AspenPIPE2006 Ref

Aspen PIPE
Reference Guide
Copyright
Version Number: 2004
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Introduction
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Related Documentation
In addition to online help systems available via the product applications, a
number of printable documents are provided to help users learn and use the
HTFS family of products:
Title Content
HTFS Installation Guide.pdf Describes the installation routine
HTFS User Guide.pdf Provides an overview of the HTFS

family of products
ACOL Reference Guide.pdf User instructions for the ACOL product

ACOL Getting Started Guide.pdf
APLE Reference Guide.pdf User instructions for the APLE product

APLE Getting Started Guide.pdf
MUSE Reference Guide.pdf User instructions for the MUSE

product
MUSE Getting Started Guide.pdf
FIHR Reference Guide.pdf User instructions for the FIHR product

FIHR Getting Started Guide.pdf
FRAN Reference Guide.pdf User instructions for the FRAN product

FRAN Getting Started Guide.pdf
PIPE Reference Guide.pdf User instructions for the PIPE product

PIPE Getting Started Guide.pdf
TASC Thermal Reference Guide.pdf User instructions for the TASC

Thermal product
TASC Thermal Getting Started Guide.pdf
TASC Mechanical Reference Guide.pdf User instructions for the TASC

Mechanical product
TASC Mechanical Getting Started Guide.pdf
Introduction
Table of Contents
1 Introduction................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Overview..............................................................................1-3
1.2 Pipeline Fittings ...................................................................1-3
1.3 Physical Properties..............................................................1-4
1.4 Property Data Sources ........................................................1-4
1.5 Output Options ....................................................................1-5
1.6 Documentation ....................................................................1-6
2 Using PIPE .................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Overview..............................................................................2-3
2.2 Starting PIPE .......................................................................2-4
2.3 The Start Up View ...............................................................2-6
2.4 Running PIPE ......................................................................2-7
2.5 PIPE Icons...........................................................................2-9
3 Data Input................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Overview..............................................................................3-3
3.2 Input Views ..........................................................................3-4
3.3 Build Pipeline.......................................................................3-6
3.4 Geometric Data (General) ...................................................3-9
3.5 Pipe Sections.....................................................................3-10
3.6 Change of Section .............................................................3-11
3.7 Valves................................................................................3-12
3.8 Orifices ..............................................................................3-13
3.9 Known Pressure Drop .......................................................3-14
3.10 Process Data .....................................................................3-14
3.11 Other Data Input ................................................................3-15
3.12 Input Units .........................................................................3-15
3.13 Using Help .........................................................................3-17
3.14 Finding Input Items ............................................................3-18
iii
3.15 The Input File.....................................................................3-19
3.16 Default Input Data File.......................................................3-20
3.17 Input Errors and Warnings.................................................3-21
4 Output......................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Overview..............................................................................4-3
4.2 Output Views .......................................................................4-3
4.3 Output Files .........................................................................4-7
4.4 Error / Warning Message Log..............................................4-8
5 Physical Properties .................................................... 5-1

5.1 Overview..............................................................................5-3
5.2 Properties Input ...................................................................5-5
5.3 Properties Data Input (Old Style).......................................5-10
5.4 Mixture Calculations (Old Style) ........................................5-14
5.5 Property Databanks...........................................................5-17
5.6 Importing Properties and Process Data.............................5-19
5.7 Importing from HYSYS ......................................................5-21
5.8 Importing from a Properties Package ................................5-23
5.9 Properties Output ..............................................................5-24
5.10 Pressure Dependence.......................................................5-25
6 Examples .................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Overview..............................................................................6-3
6.2 Single Component Two-phase Flow....................................6-4
6.3 Two-phase Flow - Hydrocarbon Mixture............................6-21
6.4 Multiple Choking - Air Venting System ..............................6-26
Index............................................................................I-1
iv
Introduction 1-1
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
1.2 Pipeline Fittings ...............................................................................3
1.3 Physical Properties .........................................................................4
1.4 Property Data Sources ....................................................................4
1.5 Output Options ................................................................................5
1.6 Documentation.................................................................................6
1-1
1-2 Introduction
1-2
Introduction 1-3
1.1 Overview
PIPE is designed to allow you to model the steady state performance of
an unbranched pipeline system carrying single or two-phase flows. The
list below summarises the main features.
PIPE can:
• Determine the static pressure drop for given mass flowrate and
pipeline geometry.
• Determine the mass flowrate corresponding to a supplied
pressure drop and pipeline geometry.
• Determine the diameter factor to size a pipeline for a given
pressure drop and mass flowrate.
• Determine the critical mass flowrate for a given pressure drop
and pipeline geometry for high velocity flow.
• Perform a 'multiple choke' calculation (for example, for pressure
drop calculation downstream of safety relief valves).
1.2 Pipeline Fittings

The following fittings can be handled by PIPE:
• Straight lengths of pipe.
• Circular and mitre bends.
• Contractions and inlets.
• Enlargements and outlets.
• Globe and gate valves.
• Ball and Butterfly valves.
• Thin orifice plates and nozzles.
• Thick orifice plates.
• Known pressure changes.
1-3
1-4 Physical Properties
1.3 Physical Properties

Physical property data can be supplied to PIPE in a number of ways as
described in Section 1.4 - Property Data Sources. It is particularly
important in pipelines to allow for the effect of pressure on phase
equilibrium and stream properties. With PIPE your data can be supplied
at up to 6 pressure levels. When PIPE is run these data are interpolated
with respect to both pressure and temperature to give accurate local
properties at each point in the pipeline.
1.4 Property Data Sources

PIPE offers a range of options for providing the physical property
information needed for heat transfer and pressure drop calculations. If
you have stream property information available, this can be input
directly, or imported provided it is in the correct format. If the stream is
a mixture of known composition, PIPE can perform vapour liquid
equilibrium and mixture calculations to determine the stream
properties. This can be done using the Thermo package which has data
for over 1000 components, or the smaller NEL40 package.
See Chapter 5 - Physical Properties for more information on the various

properties options and methods.
1-4
Introduction 1-5
1.5 Output Options

PIPE produces a number of different types of output. Some are in the
form of output views, where information can be tabulated, plotted and
printed out. Other output is written to files, which you can examine via
the User Interface. You can use the Find facility to locate text within
them and you can control the amount of information they contain, by
flags in the program input.
Detailed tabular output is available for:

• Absolute pressure, temperature, quality, void fraction, and
specific enthalpy along the pipeline.
• Frictional, gravitational, momentum pressure gradients and
pressure changes for each fitting in the pipeline.
• Homogeneous velocity, mass flux and liquid and vapour Reynolds
numbers for each straight length of pipe in the pipeline.
• Liquid and vapour physical properties (density, specific heat
capacity and viscosity) along the length of the pipeline.
Graphs are available for several of these output items e.g. absolute
pressure, temperature, velocity, quality, void fraction, and vapour and
liquid densities and viscosities.
PIPE also includes an extensive set of error and warning messages, to

provide clear information on what is required, if you omit essential data,
or provide inconsistent input.
See Chapter 4 - Output for more complete information on the program

output.
1-5
1-6 Documentation
1.6 Documentation
HTFS supplies the following manuals on the HTFS CD:
• HTFS User Guide
• HTFS Installation Guide
(these two are generic to all programs)
• PIPE Getting Started
• PIPE Reference Guide
This Reference Guide provides basic information on using the program,

its capabilities, the required input data (see Chapter 3 - Data Input), and
the results (see Chapter 4 - Output). Chapter 5 - Physical Properties
covers the range of options for providing the information needed to run
the program.
Also contained in this manual is a set of standard examples (see Chapter

6 - Examples) for you to work through. These examples illustrate a range
of shell and tube configurations that can be solved using PIPE, and show
you the various methods of inputting the relevant data.
When appropriate, this manual includes the PIPE input and output
views to help with explanations. Since PIPE is being continuously
developed, there may be minor discrepancies between what you see on
your computer, and the views shown in this manual. The discrepancies
may relate to layout, or to numerical values, but should not be taken as
indicating any problem.
See the PIPE Getting Started for information on the set of QA data that is
included with the program. The QA data are input data sets to help
ensure that PIPE is functioning properly. These sets should be run in
PIPE and then checked that the results are the same (within the limits of
computer accuracy) as the corresponding output files, which are also
provided.
The Help Text is the most extensive documentation available for PIPE. It
is available whenever you are running the program, or can be loaded
separately. There are direct links to appropriate Help topics for every
To load the Help Text when input item, and from many other places in the program.
you are not running PIPE,
double-click on PIPE.HLP in
the main PIPE directory.
1-6
Using PIPE 2-1
2 Using PIPE
2.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
2.2 Starting PIPE ....................................................................................4
2.3 The Start Up View ............................................................................6
2.4 Running PIPE ...................................................................................7
2.5 PIPE Icons ........................................................................................9
2-1
2-2 Using PIPE
2-2
Using PIPE 2-3
2.1 Overview
The normal PIPE run procedure involves setting up input data
representing a particular case, running the case and examining the
results. If you open a case you have previously run, you can examine the
results without needing to run the program again. Changes can easily be
made to a case and then re-run. You can examine the results of a
changed case before deciding to save those changes. A case can be saved
with incomplete data and then re-opened for completion.
Facilities are provided for you to provide a descriptive title for each run,
to specify a run number, and to add a number of lines of comments
giving further information.
See Chapter 3 - Data Input for a detailed description of the data input
and for output see Chapter 4 - Output. Extensive Help Text is available
when running the program. The Help Text covers not only the details of
input and output, but also the particulars of the User Interface.
2-3
2-4 Starting PIPE
2.2 Starting PIPE

To start PIPE do one of the following:
• Click on the Start button, select Programs, then HTFS and then
PIPE.
• Open Windows Explorer or My Computer to select the
HTFS\PIPE520 folder and double-click on PIPE.EXE.
If you want you can create a desktop short cut by dragging the
PIPE.EXE onto the desktop.
PIPE 5.20 and subsequent releases will work with Windows 2000 and XP.
You will then see the Welcome view, shown in Figure 2.1, which contains
a list of recently used input files, and gives you the option of opening an
Existing file, or starting a New one. Click on the New button, and the
Start up view will open, where you can begin inputting data for a new
example.
Figure 2.1
You can save an example at any point during data input, or after a case
has been run. The next time you start PIPE, the saved case will be listed
with the recently used files, and you can double-click the listing to open
it. If you want to find a previous input file that does not appear in the
2-4
Using PIPE 2-5
Recently Used Project File list, click on the Existing button. When an
input file is opened, PIPE will also open all the associated output files.
When you have your PIPE file loaded, you can start a (different) new
case, using the New command under the File menu Selecting New will
clear any existing data and set up default data. Return to a different
existing case using the Open command under the File menu.
You can also use the key Regardless of the method you choose to begin a new case, the first view
combination SHIFT F1 to return available is the Start up view shown in Figure 2.2. You can return to that
to the Start up view.
view at any point using Start up under the Input menu (or the key
combination SHIFT F1).
When you start an existing case, you will not be taken to the Start up
view. Instead, the Build Pipeline view will open, which shows a
schematic of the pipeline components, allowing new components to be
added or existing components to be changed. This view can also be
access at any time from the View menu or from the toolbar by clicking
on the View Geometry Diagram icon.
View Geometry Diagram icon
Figure 2.2
2-5
2-6 The Start Up View
2.3 The Start Up View

The Start up view is important because it ensures that you are offered a
set of input options consistent with what you want to do. You must set
the items on the Start up view, or accept the defaults, and click on OK
before you can enter any other data.
The most important item on this view is the Calculation Mode drop-
down list. The default setting is PRESSURE DROP, but you can reset it to
MASS FLOWRATE, or DIAMETER as required. As with all input items,
press F1 to see the Help Text, if you are not sure what the options mean
or what you should do.
The Multiple Choke Calculation is only applicable to Mass Flowrate

mode and should be deactivated in either of the other two modes.
Click on OK to gain access to the Build Pipeline view for your new case.
2-6
Using PIPE 2-7
2.4 Running PIPE

When you have prepared your data input, see Chapter 3 - Data Input,
for further information, you must Run PIPE to generate results. You can
do this either by:
• Clicking on the Run icon.
Run icon
• Selecting Calculate All under the Run menu.
• Pressing F4 on the keyboard.
A view will appear detailing the progress made as PIPE is run.

