A Guidance Approach for the Encouraging Classroom 6th Edition Test Bank Dan Gartrell

A Guidance Approach for the Encouraging Classroom

6th
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Chapter 2: Child Development and Guidance

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Who was responsible for bringing developmental theory of children to the forefront of
psychology in the 20th century?
a. Maria Montessori
b. Howard Gardner
c. Jean Piaget
d. Lev Vygotsky
ANS: C PTS: 1

2. The self-talk that children engage in during play is known as

a. zone of proximanl development
b. the problem of the match
c. separation anxiety
d. private speech
ANS: D PTS: 1

3. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages Piaget identifies in his developmental
theory?
a. sensorimotor
b. disequilibrium
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations
ANS: B PTS: 1

4. Which of the following did Vygotsky identify in children as the distance between the actual
developmental level determined by problem solving and the potential development?
a. autonomy
b. private speech
c. separation anxiety
d. zone of proximal development
ANS: D PTS: 1

5. Identify which of the following is NOT a stage of development in Erikson’s developmental

theory.
a. initative versus guilt
b. trust versus mistrust
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. disequilibrium
ANS: D PTS: 1

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6. Which of the following is one of the intelligences identified by Howard Gardner in his theory
of multiple intelligences?
a. linguistic
 b. equilibrium
c. emotional intelligence
d. developmental egocentrism
ANS: A PTS: 1

7. Which of the following is NOT an area that Vygotsky and Piaget are in agreement upon?
a. cognitive and social-emotional development happening together and overlapping
b. learning that results from a child’s interaction with the physical and social
environment
c. the role of private or egocentric speech in learning
d. cooperative, interactive teacher-child interactions define the best environment for
learning by the child
ANS: C PTS: 1

8. Which of the following has supported the use of standardized assessments as a means of
enforcing educational accountability?
a. modern developmental psychology
b. the “No Child Left Behind” law
c. child welfare agencies
d. local school districts
ANS: A PTS: 1

9. As a result of brain research, we now know which of the following?

a. intelligence is not fixed at birth
b. intelligence is fixed at birth
c. Economic conditions of the family factor into the intelligence of the child’s
development
d. Social class influences the intelligence of children.
ANS: A PTS: 1

10. Which of the following is one of the five components of emotional intelligence?
a. physiological well-being
b. knowing one’s emotions
c. scaffolding
d. equilibrium
ANS: B PTS: 1

11. Before children grow into Piaget’s “concrete operations” stage, their social understanding
a. is limited
b. is based on prior experience
c. reflects understanding of the dynamics of the situation
d. grows from competitive experiences
ANS: A PTS: 1

