state
Type of Governance:
⁃ Brunei is an absolute monarchy in which the sultan exercises executive
power. There are no elected representatives at the national level.
⁃ Executive The sultan has absolute executive authority. It appoints legislative
council members and the supreme court.
⁃ Judicial The supreme court is the highest court of the land. Shariah deals
with Islamic law matters.
⁃ Legislative The legislative council advises the sultan.
⁃ Brunei Darussalam is a constitutional monarchy with no local government.
Negara Brunei Darussalam is a constitutional monarchy. The Sultan of Brunei
Darussalam is appointed by the Council of Succession. The Council of
Ministers is appointed by and presided over by the sultan.
Military system:
⁃ The RBAF consists of three primary military branches; the Royal Brunei
Land Forces (RBLF), the Royal Brunei Navy (RBN), and the Royal Brunei Air
Force (RBAirF).
Legal system:
⁃ Brunei's legal system is based on British common law, with a parallel
Syariah law system for Muslims, which supersedes the common law system
in areas such as family and property law.
Political system:
⁃ Brunei Darussalam is a constitutional monarchy with no local government.
Negara Brunei Darussalam is a constitutional monarchy. The Sultan of Brunei
Darussalam is appointed by the Council of Succession.
11.TIMOR LESTE/ EAST TIMOR
Brief history:
• The United States recognized Timor-Leste, then known as East Timor, on
May 20, 2002, when it achieved formal independence. Before this time, the
region had been a Portuguese colony up until 1975 and was under
Indonesian sovereignty from 1976 to 1999.
• Shortly after obtaining independence from Portugal in 1974, East Timor (or
Timor-Leste) was invaded by Indonesians who occupied the country until
1999. During the 25 years of Indonesian rule, armed and peaceful East
Timorese groups struggled to overthrow the occupier.
• Indonesia, whose territory already included the western half of the island of
Timor, invaded East Timor in late 1975. Indonesia sought international
support for its annexation of East Timor by asserting that it was preventing the
spread of communism, which it claimed Fretilin advocated.
Founding: May 20, 2002
East Timor became formally independent on 20 May 2002. Xanana Gusmão
was sworn in as the country's president. East Timor became a member of the
UN on 27 September 2002.
GDP per capita: Decrease $1,793 (estimate 2022)
Land area: 15,006 km²
Currency: US dollar (USD) and East Timor centavos
Current President/King/Prime Minister:
• President: JOSÉ RAMOS-HORTA
• Prime Minister: TAUR MATAN RUAK
Population: 1,445,006 (2022 est.)

Government system: Unitary semi-presidential republic, with the popularly
elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the
National Parliament.
Type of Governance:
• The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice
the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political
parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties
and coalitions.
UNICAMERAL: National Parliament
• The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal
legislative power.
• The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of
executive interference.
• Executive power is exercised by the president and the government.

Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National
Parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Local management system: 📌
Military system: The Timor Leste Defence Force (Tetum: Forcas Defesa
Timor Lorosae, Portuguese: Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste or Falintil-
FDTL, often F-FDTL) is the military of East Timor. The F-FDTL was
established in February 2001 and comprises two infantry battalions, small
naval and air components and several supporting units.
Legal system:
The law of East Timor is based on the laws of Indonesia that was applied de
facto as of October 25, 1999, as was determined by the United Nations;
however, legislation passed by the East Timor parliament supersedes
Indonesian law.
Political system:
• takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative
democratic republic,[whereby the Prime Minister of East Timor is the head of
government and the President of East Timor exercises the functions of head
of state.
• East Timor has a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the
president and the government. Legislative power is vested in both the
government and the National Parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the
executive and the legislature.
• The East Timorese constitution was modelled on that of Portugal, though the
president is less powerful than the Portuguese counterpart.
• The country is still in the process of building its administration and
governmental institutions. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated East Timor a
"flawed democracy" in 2022.

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Southeast Asian Countries

BICAMERAL People's Consultative Assembly (MPR)

Compare to the Phlippines or use the Philippines as basis.

Compare to the Philippines or use the Philippines as basis.

Compare to the Philippines or use the Philippines as basis.

Vietnam experienced a period of prolonged warfare in the mid-20th century,

Current President/King/Prime minister:

Population: 1,445,006 (2022 est.)

• Executive power is exercised by the president and the government.

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