Sometimes this text will be too rapid to follow in detail, but it can be
useful for PIPE cases that take more than a few seconds to run.
Figure 2.3
A message appears when the calculation is complete, and the Results

Summary view (See Figure 2.3), and/or the Error/Warning log appears.
See Chapter 4 - Output, for more details.
2-7
2-8 Running PIPE
The Run Progress view records the file that is being run. See Figure 2.4.
Figure 2.4
If the extension is .PEI, you are running the case you just opened,
without having made any changes to it. If the file extension is .PEA, you
are running the edited copy of your original input file, having made
changes to it.
2-8
Using PIPE 2-9
2.5 PIPE Icons

Figure 2.5
PIPE has a toolbar containing a number of icons, which can be clicked

on as short cuts to the frequently performed program operations. The
meaning of each icon appears as a ToolTip after the cursor has been left
positioned on it for a second or two. When toolbar icons are referenced
in this manual, an image of the icon will appear in the margin adjacent
to the relevant paragraph. The following table gives a brief description of
each of the available icons.
Name Icon Function

New Create a new case.
Open Locate and open an existing case.
Save Save the active case.
Preview Input File Open the View Execution file view.
Find Input Item Open the Find Item view.
Pipe Sections Allows straight sections or bends to be

specified.
Change of Section Allows specification of fittings involving a

change on diameter of the pipeline.
Valves Allows various valve types to be specified.
Orifices Allows thick or thin orifice plates to be specified.
Known Pressure Allows entry of a specified change in static

Change pressure.
2-9
2-10 PIPE Icons
Name Icon Function

Process Allows entry of the process conditions for the
calculation mode selected.
Options Allows the Run Number, Job Title or

Calculation options to be changed.
Physical Properties Allows the Physical Property Data to be

changed.
Run Run the PIPE calculations.
View Geometry Displays the Pipeline Diagram view.

Diagram
Help Open the PIPE Help Text.
Exit Exit PIPE.
2-10
Data Input 3-1
3 Data Input
3.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
3.2 Input Views.......................................................................................4
3.3 Build Pipeline ...................................................................................6
3.4 Geometric Data (General) ...............................................................9
3.5 Pipe Sections .................................................................................10

3.5.1 Straight Lengths of Pipe .........................................................10
3.5.2 Bends .....................................................................................10
3.6 Change of Section .........................................................................11

3.6.1 Contractions and Inlets...........................................................11
3.6.2 Enlargements and Outlets......................................................11
3.7 Valves..............................................................................................12
3.7.1 Ball and Butterfly Valves.........................................................12
3.7.2 Globe and Gate Valves...........................................................12
3.8 Orifices ...........................................................................................13

3.8.1 Thin Orifice Plates and Nozzles .............................................13
3.8.2 Thick Orifice Plates ................................................................13
3.9 Known Pressure Drop ...................................................................14
3.10 Process Data ................................................................................14

3.10.1 Pressure Drop Mode ............................................................14
3.10.2 Mass Flowrate Mode ............................................................14
3.10.3 Diameter Mode.....................................................................14
3-1
3-2 Data Input
3.11 Other Data Input .......................................................................... 15
3.12 Input Units.................................................................................... 15
3.13 Using Help.................................................................................... 17
3.14 Finding Input Items ..................................................................... 18
3.15 The Input File ............................................................................... 19
3.16 Default Input Data File ................................................................ 20
3.17 Input Errors and Warnings ......................................................... 21
3-2
Data Input 3-3
3.1 Overview
PIPE has a number of data input views, each comprising several tabs.
You can access these views via the Input menu. The contents of each
page vary slightly according to the Calculation Type (Pressure Drop,
Mass Flowrate, or Diameter) you have specified.
Data is input by either typing in values, or selecting an option from a

drop-down list. You do not need to fill in all the data input items, only
those that sufficiently describe the case under consideration.
An asterisk (*) following an input item indicates that it is normally

necessary to supply these items.
Many PIPE input items have defaults. Some of these defaults are
indicated on their input form, but in other cases they will depend on
context and other input values, and are set up when you Run PIPE.
If you are unsure what a data item means, position the cursor on that
item and press F1. You will be shown the Help Text on that item, which
can show diagrams, define defaults, and let you explore other relevant
information. It can point you to more information on what use is made
of an input item during PIPE calculations.
For a full description of each item, and a listing of all possible items, use
the Help Text. For more information on Physical Properties, both input
and output, see Chapter 5 - Physical Properties.
Some input items have checks on them to prevent you from inputting
inappropriate values. However, the best check on input is to Run PIPE.
You will immediately see a list of any errors and warnings produced.
3-3
3-4 Input Views
3.2 Input Views

Under the Input menu you will see a list of input views, each of which
consists of a set of tabbed pages. The views and their tabbed pages are as
follows.
Views Tabbed Pages

Pipe Sections Length.
Bend.
Friction.
Change of Section Contraction.
Enlargement.
Valves Globe/Gate.
Ball/Butterfly.
Orifices Thin Plate/Nozzle.
Thick Plate.
Known Pressure Change Known Pressure Change.
Process Process.
Options Run Documentation.
Calculation Options.
Physical Properties Data These views have a slightly different layout from the other
views, and are described in Chapter 5 - Physical
Properties.
3-4
Data Input 3-5
Figure 3.1 shows a typical example of an Input view.
Figure 3.1
Many of the views/tabbed pages will have a different set of items on

them, depending on the components selected on the Build Pipeline
view.
3-5
3-6 Build Pipeline
3.3 Build Pipeline

To build and run a PIPE data set, you must first specify all the relevant
Geometric, Process and Physical Property data for your pipeline. After
you have specified the Calculation Mode, the Build Pipeline view will
open, as shown in Figure 3.2. From here you build your pipeline by
adding the various pipeline fittings, as displayed on the right side of the
view. The fittings you have added build your Pipeline Profile on the left
side of the view.
Figure 3.2
When building your pipeline you can either:

• add all the pipeline fittings for the entire pipeline and then specify
all the relevant data for each fitting, or
• fully define each fitting as it is added to the pipeline.
3-6
Data Input 3-7
In order to edit the pipeline you have defined click on the relevant
component and four new buttons Delete, Insert, Replace, Cancel will
appear on the pipeline diagram view allowing you to delete or replace
the fittings or insert a new component in front of the one selected. See
Figure 3.3.
Figure 3.3
If you want to delete all the fittings you have added, click the Clear All
button. PIPE will confirm this with you before proceeding with the
deletion.
3-7
3-8 Build Pipeline
To open any view for a fitting you have added, right-click on the icon in
the profile. Figure 3.4 shows the input view for a straight pipe length.
Figure 3.4
Each pipe fitting input view has differing fields, depending on the data
required to define its geometry. However, the buttons at the bottom are
common to all segments. The following table defines this button
functionality:
Button Functionality
Next Opens the Input form for the next fitting type in your pipeline profile.
Apply Accepts the input data entered on the form.
OK Accepts the data supplied, and closes the form.
Cancel Closes the view and deletes any information supplied.
Help Opens the related on-line help file.
The following sections describe the various pipeline fittings available in

PIPE and the parameters you are required to specify when adding these
components to your pipeline.
You have the choice of how you want to specify your pipeline. You can
add all the units first, without specifying their parameter or you can fully
specify each segment as it is added to the profile.
3-8
Data Input 3-9
3.4 Geometric Data (General)

This consists of data specifying the dimensions of the fittings in your
pipeline and friction in a straight length of pipe.
Diameter Defaults
You need only supply the Diameter of a fitting
• if it is the first fitting in the pipeline. The value you supply here is
used as the upstream pipe diameter for all subsequent fittings up
to, and including, a contraction or an enlargement
or
• if the fitting is either a contraction or an enlargement. You need
supply only the downstream diameter at every change of pipe
cross-section.
When you are asked to supply the Diameter in the following section on
PIPE fittings you should do so only under the above conditions.
3-9
3-10 Pipe Sections
3.5 Pipe Sections

Pipe Sections icon
3.5.1 Straight Lengths of Pipe
Definition of the pipe angle You must enter the Pipe Diameter (see Section 3.4 - Geometric Data
values:
(General)), Length and Angle with the Horizontal if your pipe is not
• 0o = horizontal
• 90o = vertical up
horizontal.
• 270o = vertical down
If the pipe is horizontal you do not have to supply an angle. You need not
enter any more items.
Heat Transfer
To account for the heat transfer you must also enter either:
• A value for the Heat flux and leave external temperature blank.
or
• Heat transfer coefficient and external temperature.
3.5.2 Bends
You can specify Circular or Mitre bends. If you know the value of the loss
coefficient K you should enter it along with the pipe diameter only (see
Section 3.4 - Geometric Data (General)). This value of K will then be
used by PIPE to calculate the pressure drop for the bend.
If you do not know K you should:

1. Leave the item blank and PIPE will calculate it. Enter the Pipe
Diameter and specify the Bend Type.
2. If you have a circular bend and know the radius, enter it. If you do
not know the bend radius of your circular bend then leave the item
blank and PIPE will calculate a default value of 3 times the pipe
diameter. If the bend is not circular then you should enter zero in
this item.
3. If the bend or mitre angle is not 90° then you must enter a value.
PIPE will allow you to enter mitre angles between 0 and 120°.
3-10
Data Input 3-11
3.6 Change of Section

3.6.1 Contractions and Inlets
Change of Section icon
PIPE allows you to include Sudden Contractions, Gradual Contractions,
Flush Inlets and Borda Inlets. If you know the value of the loss
coefficient K you should enter it along with the Upstream Diameter and
Downstream Diameter only (see Section 3.4 - Geometric Data
(General)). This value of K will then be used by PIPE to calculate the
pressure drop for the contraction/inlet.

1. Leave the item blank and PIPE will calculate it. You must enter both
Upstream and Downstream Diameters.
2. Enter the Contraction Angle if you have a gradual contraction. If it is
a sudden contraction you may ignore the item. If the fitting is an
inlet you should enter zero.
3. If your fitting is an inlet you must also enter the Inlet Type Identity.
If it is a Contraction you may ignore this item.
3.6.2 Enlargements and Outlets

PIPE allows you to include Sudden Enlargements, Gradual
Enlargements and Outlets.
If you know the value of the loss coefficient K you should enter it along
with the Upstream Diameter and Downstream Diameter only (see
Section 3.4 - Geometric Data (General)). This value of K will then be
used by PIPE to calculate the pressure drop for the enlargement/outlet.