12. According to Vygotsky, as children develop,

a. scaffolding by peers has limited effect on their development
b. learning activities should be focused on teacher-child interactions
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Vincislao, m. It. Slav. crown glory, 441
Vincze, m. Hung. Lat. conquering, 197
Viola, f. It. Lat. violet, 206
Violante, f. Span. Lat. violet, 206
Violet, f. Scot. Lat. violet, 206
Violette, f. Fr. Lat. violet, 206
Virdumarus, m. Lat. Kelt. great dark man, 237
Virgil, m. Eng. Lat. flourishing, 153
Virgile, m. Fr. Lat. flourishing, 153
Virgilio, m. It. Lat. flourishing, 153
V , m. Lat. flourishing, 153
Virginia, f. It. Eng. Lat. flourishing, 153
Virginie, f. Fr. Lat. flourishing, 153
Virginio, m. It. Lat. flourishing, 153
V , m. Lat. flourishing, 153
Viriathus, m. Lat. Kelt. man of fire(?), 237
Viridis, f. It. Lat. green, 206
V , m. Pers. Zend, possessor of horses.
Vita, m. Russ. Bohm. Lat. living, 197
Vjta, m. Bohm. Lat. living, 197
Vital, m. Fr. Ger. Lat. of life, 197
Vitale, m. It. Lat. of life, 197
Vitaliana, f. Ger. Lat. of life, 197
Vitalianus, m. Lat. of life, 197
Vitalij, m. Russ. Lat. of life, 197
V , m. Lat. of life, 197
Vitgeir, m. Ice. Teu. wise man, 321
Vittore, m. It. Lat. conqueror, 197
Vittoria, f. It. Lat. conqueror, 197
V , m. Lat. living, 197
V , f. Lat. lively, 197
Vivian, m. f. Eng. Lat. lively, 198
Viviana, f. It. Lat. lively, 198
Viviano, f. It. Lat. lively, 198
Vivien, m. Fr. Lat. lively, 198
Vivienne, f. Fr. Lat. lively, 198
V , f. Russ. Slav. faith, 439
V , m. Russ. Slav. ruling the world, 442
V , m. Serv. Slav. ruling the world, 442
V , m. Russ. Slav. ruling the world, 442
V , m. Russ. Slav. ruling the army, 442
V , m. Pol. Slav. ruling the world, 442
Vladislavka, f. Pol. Slav. ruling the world, 442
Vlaho, m. Hung. Lat. babbler, 159
Vlass, m. Russ. Lat. babbler, 159
Vlassij, m. Russ. Lat. babbler, 159
V , m. Pol. Slav. warrior, 441
V , m. Bohm. Slav. warrior, 441
V , m. Slav. Slav. warrior, 441
Volfgango, m. It. Teu. wolf’s progress, 336
Volker, m. Ger. Teu. people’s guard, 371
Volkmar, m. Ger. Teu. people’s fame, 371
Volguard, m. Ger. Teu. people’s guard, 371
Volgvard, m. Ger. Teu. people’s guard, 371
Volodia, m. Russ. Slav. ruling the world, 442
Volodinka, m. Russ. Slav. ruling the world, 442
V , m. Nor. Teu. artful.(?), 313
Vortigern, m. Eng. Kelt. great king, 238
Vortya, f. Lus. Gr. gift of God, 102
V , m. Slav. Slav. brilliant fame, 441
Vread, f. Erse, Gr. pearl, 123
Vreneli, f. Swab. Lat. Gr. true image, 207
V , m. Slav. Slav. all glory, 442
V , m. Slav. Slav. all ruler, 442
V , m. Slav. Slav. wolf, 336
V , m. Slav. Slav. wolf love, 335
V , m. Slav. Slav. wolf peace, 335
V , m. Slav. Slav. wolf glory, 335
V , m. A.S. Teu. wolf spear, 335
V , m. A.S. Teu. wolf warrior, 335
V , f. m. A.S. Teu. wolf battle maid, 335
V , m. A.S. Teu. wolf fame, 335
V , m. A.S. Teu. wolf violence, 335
V , m. A.S. Teu. wolf stone, 335
Vye, f. Fris. wisdom, 107
V , m. Slav. Slav. highest glory, 442
Vyvyan, f. Eng. Lat. living, 198

