Translated from Indonesian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

com

A. ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The following is the anatomy of the respiratory system:

1. NOSE CAVITY

The nose is the main organ of the respiratory tract which is directly in contact with the
outside world which functions as a passage for air to enter and exit through the
breathing process. In addition, the nose also functions to maintain and warm incoming
air, as a filter in cleaning incoming foreign objects and plays a role in sound resonance,
as a location for alfactory receptors.
2. PHARYNX

The pharynx is the intersection between the respiratory tract and the food passageway,
located under the base of the skull, behind the nasal cavity and mouth in front of the
cervical spine.

3. LARYNX
The larynx is a respiratory tract that is located between the oropharynx and the trachea,
the function of the larynx is as a passage for air, clearing the passage for food to enter
the esophagus and as sound production.
The larynx is often referred to as the voice box and consists of:
- Epiglottis: a flap of cartilage that covers the ostium towards the larynx
during swallowing
- Glottis: the ostium between the vocal cords in the larynx

4. TRACHEA

The trachea is a tube organ between the larynx and the apex of the lung, about 10-12
cm long, as high as the 6-thoracic cervical 5 Also called the windpipe The end of the
trachea branches into two bronchi called the carina
5. BRONCHUS
The bronchi are branches of the trachea that branch into the right lung and the left lung.
The right bronchus is shorter and larger in diameter. The left bronchus is more
horizontal, longer and narrower.
1. Bronchi
- Divided into right and left bronchi. Called right lobar bronchus (3
lobe) and left lobar bronchus (2 bronchi)
- The right lobar bronchus divides into 10 segmental bronchi
The left lobar bronchus divides into 9 segmental bronchi
- These segmental bronchi then subdivide into subsegmental bronchi which are
surrounded by connective tissue which have: arteries, lymphatics and nerves
2. Bronchioles
- Segmental bronchi branch into bronchioles
- The bronchioles contain submucous glands that produce submucous glands that form
a continuous blanket to line the inside of the airway
3. Terminal bronchioles
Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles
(which does not have mucous glands and cilia)
4. Respiratory bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles then become respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles are considered transitional channels between passageways
breath conduction and airway gas exchange

6. LUNGS

The lungs are an organ that is mostly located in the upper chest cavity, limited on the
sides by muscles and ribs and on the bottom by a strong muscular diaphragm.
An elastic, conical organ Located in the thoracic or thoracic cavity The two lungs are
separated by a central mediastinum which contains the heart and several great vessels
Each lung has an apex and a base The right lung is larger and is divided into 3 lobes by
the interlobar fissure The left lung is smaller and divided into 2 lobes. These lobes are
divided into several segments according to the bronchial segments.

7. ALVEOLUS

It is the terminal part of the bronchial branches and is responsible for the structure of
the lungs which resembles a small bag open on one side and a place for the exchange of
O2 and CO2. There are around 300 million of which, if united to form one sheet, would
cover an area of 70 m2.
B. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The function of the lungs is the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. In
breathing through the lungs or external breathing, oxygen is collected through the
nose and mouth when breathing; oxygen enters through the trachea and bronchial
tubes to the alveoli, and can be in close contact with blood in the pulmonary
capillaries. Only one layer of membrane, namely the alveoli-capillary membrane,
separates oxygen from the blood. Oxygen penetrates this membrane and is picked
up by the hemoglobin of red blood cells and carried to the heart. From here it is
pumped in the arteries to all parts of the body. Blood leaves the lungs at an oxygen
pressure of 100 mm Hg and at this level the hemoglobin is 95 percent saturated
with oxygen.
In the lungs, carbon dioxide, one of the waste products of metabolism,
penetrates the alveolar-capillary membranes from the blood capillaries to the alveoli
and after passing through the bronchial tubes and trachea, is breathed out through
the nose and mouth.
All these processes are regulated so that the blood leaving the lungs receives the
right amount of CO2 and O2. During exercise, more blood enters the lungs carrying
too much CO2 and too little O2; The amount of CO2 cannot be removed, so its
concentration in arterial blood increases. This stimulates the respiratory center in
the brain to increase the speed and depth of breathing. This additional ventilation
removes CO2 and picks up more O2.
Tissue respiration or internal respiration. Blood that has saturated its
hemoglobin with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) circulates throughout the body and
finally reaches the capillaries, where the blood moves very slowly. Tissue cells pick
up oxygen from hemoglobin to allow oxygen flow, and the blood receives, in
return, carbon dioxide.

C. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system in humans can also experience disorders or abnormalities
that affect the system itself. The following are various types of diseases in the
human respiratory system:
1. Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx due to infection, causing pain
when swallowing food or when the throat feels dry. This disorder is caused
by a bacterial or viral infection. The bacteria that usually attacks this disease
is Streptococcus pharyngitis. Inflammation can also occur due to smoking
too much, characterized by pain when swallowing and a dry feeling in the
throat.
2. Asthma
Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease that causes repeated attacks of
shortness of breath and wheezing. Asthma is one of the most common and
varied lung disorders, affecting one in four children in some areas. The
muscles in the walls of the airways contract like spasms, causing the
airways to narrow, resulting in attacks of shortness of breath. The narrowing
 is made worse by excessive mucus secretion. Most cases occur in childhood
and are usually related to allergic diseases such as eczema and both have
hereditary factors.
3. Influenza (Flu)
Influenza disease is caused by the influenza virus. Symptoms include a
runny nose, stuffy nose, sneezing and an itchy throat. Influenza is an acute
infectious disease of the respiratory tract, mainly characterized by fever,
chills, muscle aches, headaches and is often accompanied by a runny nose,
sore throat and cough without phlegm. The illness lasts between 2-7 days
and usually resolves on its own.
4. Sinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammatory disease of the upper part of the nasal cavity or

paranasal sinuses. Sinusitis is caused by bacterial, fungal, viral infections,
decreased immunity, flu, stress, smoking addiction, and dental infections.
(Herbal Sinusitis Medicine)
5. Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by systemic infection with the

Mycobacterium tuberculosis germ, which can manifest in almost all organs
of the body with the most frequent location being the lungs, which is usually
the location of primary infection. This bacteria attacks the lungs so that
inside the alveoli there are nodules. This disease causes the oxygen
diffusion process to be disrupted due to the presence of small spots on the
alveolar walls.
6. Pneumonia
Pneumonia or also called Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs in which the
pulmonary aveoli which are responsible for absorbing oxygen from the
 atmosphere become inflamed and filled with fluid. Lung inflammation can
be caused by several causes including bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic
infections. Lung inflammation can be caused by streptococcus and
mycopalsma pneumoniae bacteria. Pneumonia can also be caused by
chemical or physical injury to the lungs or as a result of another disease,
such as lung cancer or excessive drinking of alcohol.
7. Diphtheria
Diptheria is an infection of the upper respiratory tract. In general, it is
caused by Corynebacterium diphterial. At an advanced level, sufferers can
experience damage to the lining of the heart, fever, paralysis, and even
death.
8. Lung cancer
This disease is one of the most dangerous. Cancer cells in the lungs continue
to grow uncontrollably. Over time, this disease can attack the entire body.
One of the triggers for lung cancer is smoking. Smoking can trigger lung
cancer and lung damage.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com/organ-wiki-sistem-pernasasan
www.scribd.com/anatomy-physiology-respiratory-system