1. Leave the item blank and PIPE will calculate it. You must enter both
Upstream and Downstream Diameters.
2. Enter the Enlargement Angle if you have a gradual enlargement. If it
is a sudden enlargement you may ignore the item. If the fitting is an
outlet you should enter zero.
3-11
3-12 Valves
3.7 Valves
3.7.1 Ball and Butterfly Valves
Valves icon
with the Upstream Diameter only (see Section 3.4 - Geometric Data
(General)). You need not enter anything else. This value of K will then be
used by PIPE to calculate the pressure drop across the valve.
If you do not know K you should enter the Upstream Diameter, the
Valve Disc to Diameter Ratio (for a butterfly valve) and the Valve
Opening Angle (defaulted to Fully Open).
3.7.2 Globe and Gate Valves

with the Upstream Diameter only (see Section 3.4 - Geometric Data
(General)). This value of K will then be used by PIPE to calculate the
pressure drop across the valve.
If you do not know K you should enter the Upstream Diameter, the
Valve Seat Area Ratio and the Valve Opening. The minimum allowable
opening is 0.06 for a globe valve and 0.1 for a gate valve. This is defaulted
to 1.0 (Fully Open).
3-12
Data Input 3-13
3.8 Orifices
Orifices icon
3.8.1 Thin Orifice Plates and Nozzles

with the Upstream Diameter (see Section 3.4 - Geometric Data
(General)) and Orifice Plate or Nozzle Diameter only. This value of K
will then be used by PIPE to calculate the pressure drop for the thin
orifice plate or nozzle.

1. Leave the item blank and PIPE will calculate it.
2. Enter the Upstream Diameter and Orifice Plate or Nozzle Diameter.
3. Specify whether the fitting is a Thin Orifice Plate or a Nozzle.
3.8.2 Thick Orifice Plates

with the Upstream Diameter (see Section 3.4 - Geometric Data
(General)) and Thick Orifice Plate Diameter only. This value of K will
then be used by PIPE to calculate the pressure drop for the thick orifice
plate.

1. Leave the item blank.
2. Enter the Upstream Diameter and Thick Orifice Plate Diameter.
3. Enter the Plate Thickness if you know it. If not leave the item blank
and PIPE will set it to half the Orifice Diameter.
3-13
3-14 Known Pressure Drop
3.9 Known Pressure Drop

Known PD icon For any fitting for which the pressure drop is known you should input
the value of the Pressure Drop only. You should input a negative value
for a Pressure Rise.
The program handles this by treating the pressure change as a 'dummy

fitting' at the point you inserted it. In the PIPE output it is given the
abbreviation 'DUMM'.
3.10 Process Data

Process icon
3.10.1 Pressure Drop Mode

If you are running PIPE in Pressure Drop mode you must input the Mass
Flowrate and the inlet values of the Temperature, Quality (vapour mass
fraction) and Pressure. The value of the Inlet Temperature used by PIPE
may be revised by the program if it is not consistent with the quality that
you have supplied.
3.10.2 Mass Flowrate Mode

If you are running the program in Mass Flowrate mode you must enter
the Inlet Temperature, Quality and the Inlet and Outlet pressures. You
must also supply an estimate of the Mass Flowrate. This is used by the
program as an initial value to be used in iterations for the mass flowrate.
3.10.3 Diameter Mode

If you are running the program in Diameter mode you must input the
Mass Flowrate, the Inlet Temperature, Quality and the Inlet and Outlet
pressures.
3-14
Data Input 3-15
3.11 Other Data Input

Properties information must always be provided. This is described in
Chapter 5 - Physical Properties.
Options icon
Options input can normally be set to default values, unless you want to
modify the basis of the calculations, suppress or switch on certain
outputs.
3.12 Input Units

There are three pre-defined unit sets available in PIPE:
• SI (mm, °C, kJ/kg etc.).
• British/US customary (inches, °F, BTU/lb etc.).
• Metric (mm, °C, kCal/kg etc.).
The Geometry and Process Data can be defined using different unit sets
within a single case. Properties Data can be defined with different unit
sets for every individual stream, if you want.
3-15
3-16 Input Units
When a new file is created, it uses a single unit set for all data, which you
can preset (the default setting is SI units). You can change the units via
the Preferences option under the File menu. Alternatively you can click
on the Units field at the bottom of any input property view, to get to the
Preferences view as shown in Figure 3.5. If you checked on the Change
Units Together checkbox, then a single change sets the units of all
components of the input to a consistent set. There is also an option to
define the Default Units for any New file you subsequently initiate.
Figure 3.5
When you change the units, you can decide whether or not any values
you have already input should have their units converted to the new
system.
Some of the preset defaults in the Geometry input have units, so you
should select the Convert option even if you have not yet supplied any
data.
The units of the program output will be deduced from the input units
although you can explicitly specify one of the three sets on the Output
tab of the Output view.
3-16
Data Input 3-17
3.13 Using Help

The Help Text in PIPE is the definitive source of information on Program
Input. It is kept fully up to date with every release, whereas manuals are
only updated when there are significant new features needing separate
documentation.
PIPE Help can be access at any point using the Help menu, or during
input, you can press F1 to go directly to help on the item where the
Help icon
cursor currently points.
The Help Text provides information on data input, how to use the User
Interface, the Program Output, and on Errors and Warnings. See
Figure 3.6.
Figure 3.6
3-17
3-18 Finding Input Items
You will also find information on PIPE capabilities, new features in the
latest version and contact points for user support.
3.14 Finding Input Items

If you need to specify information on some aspect of a PIPE case, and do
not know where to find the relevant input page, then look up the item in
the Help Text Index using the Search facility. Try alternative descriptions
if you cannot at first find what you expect.
When you have found the Help Text relevant to the particular input
item, you will see that there is an Input Item Identifier at the bottom of
the Help. This takes the form of a Line Number and Item Number in the
input file. For example Inlet Temperature is 204.1, meaning item 1 line
204 (there can be up to 6 items on a line)
To find a particular item, use the Find Input Item icon, or the Find Item
command under the View menu. See Figure 3.7. When you type in a line
Find Input Item icon
number, you will be shown the list of items on that line. If you click on a
particular item, you will be taken to the input view where it occurs. For
Physical Properties input, you will just be taken to the Main Properties
view, and may need to investigate subsidiary pages yourself.
Figure 3.7
Some Error and Warning messages give Line and Item numbers. You
can use the Find Item facility to identify the item more fully, and go to
the input page where you can amend it.
3-18
Data Input 3-19
3.15 The Input File

All the information you provide in PIPE is used to generate an input file,
having a simple layout. The file consists of a set of lines, each identified
by a number occupying the first three characters, and followed by up to
six items of data. Asterisks (*) indicate the omitted items on a given line.
Figure 3.8
The data lines are gathered together into 'blocks', with a related set of
line numbers. The following table lists the data type and their respective
number ranges.
Data Type Range

Geometry 101-111
Process 201-204
Stream Properties 301-335
Component Properties 401-435
Program Options On-line 001
The first line in each block identifies the block, and the units of the input
data.
3-19
3-20 Default Input Data File
A full listing of all possible input data items is given in the Help Text. The
Help Text on individual items indicates the line number (and position
on the line).
You can preview the Input data file, before it is run, under the View
Preview Input File icon menu, or by using the Preview Input File icon on the toolbar.
The User Interface normally holds an internal version of the input file,
which is modified in response to changes you make in the input, and
which is used when the PIPE calculations are Run. You have the option
of saving this internal version of the input file, at any stage. You will be
explicitly offered the option of saving it each time you Run calculations,
or, if you have changed any input items, on Exit from the program. If you
do not save it, any initial version of your input file will be left unaltered.
3.16 Default Input Data File

PIPE allows you to set up a Default Input Data File, which is called up
whenever you begin a New input data file. It can contain any amount of
preset input data. You can set up several default input files, and have the
option of selecting from among them when you run PIPE.
To set up such a default file, create a partial input data file in the usual
way, and save it with an appropriate name. Then select Preferences,
under the File menu, and select the Files tab. Select your default file
under the Default Input File option.
When you use such a Default Input Data File, you should ensure that
you use the Save As command (under the File menu) to save new cases.
Save your file with a name different than that of your default input file,
otherwise this modified file will be saved as the default.
To change the Default Input Data File, go to the Files tab of the
Preferences view, and make your selection. Then select New, under the
File menu, to initiate a new data file based on your new default.
3-20
Data Input 3-21
3.17 Input Errors and Warnings

If some operation fails when you are using the PIPE User Interface, or if
you have provided data which the Interface cannot interpret, then an
Information Message view will appear. You should click on this, and
take appropriate action before continuing.
In some circumstances, some of these input warnings will appear

repeated, as you make use of various different parts of the User
Interface. In order to prevent the display of messages you judge not to
be relevant, or to something you plan to correct shortly, use the Warning
Messages setting in Preferences to suppress the warning messages.
Figure 3.9
The Warning Messages group is found on the General tab of the

Preference view. Select the checkbox of the message type that you want
to suppress.
It should be emphasised that the Warning Messages setting does not

affect the checks performed when you Run the PIPE calculations. Error
and Warning messages on running cannot be suppressed, and are
always sent to a special message log, as well as being incorporated in
the main Lineprinter output.
3-21
3-22 Input Errors and Warnings
3-22
Output 4-1
4 Output
4.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
4.2 Output Views....................................................................................3
4.3 Output Files......................................................................................7
4.4 Error / Warning Message Log .........................................................8
4-1
4-2 Output
4-2
Output 4-3
4.1 Overview
Running the core PIPE program produces a number of different types of
output, which can be viewed using the Output menu. When you stop
working on an example, all the key output files remain in place, so you
can view the output again once you re-open a case you have previously
worked on.
This chapter gives an overview of the various outputs you can inspect, to
help you find particular details that may be of interest to you. A more
detailed description of all the Outputs is available in the Help Text. See
Output in the Help Text contents page.
4.2 Output Views

You can select from a set of output views, which contain the main
results. These include:
• Results - allowing the display of calculated results in either
Tabular or Graphical form. See Figure 4.1, Figure 4.2 and
Figure 4.3.
• Brief Output - Results Summary. See Figure 4.4.
• Full Results. See Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.1
4-3
4-4 Output Views
The Results output menu option brings up the Pipe Output view. A
number of different tabulated results may be obtained under the Tables
tab, by selecting the appropriate radio button in the Tables Options
group. See Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.2
When one of the profile options on the Graphs tab, shown in Figure 4.2,
is selected, the appropriate plot will be displayed. The resulting Detailed
Results - Plot view displays the selected data in graphical form, showing
the length profile. See Figure 4.3 .
Figure 4.3
4-4
Output 4-5
If you click on the Fittings Profile button at the bottom of the view, a
plot of the relevant data versus the fitting number appears. Clicking on
one of the data points on the resultant plot displays an information
panel pertaining to that fitting. If the fitting is a straight pipe with a two-
phase flow regime, a graph of the two-phase flow pattern is also
displayed under the fitting data.
The PIPE Summary Screen view, shown in Figure 4.4, appears

automatically at the end of a run, providing that the initial input
checking has run successfully. The PIPE Summary Screen view contains
some Geometric and Process Data and brief details of the results. You
can print the contents of the view.
Figure 4.4
4-5
4-6 Output Views
The Full Results output uses Internet Explorer, or your equivalent