W
Wabel, m. Bav. Aram. son of furrows, 25
Wabishaw, m. Red Indian, red leaf.
Wabm, m. Bav. Aram. son of furrows, 25
W , m. Lith. Slav. warrior.
Wala, m. Span. Teu. slaughter, 311
Walaheri, m. Frank. Teu. slaughter host, 317
Walamund, m. Frank. Teu. slaughter protection, 317
Walarik, m. Frank. Teu. slaughter king, 317
Walaram, m. Frank. Teu. slaughter raven, 317
Walber, f. Esth. Teu. slaughter protection, 317, 425
Walbert, m. Ger. Teu. power bright, 317, 425
Waldburga, f. Eng. Teu. powerful protection,[2] 317, 425
W , m. Eng. Ger. Teu. powerful fame, 425
W , m. Frank. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Waldl, m. Bav. Teu. will bold, 315
Waldo, m. Frank. Teu. power, 425, 315
Waldobert, m. Ger. Teu. power bright, 425
Waldrich, m. Ger. Teu. powerful rule, 425
Walen, m. Eng. Teu. foreign thief, 316
Waleran, m. Flem. Teu. or Lat. healthy, 152
Walfrid, m. Ger. Teu. powerful peace, 316
Wallinsch, m. Lith. Lat. healthy, 152
Walmar, m. Ger. Teu. slaughter fame, 316
Walpert, m. Ger. Teu. slaughter bright, 311
Walpl, f. Bav. Teu. powerful protection, 311, 428
Walpora, f. Lus. Teu. slaughter protection, 316
Walpurd, f. Flem. Teu. slaughter protection, 311, 425
Walpurg, f. Ger. Teu. slaughter protection, 311
Walram, m. Ger. Teu. slaughter raven, 316
Walstan, m. Eng. Teu. slaughter stone, 311
Walter, m. Eng. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Waltfrid, m. O. Ger. Teu. powerful peace, 425
Waltheof, m. Eng. Teu. foreign thief, 316
Walther, m. Ger. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Waltier, m. O. Fr. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Waltinsh, m. Lett. Lat. healthy, 151
Waltl, m. Bav. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Walwyn, m. Eng. Kelt. hawk of battle, 272
W , m. Span. Teu. belly, 427
Wanders, f. Scot. Kelt. white wave, 270
W , m. Ger. Teu. protecting, 420
Warmund, m. Ger. Teu. protecting guard, 420
Warner, m. Eng. Teu. protecting warrior, 420
Warno, m. Ger. Teu. protecting, 420
Warnfrid, m. Ger. Teu. protecting peace, 420
W , m. Ger. Teu. protecting prince, 420
Warren, m. Eng. Teu. protecting friend, 420
Wastel, m. Bav. Gr. venerable, 111
Wat, m. Eng. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Watagimat, m. Red Indian, eagle’s nest.
Water, m. Eng. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Waters, m. Lett. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Watier, m. O. Fr. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Watlis, m. Swiss, Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Wattles, m. Eng. Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Watty, 425
Wawyn, m. Eng. Kelt. hawk of battle, 272
Wawel, m. Bav. Aram. son of furrows, 25
Wayland, m. Eng. Teu. artful (?), 313
Weigel, m. Fris. Teu. warring, 418
W , m. A.S. Teu. foreign thief, 316
Welf, m. Ger. Teu. wolf, 335
Welfhard, m. Ger. Teu. wolf strong, 335
Wenceslaus, m. Eng. Slav. crown glory, 441
Wendel, f. m. Ger. Teu. wandering.
Wendela, f. Ger. Teu. wandering.
Wendelgard, f. m. Ger. Teu. wandering guard.
Wendelgar, m. Ger. Teu. wandering spear.
Wendelin, m. Ger. Teu. wanderer.
Wendeline, f. Ger. Teu. wanderer.
Wenefride, f. Eng. Kelt. white wave, 270
Wendis, m. Lett. Slav. ruling glory, 441
Wenzel, m. Ger. Slav. crown glory, 441
Werburgha, f. Eng. Teu. powerful protection, 420
Werlands, m. Lett. Teu. adventuring life, 433
Werner, m. Ger. Teu. protecting army, 420
W , m. Ger. Teu. protecting firmly, 420
W , m. Ger. Teu. protecting army, 420
Wetu, m. Finn. Teu. peace ruler, 296
Wetukka, m. Finn. Teu. peace ruler, 296
Wiart, m. Fris. Teu. war firmness, 418
Wicko, m. Fris. Teu. war bright, 418
Wido, m. O. Ger. Teu. life, 321
W , m. A.S. Teu. war, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. warring, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. war prince, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. war bright, 418
W , f. Ger. Teu. war protection, 418
Wige, m. Ger. Teu. warring, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. war firm, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. war helmet, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. warrior, 418
W , f. Ger. Teu. war relic, 418
W , f. Ger. Teu. war snake, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. war man, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. war fame, 418
W , m. Ger. Teu. war raven, 418
Wihts, m. Lett. Lat. life, 320
Wike, f. Lett. Gr. wisdom, 107
Wilbrand, m. Ger. Teu. willing sword, 314
Wilfred, m. Eng. Teu. resolute peace, 314
W , m. Eng. Teu. resolute peace, 314
Wilfroy, m. Eng. Teu. resolute peace, 314
W , m. Swiss, Ger. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Wilhelmina, f. Eng. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Wilhelmine, f. Ger. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Wilip, m. Fris. Gr. horse lover, 79
Wilips, m. Lett. Gr. horse lover, 79
Will, m. Eng. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Willaume, m. O. Fr. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Wille, m. Swiss, Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Willebald, m. Dutch, Teu. resolute prince, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. resolute battle, 314
Willelme, m. Fr. Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
Willan, m. Lus. Netherlands, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
Willemin, f. Dutch, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
Willempje, f. Dutch, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
William, m. Eng. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Williamina, f. Eng. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
W , m. Ger. Teu. resolute prince, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. bright will, 314
W , m. A.S. Teu. 314
W , f. Ger. Teu. resolute protection, 314
Willie, m. Scot. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
W , m. Ger. Teu. pledge of resolution, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. willing firmness, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. resolute warrior, 314
W , f. Frank. Teu. resolute battle maid, 314
W , m. A.S. Teu. resolute power, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. resolute fame, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. willing raven, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. willing resolute council, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. willing resolute ruler, 314
Willo, m. Fris. Teu. willing helmet, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. willing wolf, 314
Willy, m. Eng. Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
W , m. Ger. Teu. willing fame, 314
Wilmett, f. Eng. Teu. helmet of resolution, 316
W , m. Ger. Teu. resolute mood, 315
Wilmot, m. Eng. Teu. resolute mood, 314
W , m. Ger. Teu. resolute ruler, 314
W , f. Ger. Teu. resolute battle maid, 314
Winfred, m. Eng. Teu. friend of peace, 427
W , m. A.S. Teu. friend of peace, 427
Wingallok, m. Bret. Kelt. white, 270
Wingar, m. Ger. Teu. friend of war, 427
W , m. A.S. Teu. friend of valour, 427
Winifrid, f. Eng. Kelt. white stream, 270
W , m. Ger. Teu. friend of fame, 427
W , m. Ger. Teu. friend’s council, 427
W , m. Ger. Teu. friend of rule, 427
Winny, f. Ir. Kelt. famine, 70
Wippert, m. Ger. Teu. war bright, 418
Wippold, m. Ger. Teu. war prince, 418
Wiremo, m. Maori, Teu. will helmet, 315
Wisdom, f. Eng. 421
Wishard, m. Ger. Teu. wise strength, 321
W , m. Ger. Teu. wood spear, 321
Witiza, m. Span. Teu. wood dweller, 321
Witold, m. Ger. Teu. wood power, 321
W , m. Ger. Teu. wood wolf, 321, 325
W , m. Ger. Teu. forest raven, 321
W , m. Ger. Teu. forest dweller, 321
Wittich, m. Ger. Teu. wood dweller, 321
Wittig, m. Ger. Teu. wood dweller, 321
Wladimir, m. Pol. Slav. ruling peace, 442
Wladis, m. Lett. Slav. ruling glory, 442
Wladislav, m. Pol. Slav. ruling glory, 442
Wolbrecht, m. Ger. Teu. wolf brightness, 335
Wolder, m. Dutch, Teu. powerful warrior, 425
W , m. Ger. Teu. wolf, 335
Wolfer, m. Ger. Teu. wolf army, 335
W , m. Ger. wolf’s progress, 335
W , m. Ger. Teu. wolf’s firmness, 335
W , m. Ger. Teu. wolf fame, 335
W , m. Ger. Teu. wolf’s advice, 335
W , m. Ger. Teu. wolf raven, 335
W , m. Ger. Teu. wolf ruler, 335
Wouter, m. Dutch, Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Worsola, f. Bohm. Lat. bear, 199
Wridriks, m. Lett. Teu. peace ruler, 296
Wrizzis, m. Lett. Teu. peace ruler, 296
W , m. A.S. Teu. wolf stone, 335
Wursla, f. Lus. Lat. bear, 199
Wya, m. Ger. Teu. warring, 418
Wygard, m. Fris. Teu. warring, 418
 2. This, one of the English missionary nun princesses in Germany, is the
patroness of the celebrated Valpurgisnacht. She died at Heidenheim, and her
right feast is on the 25th of February; but being translated to Crichstadt on
the 1st of May, and minced into numerous relics, the latter day was also
hers, and strangely became connected with the witches' sabbath.