HTML viewer, and has Topic Headings to give you direct access to
various parts of the results. The information shown is that in the
Lineprinter output file, the most comprehensive output.
Figure 4.5
4-6
Output 4-7
4.3 Output Files

Some of the PIPE output is directed to files. The User Interface has a File
View facility when you select these outputs under the Output menu.
This applies to the following files:
• The Brief Output.
• The Line Printer Output.
• The 80-column Output.
• The Physical Properties Output.
The Line Printer output is the most comprehensive set of results from
PIPE. It is up to 132 characters wide. When you run the PIPE calculations
from the User Interface, by default all the possible components of the
Line Printer output are produced. See Figure 4.6 for an example of this
output.
Figure 4.6
The 80 Column output is a more restricted version of the Line Printer

output. The Brief output contains the same information as the PIPE
Summary Screen view.
4-7
4-8 Error / Warning Message Log
For each of output file views, six buttons are available at the top of the
view. These buttons and their functionality are listed in the following
table:
Button Function
Print Prints the contents of the view.
Font Opens a view and allows you to change the file font.
Copy Copies all or only the selected text to the clipboard. You can then
paste the clipboard contents into a text viewer/editor such as
Notepad or a word processor application and then print the selected
text from there.
Find Activates the Find operation that will locate a word or phrase you
specify, within the file view. Use this operation if you want to quickly
locate information on a certain aspect of a pipeline. Simply use a
word relevant to the information desired and then the Find operation
will locate the text, if it exists, within the file.
Find Next After locating the first occurrence of a text string within the file view
using the Find button, use the Find Next button to locate all
subsequent occurrences of this text string.
Help Opens a Viewer Help view.
4.4 Error / Warning Message Log

When you run PIPE calculations, an extensive set of checks is performed
on the data you have provided, and then further checks are made as the
program continues its operation. These checks result in Error and
Warning messages, which are collected together in a file and which also
appear in the main record of the run, the Line Printer output. The
Messages file will often be the first thing you see when you have run
PIPE.
Errors are normally fatal, in that PIPE has identified some fundamental
inconsistency in your data, or a lack of essential data, which means that
it cannot continue further with its calculations.
Warnings occur if a value you have supplied is outside an expected

range, or if there is an inconsistency in your data. With any such
warnings you should check the input data, to confirm that it is as you
intended, and amend it if necessary.
4-8
Physical Properties 5-1
5 Physical Properties
5.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
5.1.1 Properties Data Input ...............................................................3
5.1.2 Properties Used .......................................................................4
5.2 Properties Input ...............................................................................5

5.2.1 Setting a Data Source ..............................................................7
5.2.2 Get Properties ..........................................................................8
5.2.3 Rules for Direct Property Input .................................................9
5.3 Properties Data Input (Old Style) .................................................10

5.3.1 Input Directly ..........................................................................11
5.3.2 User Databank .......................................................................12
5.3.3 Single Component Stream from NEL40 .................................13
5.3.4 Components: Calculation of the Properties of a Mixture........13
5.4 Mixture Calculations (Old Style)...................................................14
5.5 Property Databanks.......................................................................17
5.6 Importing Properties and Process Data ......................................19

5.6.1 Importing PSF Files................................................................19
5.7 Importing from HYSYS ..................................................................21
5.8 Importing from a Properties Package ..........................................23
5.9 Properties Output ..........................................................................24
5.10 Pressure Dependence .................................................................25
5-1
5-2 Physical
5-2
5.1 Overview
A wide range of options are provided for providing the physical property
data needed by this program. The user interface contains the HTFS
Thermo package, which contains data for over 1000 substances and a
range of methods for determining vapour liquid equilibrium and
mixture properties, and can be used to set up tables of property data for
each stream.
The calculation engine contains the HTFS Physical Properties Package

(PPP), which contains facilities for checking and interpolating the tables
of property data. PPP also contains a small properties databank
(NEL40), and methods for setting up property data tables as the
calculation is run. This facility is useful for pure components, but for
mixtures, use of the Thermo package is more flexible.
Physical Properties Options are common to most HTFS programs.

Examples in this section are based on a two stream heat exchanger, but
the description applies also to HTFS programs where the number of
streams is one (e.g. PIPE) or more than two (e.g. MUSE, FIHR).
5.1.1 Properties Data Input

There are two separate properties options under the Input menu:
Physical Properties
This lets you define a stream data source (components and methods) for
the Thermo databank, and then calculate a table of stream properties,
which can be used as program input. It also lets you directly input
property data tables, or modify those just calculated. Section 5.2 -
Properties Input gives more details.
5-3
5-4 Overview
Physical Properties (Old Style)

This gives you access to all the facilities which were in HTFS programs
before the Thermo databank was included. These include a second
facility to directly input data tables, an option to import pre-set data
from a databank at run time, and options to specify streams as single or
multiple components from the NEL40 databank, or elsewhere. Section
5.3 - Properties Data Input (Old Style) gives more details.
Use of the newer style input, with the Thermo package gives you more
control. This lets you set up, check and if necessary revise properties
data before running the program. Except for the special case when you
provide direct input, the old style input only sets up the properties data
tables data when the program is run.
5.1.2 Properties Used

A set of Property Data comprises liquid properties, vapour properties and T-h-x
data as appropriate. The data required are as follows:
Property Data
Liquid Temperature for liquid properties.
Liquid Density.
Liquid Specific Heat.
Liquid Viscosity.
Liquid Thermal Conductivity.
Surface Tension (for two-phase streams, optional).
Vapour Temperature for vapour properties.
Vapour Density.
Vapour Specific Heat.
Vapour Viscosity.
Vapour Thermal Conductivity.
T-h-x Data Temperature for T-h-x.
Specific Enthalpy [h].
Quality (vapour mass fraction) [x].
Sets of 1-24 liquid data points, 1-24 vapour data points and 2-26 T-h-x
points are used. Although separate sets of temperatures can in principle
be used for each of the three subsets, when Thermo is used the liquid
and vapour temperatures are identical with the relevant ones for T-h-x.
5-4
The properties need not relate explicitly to the process conditions in the
equipment through which the system flows in any way. Data can be
extrapolated as well as interpolated if necessary. It is, however, clearly
sensible that the properties cover a broadly similar temperature range to
that in the equipment, as major extrapolations are likely to be less
accurate than interpolations.
5.2 Properties Input

Properties input using Thermo normally involves:
• Setting up one or more data Sources.
• Selecting a data source for each stream, then defining the
composition, temperatures and pressures for the properties data
tables.
• Generating the property data tables, using Get Properties.
There are, however, four special data sources also provided:

• Direct Input - you type the numbers in yourself, copy them from a
spreadsheet, or modify values already calculated by Thermo.
See Section 5.2.1 - Setting a Data Source below.
• Not set here - meaning that one of the options under Physical
Properties (old style) is used. See Section 5.3 - Properties Data
Input (Old Style).
• Air or Water from NEL40 - a special setting under which air or
water data are obtained from the NEL40 package at run time. No
further settings for the stream are necessary.
5-5
5-6 Properties Input
The data source options, and calculated property tables are shown in
the main Physical properties view.
Figure 5.1
5-6
5.2.1 Setting a Data Source

A Data Source defines the components in a stream, and the VLE and
properties methods to be used. For a new case you will normally first
click on Add to set up a new Data Source. You can then select a set of
components from the master list, and add them to the list for the Data
Source. A Search facility lets you find components in the list more easily,
searching on either name or formula. Many components can be
identified under a variety of synonyms. The form ‘*abc’ can be searched
on, to find the string ‘abc’ preceded by other characters.
Figure 5.2
To define a data source, it is necessary to select property calculation

methods, (the Property Package) as well as a set of components.
If you selected a Stream Type on the main properties input form, then a
default Property Package will be selected. You can, however, change the
package used, from a selection including Peng Robinson, SRK, NRTL,
and variants on these. A brief description of each is given on screen.
5-7
5-8 Properties Input
When both components and Property Package are set, the status bar at
the bottom right turns green and reads Ready. You can then close this
view, and on the main Properties input view, the new Data Source is
available to be selected for any stream.
5.2.2 Get Properties

Get Properties calculates properties at one or more pressure levels,
using a set of temperature points. Using the Options facility lets you
either define a temperature range and a number of points (from which
the temperature points are determined automatically) or you can
choose to specify the temperatures to be used explicitly. A temperature
range and set of pressures are initialised from any process information
you provide where possible.
Get Properties causes the spreadsheet of property data to be filled in

automatically. If a stream is two phase within or near the range of
defined temperatures, property data at the bubble and dew point are
added in.
After properties have been calculated you can delete individual data
points (data columns). You can explore the effect of changing the
Property Package, used using Edit to revise the Data Source.
Once data has been generated, you can change the Data Source to
Direct Input and edit individual property values, though this is not
recommended.
5-8
5.2.3 Rules for Direct Property Input

Data for Two Phase streams must always contain the dew and bubble
points, if these points are within the range of data you supply. If they are
outside the range of data provided, they will be estimated by
extrapolation of T-h-x data. When data are provided, the highest
Enthalpy point with Quality 0 is assumed to be the bubble point, and
the lowest Enthalpy point with Quality 1 is assumed to be the dew point.
Points need not be provided in any particular order, but are sorted into
order of increasing enthalpy by the PPP when the calculation is Run.
The facility to supply the specific enthalpy and molecular weight of

individual phases is available via the Show Phase Enthalpies and
Molecular Weights checkbox, on the Options view. These are always
optional inputs.
For Single Phase streams data need only be input for one phase. Specific
enthalpy data are optional, as they can be found by integrating specific
heats.
A set of Stream Properties data you specify should all relate to the same
pressure, typically some mean pressure within the exchanger. You can
supply a second set of stream data at a different pressure, permitting the
program to allow for the pressure dependence of properties. Such
dependence is sometimes significant, particularly for thermosyphons,
or if there is a very close temperature approach between streams. For
the PIPE program, pressure dependence is mandatory. See Section 5.10
- Pressure Dependence for more information.
5-9
5-10 Properties Data Input (Old Style)
5.3 Properties Data Input (Old Style)

Figure 5.3
The Old Style physical properties input gives access to all the facilities
that were present before HTFS programs included the Thermo. Many of
these facilities are associated with the fact that, unlike Thermo options,
with many old-style options you cannot see the properties until you
have run the Calculation Engine.
The master view for old style input is shown in Figure 5.3. Using this,
Physical Property information can be supplied in a number of ways.
You can:
• Input Stream Properties directly. You can either type them, or
import them from a PSF file. See Section 5.6 - Importing
Properties and Process Data.
• Identify data from a User Databank. The calculation engine will
read data from this databank when it runs.
• For a single component stream, get the data directly from the
NEL40 Databank supplied with the program.
• Tell the program the stream components and composition, and
get it to calculate the properties.
5-10
The Data Source item on the main Physical Properties input view
allows you to select the various options. You should also set the Phase
before supplying further data. A two-phase stream means that it can be
either single phase or two phase, depending on the temperature.
If you have previously set up properties data using Thermo, or the

corresponding direct input (see Section 5.2 - Properties Input), you will
see the Data Source set to Approximately. You can change the Data
Source to Direct Input, and view and edit the properties data, but you
will not be able to access it again using the main Properties Input.
5.3.1 Input Directly