X , f. Gr. yellow horse, 78

X , m. Span. Arab. bright, 299
Xavier, m. Fr. Arab. bright, 299
Xaverie, f. Span. Arab. bright, 299
Xaveric, m. Wall. Arab. bright, 299
Xaverio, m. It. Arab. bright, 299
Xavery, m. Pol. Arab. bright, 299
Xenia, f. Russ. Gr. hospitality, 93
Xerxes, m. Eng. Pers. venerable king.
Ximen, m. Span. 330
Ximena, f. Span. 330
Ximon, m. Span. Heb. obedient, 17
Xiste, m. Fr. Lat. sixth, 138

Yago, m. Span. Heb. supplanter, 17

Yatmund, m. Dan. Teu. happy protection, 378
Yestin, m. Welsh, Lat. just, 192
Y , m. Nor. Teu. Ing’s warrior, 325
Y , m. Nor. Teu. 325
Ynyr, m. Welsh, Lat. honourable, 190
Yolande, f. Prov. Lat. violet, 206
Yolette, f. Fr. Lat. violet, 206
Yorwarth, m. Welsh, Teu. happy guard, 378
Ysabel, f. Span. Heb. God’s oath, 35
Ysaie, m. Fr. Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48
Yseulte, f. Fr. Kelt. spectacle, 275
Ysonde, f. Fr. Kelt. spectacle, 275
Ysolt, f. Eng. Kelt. spectacle, 275
Yueins, m. Fr. Kelt. young warrior, 273
Yvain, m. Bret. Kelt. young warrior, 273
Yvon, m. Ir. Teu. archer, 326
Ywain, m. Welsh, Kelt. young warrior, 273

Zacarias, m. Span. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51

Zaccaria, m. It. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zach, m. Eng. Bav. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacharia, m. Ger. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Z , m. Eng. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacharias, m. Port. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacharie, m. Fr. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zachary, m. Eng. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacharyasz, m. Pol. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zachée, m. Fr. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacheo, m. It. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zachers, m. Bav. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zachereis, m. Bav. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zaches, m. Bav. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacheo, m. Port. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zaccheus, m. Eng. Ger. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zaidée, f. Fr. 458
Zakarias, m. Esth. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zackelina, f. Russ. Heb. supplanter, 18
Zakharias, m. Hung. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zakheus, m. Hung. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zako, m. Ill. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zan, m. Dantzig, Gr. Christian, 105
Zan, m. Gr. Heb. supplanter, 17
Zaneta, f. Russ. Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
Zaqueo, m. Span. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zara, f. Arab. Heb. princess, 13
Zasso, m. Fris. Gr. Christian, 105
Zebulon, m. Eng. Heb. dwelling.
Zechariah, m. Eng. Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zedekiah, m. Eng. Heb. justice of the Lord, 49
Zedena, f. Ger. Lat. of Sidon, 200
Z , f. Arab. father’s ornament, 62
Z , m. Slav. wishing peace.
Zelinde, conquering snake, 347
Z , m. Slav. wishing glory.
Z , f. Russ. Gr. daughter of Zeus, 62
Zenaïde, f. Fr. Gr. daughter of Zeus, 62
Zenevieva, f. Russ. Kelt. white wave, 270
Z , m. Gr. from Zeus, 62
Z , f. Lat. Aram. father’s ornament, 62
Zenobie, f. Fr. Arab. father’s ornament, 62
Zenobio, m. Milan. Gr. from Zeus, 62
Zenobius, m. Lat. 62
Z , m. Gr. Gr. from Zeus, 62
Zenovia, f. Russ. Arab. father’s ornament, 62
Z , f. Russ. Slav. goddess of hunting, 440
Zenz, f. Bav. Lat. increasing, 198
Zenz, m. Bav. Lat. conquering, 197
Zenzel, m. Bav. Lat. conquering, 197
Zenzl, f. Bav. Lat. increasing, 198
Zephaniah, m. Eng. Heb. protected of the Lord, 50
Zephyrine, f. Fr. Gr. like the zephyr.
Zerah, m. Eng. Heb. rising of light, 51
Zerdosht, m. Pers. Zend. gold star, 57, 437
Zerubabel, m. Eng. Heb. born at Babel.
Zesk, Slav. Teu. free, 300
Zezilija, f. Russ. Lat. blind, 144
Zikmund, m. Bohm. Teu. conquering protection, 358
Zilia, f. Ven. Lat. 145
Ziliola, f. Ven. Lat. 145
Zillah, f. Eng. Heb. shadow, 11
Zinevra, f. Ven. Kelt. white wave, 270
Z , m. acorn glory.
Z , m. Slav. living, 198
Z , f. living, 198
Zizi, f. Russ. Arab. father’s ornament, 62
Z , f. Slov. Slav. gold, 445
Z , f. Slov. Slav. gold, 445
Z , m. Slov. Slav. gold, 445
Zlatke, m. Slov. Slav. gold, 445
Zlatoje, m. Slov. Slav. gold love, 445
Z , m. Slov. Slav. gold love, 445
Z , m. Slov. Slav. gold love, 445
Zlatoust, m. Russ. Slav. gold mouth, 445
Z , f. Fr. Gr. life, 11
Zofia, f. Pol. Gr. wisdom, 107
Zoia, f. Russ. Gr. life, 11
Zomelis, m. Lett. Heb. asked of God, 20
Zon, f. Fr. Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
Z , f. Ill. Slav. dawn, 437
Zorana, f. Ill. Slav. dawn, 437
Zore, f. Ill. Heb. princess, 14
Zorica, f. Slav. dawn, 437
Z , f. Ill. Slav. dawn of glory, 437
Zoroaster, m. Eng. Pers. golden star (?), 57, 437
Zosa, f. Swiss, Heb. lily, 50
Zosel, f. Swiss, Heb. lily, 50
Zosia, f. Pol. Gr. wisdom, 107
Zsiga, m. Hung. Teu. conquering protection, 356
Zsigmund, m. Hung. Teu. conquering protection, 356
Zsoflie, f. Hung. Gr. wisdom, 107
Zsofe, f. Hung. Gr. wisdom, 107
Zsusane, f. Lett. Heb. lily, 50
Zsusanna, f. Hung. Heb. lily, 50
Z , f. Russ. Slav. star, 437
Zygmunt, m. Pol. Heb. conquering protection, 358[3]