If you set the Data Source to Input Directly, you can then click on the
Property Table button to open a view, shown in Figure 5.4, where you
can enter the properties.
Figure 5.4
If you have previously imported data from a PSF file, you will be able to
see what you have imported.
5-11
5-12 Properties Data Input (Old Style)
You need to specify the properties indicated above for one or both
phases. For Two-phase streams you also supply T-h-x data. Although
you can supply data at up to 24 temperature points, this is potentially
tedious if you are typing the data in, and you are most likely to use this
method when you have only one or two data points available, for
example at an exchanger inlet and outlet.
If you want you can use different sets of temperatures for the Liquid,
Two-phase (Enthalpy + Quality) and Vapour Properties. You should
normally fill in the data tables from the left, without leaving gaps,
though this is not strictly necessary.
For Single Phase streams, T-h-x data are not usually input, as they can
be found by integrating specific heats. If, however, you do want to input
Enthalpies for a Single Phase stream, click on Show T-h-x, and that T-h-
x part of the input table will become available.
Heat Load data, rather than Specific Enthalpies, can be specified. If you
supply a heat load, you must also specify the flowrate to which it relates.
You can supply Compressibilities instead of Vapour densities. Use the

radio button to specify this option.
The rules for direct property input are as defined in Section 5.2.3 - Rules
for Direct Property Input. The additional facilities available under Old
Style input are as follows.
5.3.2 User Databank

If you have previously set up data in a user databank, then when you set
Data Source to User Databank, you will see a list of the datasets in this
bank under the Code drop-down list. All you need to do is select which
of them you want. See Section 5.5 - Property Databanks.
5-12
5.3.3 Single Component Stream from NEL40

HTFS programs come with a 40-component databank called NEL40. If
your stream is a single component in this bank, all you have to do is
identify the component in the Code drop-down list. For more
information on NEL40, see Section 5.5 - Property Databanks.
5.3.4 Components: Calculation of the Properties

of a Mixture
You must specify the Mixture Composition (mass or molar) and identify
the Components. The program will calculate a full set of Stream
Properties. The methods used are not as advanced as in Process
Simulators or specialist properties software packages. See Section 5.4 -
Mixture Calculations (Old Style) for more information.
In summary, when using Old Style input:

• If the stream is a pure Component: use the NEL40 databank if
possible.
• If someone has prepared the properties in electronic form (PSF
File or User Databank), use that.
• If the properties have been calculated, input the data.
• Failing any of these, if you know the Composition, get the
program to calculate the Properties of the mixture.
5-13
5-14 Mixture Calculations (Old Style)
5.4 Mixture Calculations (Old Style)

Mixture calculations determine the properties of a stream given its
components and composition. If the stream is two phase, then VLE
(vapour liquid equilibrium) calculations must be performed to
determine the bubble and dew point temperatures and the
compositions of the individual phases at intermediate temperatures.
Given the phase compositions, mixing rules can be applied to
determine each stream property from the corresponding component
properties.
With the Old Style input, mixture calculations are performed when the
calculation engines run.
From the main Properties input view, set the Data Source for the stream
concerned to Components, and then click on the Specify Mixture
button. The Specify Mixture view, Figure 5.5, lets you define the
temperature range over which mixture properties should be calculated,
or amend the calculation methods or results.
Figure 5.5
5-14
For a Two Phase stream, you can select the method to be used for VLE
calculations, SRK or Ideal. There is also a facility called T-h-x Override,
whereby you can control the results of the VLE calculations. At the basic
level, you can simply specify all the temperatures at which you want the
calculations performed. You can also request that any calculated bubble
and dew points (temperatures and optionally enthalpies), be modified
to conform to pre-set values. More information on all these options is
given in the Help Text, accessible by using the Help button at the bottom
of the page.
All the inputs on the Specify Mixture view are optional, but you must
use it to access the Define Components and Define Compositions
views, via the appropriate buttons.
From the Define Components view, Figure 5.6, you can identify each
component, and where data for it is to be obtained. Click on Add
Component until the correct number are identified. The number should
be the total number of components in all such mixtures. If the same
component occurs in more than one stream, it need only be counted
once. There is no need to include those components which only occur in
pure component streams.
Figure 5.6
5-15
5-16 Mixture Calculations (Old Style)
If your components are in NEL40, select this as the component Data

Source, and identify the component in the Code drop-down list. If you
have the DIPPR databank, you can select from this similarly.
You can also select from a User Databank of component data (if you
have set one up previously), or you can choose to Input Directly.
Selecting Input Directly as the Data Source enables the Property Table
button. If clicked the view for direct input of component properties is
opened. The properties needed for each component are similar to those
required for a stream, but the Liquid Properties are saturation line
values, and the Vapour Properties are ideal gas values, that is values in
the low pressure limit.
Each component can be identified as Liquid only, Vapour only, or Two

Phase. It is normally safe to leave the components set to Two Phase, but
if a stream is Single Phase, you can obviate the need for VLE calculations
by specifying all the components to be Single Phase as well. For a Two
Phase stream you can specify some of the components (incondensibles)
as Vapour-only, but not as Liquid-only. With the SRK method, (see later)
it is best to leave all components set as Two Phase.
When you have defined components, click on the Specify Composition

button on the Define Components view or back on the Specify Mixture
view. On the Compositions view, see Figure 5.7, enter the compositions,
as fractions, flows or percentages. Identify whether you are supplying
Mass or Molar values.
Figure 5.7
5-16
5.5 Property Databanks

The program contains two databanks for physical properties Thermo
and NEL40.
The Thermo databank contains data for over 1000 substances, and is
accessible via the User Interface to set up tables of Physical Properties
data as part of the program input. To see the list of substances in
Thermo, go to the Physical Properties input view, and click on Add in
the Data Source box.
The NEL40 databank contains data for 40 commonly used compounds,

and is part of the calculation engine. The input file used by the
calculation engine is given the stream components and composition,
but properties are not generated until the calculation engine is run. To
see the list of substances in NEL40, go to the Physical Properties (old
style) input view, set the Data Source to single component from NEL40
and look in the Code drop-down list.
The Thermo databank includes software for performing vapour liquid

equilibrium (VLE) and mixture calculations, using a variety of methods.
This includes interaction parameters appropriate to each of the
methods offered. In principle the Thermo package can be linked to a
variety of Properties databanks, but as supplied with HTFS programs,
only the Hyprotech databank is available.
The NEL40 databank does not in itself contain any methods for VLE
calculations, though it does do mixture calculations when phase
compositions are known. A VLE facility for use with NEL40 is provided
within the HTFS Physical Properties Package (PPP), but it is not as
extensive as the facilities offered with Thermo.
Properties from Thermo will depend on the equation of state used in the
properties method selected, even for pure components. Differences in
properties of a few percent may be found between Thermo and NEL40
in comparisons for compounds which are in both. This may reflect
uncertainties in known values of properties, or differences in the
equations of state used.
5-17
5-18 Property Databanks
For viscosities and thermal conductivities NEL40 can be more accurate

for pure components. For two phase mixtures this advantage may be
offset with the superior phase composition accuracy achievable with
Thermo.
One case where NEL40 may be more reliable than Thermo is for water,
since NEL40 contains an accurate water/steam package. Differences are
only likely to be significant at high pressures. The HTFS interface to
Thermo therefore contains a facility for Water from NEL40, which may
be used instead of setting a Data Source for water from Thermo itself.
There is a similar facility for air, which appears in NEL40, but is not
conveniently available in Thermo.
The DIPPR databank (which you may have purchased separately)

contains the properties of over 1000 substances. It does not contain
mixing rules. It can be used for components, which are liquids or
vapours. It contains data on some solids as well, but the available HTFS
mixing rules cannot predict the properties of solutions of these solids.
You can set up a User Databank with the properties of any components,
which you may frequently need to access, but which are not in NEL40.
The structure of the databank is very similar to that of the Component
blocks of an Input file. The Help Text gives full details.
You can also set up a User Databank containing the properties of

streams. The User Interface lets you add the properties of any stream to
such a databank. Use the Output to Databank checkbox on the
Properties Output Options view (via the main Properties input view).
You are advised to run the program first without this checkbox set, to
ensure that the stream properties produced are acceptable. Then re-run
the program with the checkbox set. Make sure that the stream has a
meaningful name you will recognise in future. When you have put one
or more sets of stream data in the userbank, on subsequent runs you can
select User Databank as the Data Source on the main Properties input
view using the Code drop-down list, select from among the previously
established data.
The User Databanks of stream and component data are files. Specify
their location by selecting Preferences, under the File menu on the Files
tab, specify the appropriate tab.
5-18
5.6 Importing Properties and

Process Data
There are three ways you can import properties and process data into
the case you are running:
• Import a PSF file (set up by a Process Simulator).
• Import from HYSYS (if this is available).
• Generate and Import a PSF setup using your company’s own
physical properties software while you are using this HTFS
program (if an interface has been written).
5.6.1 Importing PSF Files

PSF files are files containing process and/or property information for
one or more streams. They can be generated by Process Simulators, and
have the file extension .PSF. It is normally best to import PSF data before
entering any other process or properties data.
The data from a PSF file go directly into your input file. The import
facility can be access via either the Input or the File menus. The first step
is to identify the particular PSF file from which you want to import data.
You will then be taken to the Import PSF Data view.
Figure 5.8
5-19
5-20 Importing Properties and Process Data
If the PSF file has been prepared specifically for the exchanger you are
interested in, you may simply be able to click on OK. You can, however,
use the Import PSF Data view to direct only part of the information
from a PSF file into the input file.
You can:
• View the stream Names, Number and Inlet/Outlet
Temperatures in the file.
• Import data for some streams but not others.
• Import Process data, or only Property data, or both.
• Import data at any selection of pressure levels (PSF files often
contain properties data at the Inlet, Outlet and Mean Pressures in
the exchanger).
• Change the stream Number when you import data.
The Import facility shows you the stream names and inlet/outlet
temperatures in the PSF file. The temperature units of the display can be
reset by clicking on the Units field in the top right corner.
The PSF file itself is largely in basic SI units, and when imported to the
input file the data can be viewed in whatever units have been set for
process and property data.
The Import To column shows the Stream Number to which data will be
imported. This is initially set to the Stream Number from the PSF file,
but you can reset it to a different number if you want, or if it is necessary
for the program. You can set it to ignore, enabling you to import data for
only one stream (or fewer than all the streams for multi-stream
exchangers). You cannot set two stream numbers to be the same.
The Use Properties column lets you select which pressure levels in a PSF
file to use for Properties data. If there are data for three pressure levels,
you can select two (upper and lower), one (middle level), or you can opt
for a special selection.
If you want to import the properties data but not the process data, click
on Separate Process and Properties, and you will see that the Import To
column is divided in two. The left part relates to Process data, the right
part to Properties. You can set either one to Ignore, so that only the
other is imported.
5-20
Normally, when you import Process and/or Properties data for a stream,
PSF file layout and contents
are defined in the Help Text. any data you have already entered for that stream is overwritten. You
can however, cause the Properties data to be added to any data
currently present, provided that it relates to a different pressure. Use the
Merge with Existing Data checkbox.
Click on OK to transfer the Process/Properties data selected from the