3. Every form of every name given in the index is not to be found in the
text; but in all cases where a reference is given, the history, as far as
ascertainable, of the leading portion of the original name will be found.

HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.

 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.

THE SPIRIT OF NOMENCLATURE.

Much has been written upon the Surname, a comparatively modern

invention, while the individual, or, as we term it, the Christian name, has
barely received, here and there, a casual notice from English authors, and
has seldom been treated of collectively or comparatively. Yet there is much
that is extremely curious and suggestive in the rise and signification of the
appellations of men and women, their universal or partial popularity, the
alterations by which they have been adapted to different languages, their
familiar abbreviations, the patronymics formed from them, and the places
or articles called from them. In fact, we shall find the history, the religion,
and the character of a nation stamped upon the individuals in the names
which they bear.
It is to Christian names, properly so called, that our attention will chiefly
be directed. Other names, not acknowledged at any time as baptismal, or
only given so exceptionally as not to deserve notice, are here omitted, or
only treated of when their analogy is needed to illustrate the history of a
true Christian name.
The original proper names of men and women arose—
First, from some circumstance connected with the birth, such as Esau,
hairy; Jacob, taking by the heel; Agrippa, born with the feet foremost.
Secondly, from the complexion, e. g., Edom, red; Flavius and Fulvius,
yellow; Don, brown; Ruadh, red; Boidh, yellow; Blanche, fair.
Thirdly, from the qualities desired for the child, such as David, meaning
beloved; the Persian Aspamitas and Greek Philippos, both lovers of horses;
the Keltic Eochaidh, a horseman; the Teutonic Eadgifu, happy gift; the
Slavonic Przemyszl, the thoughtful.
Fourthly, from an animal, Deborah, the bee; Jonah, Columba, Golubica,
the dove; Zeeb, Lycos, Lupus, Ulf, Yuk, all signifying that strangely
popular wild beast the wolf.
Fifthly, from a weapon, as the Teuton Gar, a spear.
Sixthly, from a jewel, Mote Mahal, in Persian, pearl of the harem; the
Greek, Margarite, a pearl in Greek; the Teutonic Stein, a stone or jewel in
Teutonic.
Seventhly, religious names, dedicating the child to the Divinity, such as
Ishmael, heard of God; Elijah, God the Lord; and among idolaters,
Artemidorus, gift of Artemis; Jovianus, belonging to Jupiter; Brighid, the
Irish goddess of smiths and poets; Thorgils, Thor’s pledge.
To these we may add a few names of flowers, chiefly borne by women,
and always indicating a poetical nation, such as Susanna, Lilias, Rhoda,
Rose, and the Slavonic Smiljana, the amaranth, a description of name never
found among the unimaginative Romans.
Also a few indicating a time of deep sorrow and distress, when the child
was born, such as Beriah, son of evil, named when it went ill with his father
Ephraim; Jabez, sorrow; Ichabod, the glory is departed. These being of ill
omen, never prevailed among the joyous Greeks; but among the quick-
feeling Kelts we find Una, famine, and Ita, thirsty, names recording, no
doubt, times of sorrow. Also Posthumus and Tristan, though not originally
bearing the meaning since attributed to them, and Dolores, a name of
Spanish Roman Catholic growth, have all been applied to express the
mournful circumstances of some “child of misery, baptized in tears.”
Natural defects have likewise furnished names, such as Balbus, the
stammerer; the Irish Dorenn, the sullen; and Unchi, the contentious. These
are most common among the Romans, owing to their habit of continuing a
father’s name, however acquired, to the son. And the Romans likewise
stand almost alone in their strange and uncomplimentary fashion of giving
individual names from numbers, one in which they have not been imitated,
except now and then, where the number of a family has become so
remarkable as to be deemed worthy of commemoration in the names of the
younger children. There is, however, said to be a family in Michigan where
the sons are called One, Two, Three Stickaway, and the daughters First,
Second, Third Stickaway.
The invention of original names usually takes place in the early stages of
a people’s history, for a preference soon arises for established names,
already borne by kindred, and as the spoken tongue drifts away, from the
primitive form, the proper name becomes a mere appellative, with the
original meaning forgotten, and often with a new one incorrectly applied to
it. The names in popular use almost always belong to a more ancient
language than that spoken by the owners; or else they are imported from
some other nation, and adapted to the mouths of those who use them.
Flexibility of speech is only acquired at a very early age, and persons who
have never spoken any other than their mother tongue, have no power to
catch foreign sounds, and either distort them, or assimilate them to words of
their own. The ear catches the word imperfectly, the lips pronounce it after
their own fashion, and the first writer who hears it, sets it down to the best
of his ability, to be read, as it may chance, by others, ignorant of the sound
the letters were meant to represent, and thus striking out absolute novelties.
Even where it travels by the medium of writing, the letters of one language
are so inadequate to express the sounds of another, that great changes take
place in pronunciation, even while the spelling remains unaltered, and these
become visible in the popular contractions.
Thus a foreign conquest, or the fusion of one nation into another, while
introducing two orders of names to the same country, and in breaking up
and intermixing their original forms of speech, yet leaves untouched the
names belonging to the old language, though the spoken tongue goes on
living, growing, and altering.
The Hebrew is an instance of this process. It was a living tongue up to
the Babylonish captivity, and constantly formed new names from the
ordinary speech of the people; but when the Jews returned they spoke the
Aramean dialect; the old Hebrew was dead. They still called their children
by mangled and contracted Hebraisms, inherited from their forefathers, but
were in general not aware of their meaning, and were willing to give them
Greek terminations to suit the literary taste of the East. That there was no
vigour to throw out new names, is attested by the very scanty number of
Aramean derivation. Yet it is these corrupted Hebrew names, marred by
Aramean pronunciation, by Greek writing, and by the speech of every
country, that are the most universally loved and honoured in every Christian
land.
Greek may be said to have never died, and it has, from first to last, been
the most vigorous of all languages in creating and spreading names, which
are almost all easily explicable. Hellas, though frequently conquered, has by
its glorious literature, both pagan and Christian, gained wide dominion for
its language, and even the present vernacular of the peasant and sailor is not