PSF file to the input file. Select Process or Properties (old style) under
the Input menu to see what has been imported.
5.7 Importing from HYSYS

If you can run the HYSYS Process simulator on your computer, you can
select an exchanger in a HYSYS case, and import the data directly into
your HTFS program. The exchanger can also be a HYSYS LNG block,
when appropriate.
Though this facility is available within most HTFS programs, it is clearly

only directly useful when the HTFS program is for equipment
corresponding to a HYSYS exchanger.
Select Import from HYSYS under either the Input or File menu and you
will be presented with a view to select an existing HYSYS case.
HYSYS will then be started, load the chosen case and the import
interface will generate a list of all heat exchangers within that case. You
can select an exchanger, and for each stream in that exchanger, the
temperatures and pressures will be shown.
5-21
5-22 Importing from HYSYS
Figure 5.9
You can revise the temperatures and pressures. If you then select OK,
HYSYS will perform the flashes needed to generate the data for a PSF
file. You can then review and select from the data as for a normal PSF
import.
5-22
5.8 Importing from a Properties

Package
There is an option for importing properties and process data by
accessing your company’s own physical properties software while you
are running an HTFS program. If this facility has been made available,
the Import from Other Package command under the File menu will be
active.
When you select this option, you are asked to provide input on stream
inlet/outlet conditions, stream compositions and components, and
possibly also on the methods to be used, and the temperature/pressure
range of data to be set up. When you have supplied the necessary
information, a PSF file will be generated, and you will be taken to the
PSF import facility, where you can opt to import the data you have
created into the input file of your HTFS program.
To set up a facility to import data from your company’s own physical

properties software you must write an interface to this property package
and register it so that your HTFS program will recognise it. You
must create an executable with project name Properties Package and a

class name PSFFileGen.
The Help Text provides detailed information on the structure of the

interface, and on the contents of the PSF file it must generate.
5-23
5-24 Properties Output
5.9 Properties Output

The Physical Properties Package can be used to generate two types of
output. The first is in file format, the second in Windows format. All the
output relates to tables of property values which are set up at the
beginning of the program, and subsequently interpolated during heat
transfer and pressure drop calculations.
The first type of output can be either held in a separate file, or directed
to the main Lineprinter file. The separate file is the default. If you want it
in the main Lineprinter output, or turned off, select this on the Output
Options view, using the Options command under the Input menu.
Putting the Physical Properties output in the Lineprinter file means

that you will be able to see it in the Full Results output, in programs with
this facility.
The contents of the file format Physical Properties output can be set via
the Properties Output Options view, accessible from the main Physical
Properties (old style) input view. The output is in four parts:
• Input data for each stream/pressure level.
• Table of properties for each stream/pressure level.
• Stream/phase compositions for each stream/pressure level.
• Table of properties for each component.
For more information The third and fourth items are only relevant where mixture calculations
regarding properties
databank, refer to Section have been performed. Only the second item is produced by default. See
5.5 - Property Databanks. the Help Text for more information on the contents of the various parts
of the output. A further option, accessible via Output, lets you output
stream data to a stream properties databank.
The second type of Physical Properties Package output, in Windows

format, is not yet available in all HTFS programs. When it is available,
you will see Stream Properties and T-h-x as Output menu items.
Stream Properties gives the properties of each phase in both tabular

and graphical forms. The graphical form has a range of options. The
default is to plot all properties relative to their maximum value, so you
can immediately see if any property does not have a smooth variation.
This can be very useful for identifying typographical errors if you have
input the properties data yourself.
5-24
T-h-x gives tabular or graphical presentations of the temperature,

specific enthalpy and quality (vapour mass fraction) for each stream.
The graphical version also shows a set of interpolated points, so that you
can see the way properties data (input or calculated) is interpreted when
it is interpolated during heat transfer calculations.
5.10 Pressure Dependence

The effect of pressure on properties is most likely to be significant in the
changes it produces in vapour density, and in dew and bubble points,
which may be important when there is a close temperature approach
between streams. Allowing for pressure dependence is optional in most
HTFS programs (it is mandatory in PIPE).
The normal way of ensuring pressure dependence is allowed for is to

provide properties data at two pressure levels.
If you are using the program to calculate stream properties for a mixture
of known composition, then it is very simple to define two pressure
levels in the properties input. This normally happens by default when
you are using Thermo. If you are using Physical Properties (old style)
input you will need to use the Add Pressure key. You must then specify
the pressure for each level (if you only have one level, you can use a
default pressure). You should select the pressures to span the range
expected in the exchanger.
You can specify data at more than two pressure levels for a stream if you
want. This is unlikely to be necessary if the stream pressure change is
less than 30% of the (absolute) inlet pressure.
When data are available at only one pressure, the PPP can, if specified,
estimate an allowance for pressure dependence, using the Clausius
Clapeyron equation. This will be less accurate for wide boiling range
mixtures. To allow for pressure dependence in such cases, use the
checkbox on the main Physical Properties (old style) input view.
If you are supplying pre-calculated properties data at two pressures, you

should use specific enthalpies, not heat loads, and ensure that the
enthalpies have a consistent zero.
5-25
5-26 Pressure Dependence
If the properties data you have available are not isobaric data, but
contain some inherent pressure dependence, for example from inlet to
outlet, then in many cases you can use this data with relatively minor
inaccuracies. You should not select Pressure Dependence in such cases.
Data with an inherent pressure dependence are, however, not
acceptable for two-phase streams that are pure substances, or
azeotropes, or for which the change in saturation temperature due to
pressure changes is comparable with, or larger than, the isobaric boiling
range.
5-26
Examples 6-1
6 Examples
6.1 Overview...........................................................................................3
6.2 Single Component Two-phase Flow ..............................................4

6.2.1 Pressure Drop Calculation .......................................................7
6.2.2 Determination of Mass Flowrate.............................................17
6.2.3 Pipeline Sizing........................................................................19
6.3 Two-phase Flow - Hydrocarbon Mixture......................................21
6.4 Multiple Choking - Air Venting System........................................26
6-1
6-2 Examples
6-2
Examples 6-3
6.1 Overview
The following examples will guide you through a number of cases in
order to illustrate some of the typical problems, which PIPE can help to
solve:
1. Single Component Two-phase Flow, using PIPE in PRESSURE
DROP mode, evaluating the pressure drop in a pipeline, MASS
FLOWRATE mode, calculating the mass flowrate required for a
specified pressure drop and DIAMETER mode, calculating a
pipeline diameter.
2. Two-Phase Flow - Hydrocarbon Mixture, handling of mixtures.
3. Multiple Choking - Air Venting System, examining air flow through
a venting system, finding Maximum Mass Flowrate of air that can
pass through a system due to Choking.
In a number of these examples you will be shown views of input and

results views. Since PIPE is continually being updated, when you run
your version of PIPE, you may find that certain details of the screen
layout you see, or of the numerical values on your screen, differ from
those shown in this manual. If you want to check detailed numerical
values, use the QA files supplied with the program. See Chapter 2 - QA
Examples from the Getting Started.
6-3
6-4 Single Component Two-phase Flow
6.2 Single Component Two-phase

Flow
In this example, PIPE is used in PRESSURE DROP mode to evaluate the
pressure drop in the pipeline. PIPE for Windows' graphical capabilities
also enable you to view a graph of how the absolute pressure varies
along the length of the pipeline.
With identical inlet conditions PIPE is then used in MASS FLOWRATE

mode on the same pipeline to calculate the mass flowrate of the fluid
required to attain a specified outlet pressure.
Finally, with identical inlet conditions, DIAMETER mode is used to

calculate the diameter of the pipeline required to attain a given pressure
drop with a specified mass flowrate of fluid. The result will be in the
form of a scaling factor with which you should multiply the original
pipeline diameters to obtain the new pipeline size.
The pipeline consists of an upstream reservoir (item 0) which supplies

saturated water at 10 bar (absolute) pressure to a length of 50 mm bore
pipe (item 2). Entry to this pipe is treated as a flush inlet (item 1). The
pipe itself contains a thick orifice plate (item 3) of 25 mm diameter and
30 mm thickness. Flow continues further along the pipe (item 4) into a
T-piece (item 5), one leg of which is closed and is directed into an
upward slanting stretch of pipework, containing a globe valve (item 6), a
length of straight pipe (item 7), a sudden enlargement (item 8) and a
length of 75 mm bore pipe (item 9) containing a bend (item 10). A
further length of horizontal pipe (item 11) discharges into the
downstream reservoir (item13). The point of exit is treated as an outlet
(item 12).
You should treat the T-piece as a 90o mitre bend.
You should obtain the saturated water properties from the NEL40
databank at 10 and 8 bar to cover the expected range of pressures in the
system.
The water mass flowrate is 9000 kg/h with an inlet temperature and
pressure of 180oC and 10 bar absolute. The inlet quality is 0.0.
6-4
Examples 6-5
The following table lists the pipe fittings you will have to add to your
case to build this pipeline example:
Fitting Number Pipeline Unit Name Description

0 Upstream Reservoir
1 Contract/Inlet Flush Inlet
2 Length Straight Pipe
3 Thick Orifice Thick Plate
5 Bend Tee-piece (treat as mitre bend)
6 Globe/Gate Globe Valve
8 Enlarg/Outlet Sudden Enlargement
10 Bend Bend
12 Enlarg/Outlet Outlet
13 Downstream Reservoir
You are not required to specify the Upstream and Downstream

Reservoirs in the PIPE pipeline profile for your case. They are included
here simply for completeness.
The following table lists the information required to define the pipeline
units on the Change of Section view.
Fitting # Section Upstream i.d. Downstream i.d.

1 Contraction 1 0.00 0.05 m
8 Enlargement 1 0.05 m 0.075 m
12 Enlargement 2 0.075 m 0.00
The Pipe Length information is given in the following table.
Fitting # Pipe Section Inside Diameter Length. Angle

2 Pipe Section 1 0.05 m 0.6 m 0
4 Pipe Section 2 0.05 m 3.8 m 0
7 Pipe Section 3 0.05 m 0.2 m 41.8
9 Pipe Section 4 0.075 m 14.025 m 41.8
11 Pipe Section 5 0.075 m 1.3 m 0
6-5
Orifice information is listed in the table below:
Fitting # Orifice Upstream i.d. Orifice Diameter Thickness

3 Thick Plate 1 0.05 m 0.025 m 0.3 m
Listed below is the Bend information for the pipeline.
Fitting # Bend Type Upstream i.d. Radius Angle

5 Bend 1 Mitre 0.05 m n/a 90
10 Bend 2 Circular 0.075 m 0.225 m 90
The Valve information is listed below.
Fitting # Bend Type Upstream i.d. Angle

6 Valve 1 Globe 0.05 m
See Figure 6.1 for sketch of Example 1.
Figure 6.1
6-6
Examples 6-7
6.2.1 Pressure Drop Calculation

Start up PIPE
1. For instructions on how to start PIPE please refer to Section 2.2 -
Starting PIPE.
You will see the standard HTFS program Welcome view. If you want to
load an existing file either
• Click on one of the recently used project files or
• Click on Existing and select the file that you want to run.
Figure 6.2
The data for the first example is already stored in the file
HTFS\PIPE520\QADATA\PIPE_2.PEI.
2. To build a new file, click on New.
6-7
3. When creating a new data set you should complete the Start up view
which appears automatically after the Welcome view and is shown
in Figure 6.3.
Figure 6.3
This may be access again and modified by selecting Start up from the
Input menu. After completing this view, the Build Pipeline view will
appear.
4. Add the pipeline components as shown in Figure 6.4.
Figure 6.4
6-8
Examples 6-9
Geometry Data Input

This view may be access subsequently by selecting the Pipeline
Diagram from the View menu.
1. To build your pipeline you should select fittings from the toolbar on
the right side of the view in the order that they appear in the
pipeline.
A schematic for each of the fittings will appear on the left side of the
view. You may remove, add or move a fitting by clicking with the left
mouse button and selecting the appropriate button from the editor
button bar which automatically appears at the bottom of the view.
Once you have established the amount and order of the fittings in your
pipeline you should then add information about them.
2. Click on each of the fittings with the right mouse button or select
See the table at the beginning the fitting type from the Input menu.
of the Example for data to
input.
If the schematic of a fitting is outlined in red in the spreadsheet you
MUST enter data marked with an asterisk. The schematic should then
turn black. This means that you have supplied enough data for PIPE to
perform calculations on the fitting. An example of data entry for straight
pipe sections is shown in Figure 6.5.
Figure 6.5
6-9
Only the diameter of the first length of pipe was supplied. The other pipe
lengths use the diameters of the previous fitting as a default value. You
must always supply values for pipe length as there is no default. You
need only supply the angle of inclination if the pipe is not horizontal.
When entering Geometry data you should notice the following:

• You need only enter the pipe diameter at the start of the pipeline
and at any subsequent change of diameter. Fittings downstream
will use the value of the diameter at the start or at the previous
diameter change.
• Heat transfer in or out of straight pipes is handled by specifying
either a heat flux or an external temperature along with the heat
transfer coefficient.
3. Clicking on the 'Friction' tab will allow you to alter the surface
roughness of the pipes.
4. Once you have entered all of the data for each fitting you should
click on either the Apply or OK buttons. The data will then be stored
in memory.
Process Data Input

Once you have completely specified the pipeline geometry you should
enter the process data. You may access the Process input view from the
Input menu or by using the Process icon.
Process icon
Figure 6.6
6-10
Examples 6-11
After specifying the process conditions you should supply the physical
properties of the fluid in the pipeline. To do this you select Physical
Properties from the Input menu, or use the Physical Properties icon.
Physical Properties icon
The Properties view in Figure 6.7 will appear on the screen.
Figure 6.7
6-11
Physical Property Input

The first thing you should do when specifying Properties is to decide the
number and values of the pressure levels at which you want to specify
them. Since pressure changes calculated by PIPE can be large you
should normally supply physical properties at more than one pressure
level. PIPE interpolates between the pressure levels to calculate the
properties.
When the property view appears there should be a single tab labelled
Stream 1 at the top left of the form. You should
1. Click on Water from NEL40 as the Data Source.
2. Enter pressures of 10 bar (the inlet pressure) and 8 bar (an estimate
for the outlet pressure).
3. Close the Physical Properties form and click on Yes to save the
properties data.
The properties of water will be calculated using the NEL40 database

when you run PIPE.
When you have completely specified the geometry of the pipeline, the
process conditions and the physical properties of the fluid, you will have
enough data to run PIPE.
4. To assign identification to your run or change the settings within the
pressure drop calculations you should select Options from the Input
menu on the menu bar.
Calculate Results
1. From the main menu select Run and Calculate All, or use the Run
icon.
PIPE will now check the input data for consistency, correct any minor
Run icon
errors where possible and start the pressure drop calculation. A Status
report displays the progress of the calculations. On successful
completion a summary of the results will be displayed. Any problems
will be reported on this view and direct you to look at the Error/Message
Alternatively you can use the Log or Line Printer output via the Output menu. The Line Printer
search facility and look for output provides detailed warning messages so if there is a problem go
WARNING or FATAL.
straight to this and then scroll down to find the messages.
6-12
Examples 6-13
Examining the Results

When the PIPE run is complete there are several alternative ways of
viewing the results. The summary view appears automatically. To view
this subsequently you should choose the Brief Output option from the
Output menu (see Figure 6.8).
Figure 6.8
6-13
To examine how conditions vary along the length of the pipeline you
should select Graphical Results from the Output menu. The view in
Figure 6.9 will appear.
Figure 6.9
You may also examine tables of the pressure drops over each of the
fittings, and velocities through each of the straight lengths of pipe.
The Output menu also has a Physical Property option which allows you
to look at the variation of the physical properties of the fluid for both the
liquid and vapour phases (if present) as the process conditions change
along the length of the pipeline.
It is possible to view the results in different systems of units by clicking

on the drop-down list at the bottom left corner of the view. There is also
a button which allows you to export the results on the screen to the
Clipboard.
6-14
Examples 6-15
You can also see graphical profiles of a range of variables along the
length of the pipeline. If you click on the Graph tab in the Pipe Output
view, the view in Figure 6.10 appears.
Figure 6.10
If you select Absolute Pressure from the menu the following profile of
the pressure along the length of the pipeline appears.
Figure 6.11
6-15
The profile begins at the inlet conditions and continues to the end of the
pipeline. By clicking on the Fittings Profile button you may also view a
graph of the PIPE output against fitting type as shown in Figure 6.12.
Figure 6.12
If you click on a fitting symbol then a summary of the process

conditions at that point is output in a view at the top left corner. If, in
addition the flow is two-phase at that point a Two-phase Flow Pattern
Map appears at the bottom left.
The results of the PIPE run are given in full in the Lineprinter file which
you may select from the Output menu. The 80 column output is an
abbreviated version of the full output. The Output menu also gives you
the option of seeing the results of the physical property calculations at
the pressures and temperatures which you supplied.
6-16
Examples 6-17
6.2.2 Determination of Mass Flowrate

With identical pipeline geometry and inlet conditions, suppose that you
knew the downstream pressure and instead wanted to calculate the
mass flowrate required to give the specified pressure drop.
1. To do this you should access the Start up view from the Input menu,
change the Calculation Mode to MASS FLOWRATE and click on OK.
Figure 6.13
You must provide an estimate of the Mass Flowrate in the Process form.
PIPE uses this as the initial value in its iterative pressure drop
calculations. The mass flowrate calculated by PIPE is that for which the
corresponding pressure drop converges to the supplied value. So to run
PIPE in MASS FLOWRATE mode you must also supply the Downstream
or Outlet Pressure.
6-17
2. This downstream pressure is 9.109 bar and the estimate of the mass
flow rate required to give the 2 bar pressure drop is 7000 kg/h. These
are entered in the process view as shown in Figure 6.14.
Figure 6.14
A summary of the results of running this data in MASS FLOWRATE

mode is given in Figure 6.15.
Figure 6.15
6-18
Examples 6-19
6.2.3 Pipeline Sizing

Using the same pipe fittings in the same order and identical inlet
conditions you can use PIPE to calculate the Pipeline Diameter required
to achieve a specified pressure drop with a given mass flowrate. The
result is given in the form of a Diameter Factor with which you multiply
the diameters in the original pipeline.
To use DIAMETER mode you should:

1. Access the Start up view from the Input menu and change the
calculation mode to DIAMETER and click on OK.
Figure 6.16
6-19
2. Access the Process view and supply the values of the Mass Flowrate
and the Outlet Pressure as shown. See Figure 6.17. The downstream
pressure is 0.5 bar and the mass flowrate is 10000 kg/h.
Figure 6.17
A summary of the results of running this data in DIAMETER mode is

given in Figure 6.18.
Figure 6.18
6-20
Examples 6-21
6.3 Two-phase Flow - Hydrocarbon

Mixture
You should click the Specific This example illustrates how PIPE handles Mixtures. The geometry is
Enthalpies button before identical to that for the first example. The Calculation Mode should be
entering the component
properties. set to PRESSURE DROP.
Item Setting
Flowrate 5000 kg/h
Temperature -100
Pressure 19.14 bar (abs)
Quality 0.587
The properties of a mixture of seven hydrocarbons are given at four

pressure levels as shown in the following tables.
Pressure = 17.0 Bar Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Point 5 Point 6

Temperature [C] 25.00 -30.45 -53.51 -76.94 -91.64 -100.00
3
Liquid Density [kg/m ] 559.04 559.04 541.12 515.37 484.57 447.07
Liquid Specific Heat [kJ/kg K] 2.2568 2.2568 2.3201 2.4603 2.6780 2.9950
LIquid Viscosity [cP] 0.1513 0.1513 0.1216 0.0994 0.0870 0.0757
Specific Enthalpy [kJ/kg] 31.00 -147.0 -225.0 -319.0 -319.0 -451.0
Quality 1.000 1.000 0.942 0.854 0.772 0.676
Vapour Density [kg/m3] 12.911 16.584 18.184 20.355 22.331 23.898
Vapour Specific Heat [kJ/kg K] 2.2614 2.2665 2.3335 2.4702 2.6141 2.7398
Vapour Viscosity [cP] 0.0112 0.0095 0.0088 0.0081 0.0077 0.0074

Temperature [C] 25.00 -29.66 -53.94 -78.15 -92.46 -100.00
Liquid Density [kg/m3] 556.29 556.29 536.85 507.19 473.06 433.17
Quality 1.000 1.000 0.937 0.842 0.753 0.642
6-21
6-22 Two-phase Flow - Hydrocarbon Mixture

Temperature [C] 25.00 -28.92 -55.07 -79.25 -92.60 -100.00
Quality 1.000 1.000 0.930 0.828 0.737 0.596

Temperature [C] 25.00 -28.23 -55.51 -80.76 -93.31 -100.00
Quality 1.000 1.000 0.925 0.815 0.710 0.534
Thermal conductivities are not needed by PIPE, but at least one dummy
value (e.g. 0.5) should be input for each phase to ensure that data checks
are not failed.
6-22
Examples 6-23
After you have filled in the Geometric and Process data as in the
previous example you should select Physical Properties from the Input
menu or click on the Physical Properties icon in the toolbar at the top.
You should then fill in the Properties view with the settings shown in
Physical Properties icon Figure 6.19. This is done by clicking on Direct Input in the Stream Data
Source box filling in the form for each pressure level.
Figure 6.19
1. Select the Input Directly option in the Data Source box.

2. This form allows you to input the values for physical properties of
the mixture. See Figure 6.19. Values have been filled in for the
mixture at 17 bar. This should be repeated for each pressure level.
Property values between the pressure levels are found by linear
interpolation.
6-23
6-24 Two-phase Flow - Hydrocarbon Mixture
Once you have completed the property table for each level you may run
PIPE does not require
thermal conductivity
the data. A summary of the results is shown in Figure 6.20.
data. However, you
should enter a sensible Figure 6.20
value to prevent error
messages being
generated.
6-24
Examples 6-25
To examine the output in more detail you should select Graphical

Results from the Output menu. If you click on the Graph tab and select
Absolute Pressure from the menu you can see a graph of the static
pressure plotted against the length along the pipeline. See Figure 6.21.
Accessible by choosing Brief
Output from the Output Figure 6.21
menu.
You can see that most of the

losses occur at two fittings: the
thick orifice plate and the
globe valve.
6-25
6-26 Multiple Choking - Air Venting System
6.4 Multiple Choking - Air Venting

System
This example examines Air Flow through a Venting System. As shown in
Figure 6.22 air at 50 bar and 400K flows from a vessel through a pressure
relief valve, simulated here by an inlet and a short length of pipe
followed by a sudden expansion and along another length of pipe. The
flow then passes to a larger diameter pipe and is then discharged to the
atmosphere.
Figure 6.22
The fittings in the pipeline and their dimensions are listed in the table:
Diameter
Description Length (m) Angle (deg)
Upstream (m) Downstream (m)
Upstream Vessel - - - -
Flush Inlet - 0.01 - -
Straight Pipe 0.01 0.01 0.1 0
Sudden Enlargement 0.01 0.025 - -
Straight Pipe 0.025 0.025 5.0 0
Sudden Enlargement 0.025 0.05 - -
Straight Pipe 0.05 0.05 10.0 0
For the purposes of data input the Upstream vessel should not be
regarded as part of the pipeline.
6-26
Examples 6-27
You can use PIPE to find the Maximum Mass Flowrate of air that can
pass through the system due to Choking.
To calculate the mass flowrate you should specify MASS FLOWRATE

mode on the Start up view which you may access from the Input menu.
You need to input the items as shown in the following table:
Item Setting
Inlet Temperature 126.85
Inlet Pressure 50 bar
Outlet Pressure 1.013 bar
Inlet Quality 1.0
Mass Flowrate 691 kg/h
The estimate of Mass Flowrate shown is used by PIPE as the initial value
in its iterative pressure drop calculations.
When supplying properties you should treat the air as a vapour. Select
the <Air(NEL40)> properties data bank from the Stream Data Source
box. You should specify Five pressure levels to accurately evaluate the
properties over the full range of possible pressures in the pipeline. The
recommended levels are 50, 30, 10, 5 and 1 bar.
6-27
After running PIPE with this data you may view a summary of the results
by choosing Brief Output from the Output menu. This is shown in
Figure 6.23.
Figure 6.23
PIPE has calculated that the maximum mass flowrate of air that can pass
through the system is 1636.74 kg/h with a corresponding pressure drop
of 8.177 bar. Since the inlet pressure is 50 bar this mass flowrate appears
to be too small to achieve the specified atmospheric pressure at the vent
outlet.
However, in reality choking will cause a pressure discontinuity at the

choke location and there may be subsequent discontinuities,
sometimes referred to as multiple chokes, downstream of the first choke
location. This example contains three possible choke locations. These
are at the inlet and at the abrupt expansion from the second and third
pipe lengths. The pressure drop discontinuities at each of these choke
points will be such that the flow exhausts to atmosphere.
You can model this situation using PIPE by invoking the Multiple Choke
option. When PIPE encounters a choke point it represents the
associated pressure drop singularity by inserting a program-generated
dummy fitting immediately after the fitting where the choking first
occurs. The pressure drop over this fitting represents the singularity. If
there are no more choke points in the system with this flowrate the
pressure loss over the dummy fitting is adjusted until the system outlet
6-28
Examples 6-29
pressure is achieved. If there are further choke points in the system, the
program will insert dummy fittings at these points until the outlet
pressure is achieved.
You may only use this option You can activate the Multiple Choke option on the Start up view. A
in MASS FLOWRATE mode. summary of the results of running PIPE with the Multiple Choke option
activated is shown in Figure 6.24.
Figure 6.24
6-29
The Pressure Profile along the length of the pipeline is shown in Figure
6.25 with the Multiple Choke points indicated.
Figure 6.25
The atmospheric pressure is attained at outlet.
6-30
Index
A Diameter Defaults 3-9
Geometry 3-19
Absolute Pressure 1-5, 6-25
Geometry and Process Data Input 6-9
B Get Properties 5-8
Graphical Results 6-14, 6-25
Build Pipeline 2-5, 3-6
H
C
Help 3-17
Calculation Mode 2-6 Help Text 1-6, 2-3
Calculation Type 3-3 Homogeneous Velocity 1-5
Change of Section HYSYS 5-21
Contractions and Inlets 3-11
Enlargements and Outlets 3-11 I
Component Properties 3-19
Icons 2-9
Components
Change of Section 2-9
Calculation of the Properties of a Mixture 5-13
Exit 2-10
Contractions and Inlets 3-11
Find Input Item 2-9
Borda Inlets 3-11
Help 2-10
Flush Inlets 3-11
Known Pressure Change 2-9
Gradual Contractions 3-11
New 2-9
Sudden Contractions 3-11
Open 2-9
Convert Option 3-16
Options 2-10
Copy 4-8
Orifices 2-9
D Physical Properties 2-10
Pipe Sections 2-9
Data Input 3-1 Preview Input File 2-9
Databank 5-12 Process 2-10
Default Input Data File 3-20 Run 2-10
Default Units 3-16 Save 2-9
Determination of Mass Flowrate 6-17 Valves 2-9
Diameter 2-6, 3-14, 6-4 View Geometry Diagram 2-10
DIPPR 5-18 Importing from a Properties Package 5-23
Documentation 1-6 Importing Properties and Process Data 5-19
Downstream Diameter 3-11 Importing PSF Files 5-19
E Information Message 3-21
Input 3-15
Enlargements and Outlets 3-11 Input Directly 5-11
Error / Warning Message Log 2-7, 4-8 Input Errors and Warnings 3-21
Examining the Results 6-13 Input File 3-19
Examples 6-1 Input Item Identifier 3-18
F Input Items
Finding 3-18
Find 1-5, 4-8 Main Properties 3-18
Find Input Item 3-18 Physical Properties 3-18
Find Next 4-8 Input Units 3-15
Font 4-8 Input Views 3-4
G Change of Section 3-4
Known Pressure Change 3-4
Geometric Data (General) 3-9 Options 3-4
I-1
I-2 Index
Orifices 3-4 Pipeline Fittings 1-3

Physical Properties Data 3-4 Ball and Butterfly Valves 1-3
Pipe Sections 3-4 Circular and Mitre Bends 1-3
Process 3-4 Contractions and Inlets 1-3
Valves 3-4 Globe and Gate Valves 1-3
Introduction 1-1 Known Pressure Changes 1-3
Item Number 3-18 Straight Lengths of Pipe 1-3
Thick Orifice Plates 1-3
K
Thin Orifice Plates and Nozzles 1-3
Known Pressure Drop 3-14 Pipeline Sizing 6-19
Preferences 3-16
L Pressure Dependence 5-25
Line Number 3-18 Pressure Drop 2-6, 3-14, 6-4
Liquid and Vapour Physical Properties 1-5 Pressure Drop Calculation 6-7
Liquid and Vapour Reynolds Numbers 1-5 Print 4-8
Process 3-19
M Process Data 3-14
Mass Flow 2-6, 3-14 Diameter Mode 3-14
Mass Flowrate 6-4, 6-17, 6-27 Mass Flow Mode 3-14
Mass Flux 1-5 Pressure Drop Mode 3-14
Mixture Calculations 5-14 Program Options 3-19
Mixture Calculations (Old Style) 5-14 Properties Data 1-4
Multiple Choke 1-3 Properties Data Input 5-3, 5-10
Multiple Choke Calculation 2-6 Properties Data Input (Old Style) 5-10
Multiple Choke Option 6-28 Properties Input 5-5
Multiple Choking in an Air Venting System 6-26 Properties Output 5-24
Properties Package - Importing 5-23
N Properties Used 5-4
NEL40 5-13, 6-4 Property Data
Liquid 5-4
O T-h-x Data 5-4
Vapour 5-4
Orifices 3-13
Property Data Sources 1-4
Thick Orifice Plates 3-13
Property Databanks 5-17
Thin Orifice Plates and Nozzles 3-13
DIPPR 5-18
Other Data Input 3-15
NEL40 5-18
Output 1-5, 4-3
PSF Files 5-19
Output Files 4-7
Output Views 4-3 R
Results Summary 4-3
Results Summary 2-7
P Run Progress 2-8
Running PIPE 2-7
Physical Properties 1-4, 3-3, 5-1, 5-3, 6-23
Physical Properties (Old Style) 5-4 S
Physical Property Input 6-12
Pipe Sections 3-10 Single Component Stream from NEL40 5-13
Bends 3-10 Single Component Two-phase Flow 6-4
Straight Lengths of Pipe 3-10 Specific Enthalpies 1-5
PIPE Summary Screen 4-7 Starting PIPE 2-4
Start-up 2-5–2-6
I-2
Index I-3
Stream Properties 3-19

T
Two-phase Flow of a Hydrocarbon Mixture 6-21
Two-phase Flow Pattern Map 6-16
U
Units 3-15
Upstream Diameter 3-11
User Databank 5-12
User Interface 2-3
V
Valves 3-12
Ball and Butterfly Valves 3-12
Globe and Gate Valves 3-12
View 2-5
View Geometry Diagram 2-5
Void Fraction 1-5
I-3
Index I-4
I-4
Index I-5
I-5
I-6 Index
I-6

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2 Using PIPE .................................................................. 2-1

3 Data Input................................................................... 3-1

5 Physical Properties .................................................... 5-1

6 Examples .................................................................... 6-1

1.2 Pipeline Fittings ...............................................................................3

1.3 Physical Properties .........................................................................4

1.4 Property Data Sources ....................................................................4

1.5 Output Options ................................................................................5

1.2 Pipeline Fittings

1.3 Physical Properties

1.4 Property Data Sources

See Chapter 5 - Physical Properties for more information on the various

1.5 Output Options

Detailed tabular output is available for:

PIPE also includes an extensive set of error and warning messages, to

See Chapter 4 - Output for more complete information on the program

This Reference Guide provides basic information on using the program,

Also contained in this manual is a set of standard examples (see Chapter

2.2 Starting PIPE ....................................................................................4

2.3 The Start Up View ............................................................................6

2.4 Running PIPE ...................................................................................7

2.5 PIPE Icons ........................................................................................9

2.2 Starting PIPE

2.3 The Start Up View

The Multiple Choke Calculation is only applicable to Mass Flowrate

2.4 Running PIPE

A view will appear detailing the progress made as PIPE is run.

A message appears when the calculation is complete, and the Results

2.5 PIPE Icons

PIPE has a toolbar containing a number of icons, which can be clicked

Name Icon Function

Open Locate and open an existing case.

Save Save the active case.

Preview Input File Open the View Execution file view.

Find Input Item Open the Find Item view.

Pipe Sections Allows straight sections or bends to be

Change of Section Allows specification of fittings involving a

Valves Allows various valve types to be specified.

Orifices Allows thick or thin orifice plates to be specified.

Known Pressure Allows entry of a specified change in static

Name Icon Function

Options Allows the Run Number, Job Title or

Physical Properties Allows the Physical Property Data to be

Run Run the PIPE calculations.

View Geometry Displays the Pipeline Diagram view.

Help Open the PIPE Help Text.

Exit Exit PIPE.

3.2 Input Views.......................................................................................4

3.3 Build Pipeline ...................................................................................6

3.4 Geometric Data (General) ...............................................................9

3.5 Pipe Sections .................................................................................10

3.6 Change of Section .........................................................................11

3.8 Orifices ...........................................................................................13