Final Exam RM

26- The Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences has opened a new lounge for male
student (PSMCHS café). The college administration will conduct a study to evaluate this service
by meeting the student at this café and recording their feedback. Which method for data collection
is most applicable?
a. Observation.
b. Interview.
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment
27- A researcher is interested in finding out the prevalence and relationship between osteoarthritis
of the knees and obesity in Saudi Arabia. Which is the most suitable design for this study?
a. Before and after (pre-post) study design.
b. . Longitudinal study design.
c. Randomized control trial.
D. Cross sectional study design
28- A quasi-experimental design is characterized by:

a. random assignment of participants to control and intervention groups.
b. participants are not randomly assigned to groups
c. random assignment of participants within the control group.
d. control of extraneous variables.
A research team aimed to investigate the prospective effect of two types of exercise programs on
kidney functions of male smokers. They also considered the years of smoking (< 10 years and >
10 years smoking) as a factor that may affect the study results. Ans 29&30
29- This study is:
a. single factorial design (exercise type is the independent variable).
b. factorial design (kidney function and exercise type are the independent variables).
c. single factorial design (years of smoking is the independent variable).
d. factorial design (exercise type and years of smoking are the independent variables).
30- That study design could also be:

A randomized block designs.
b. cross sectional design.
c. within group design.
d. non-experimental design
31-Research design:
a. is not based on study objectives.
b. reduces objectivity and accuracy of procedures.
c. is an outline of what the rese archer will do.
d. reveals the study findings.
39. Ben and colleagues conducted a study to investigate the relationship between incidence of
breast cancer and presence of previous family history of tumors. This study design is:
a. prospective.
B. retrospective.
c. longitudinal.
d. descriptive.
33. A research design that allows the researcher to measure the pattern of change over time is:
a. cross sectional design.
b. longitudinal design.
c. pre-test/post-test design.
d. quasi experimental design.
41. Cross sectional study design:

a. helps estimating incidence but not prevalence of a problem.
b. helps estimating a cause and effect relationship.
c. is expensive and time consuming.
d. does not suffer a loss to follow up problem.
42. The pre-test/post-test study design:

a. is suitable for measuring the effectiveness of an intervention.
b.is easier and inexpensive compared with the cross-sectional design.
C. has no time lapse between measurements.
43. Random assignment of study sample to study groups is crucial for:

a. within group design.
b. quasi experimental design.
c. randomized controlled trials.
d. single factorial design.
23. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected by the primary
investigator for research purposes?
a). Primary data.
b. Experimental data.
C. Secondary data.
d. Field notes.
44. The observation method of data collection:

a. can be modified according to the situation.
b. is free of observer bias.
c. its collected data are not real-time data.
d. has a self-report bias.
The aim of a study was to evaluate the pattern of changes in cardiovascular risk of students and
compare them with age-matched national samples. 134 participants were enrolled and tracked
between August 2012 and May 2016". (Answer questions 29 & 30):
29. What is the most suitable design for this study?
a. Before and after design.
b. Cross sectional design.
c. Longitudinal design.✓
d. Retrospective design.
30. Which method of data collection could be used?

a. Observation.✓
b. Interview.
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment.
A study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single exercise session on appetite, energy
intake and mood, and to determine if there was a time-of-day effect. Twelve healthy, young,
normal-weight subjects, who were non-regular exercisers, participated in four trials: morning
control, morning exercise, evening control and evening exercise. (questions 31 and 32)
31. In this experimental study, what type of study design was used?
a. Between-subject design.
b. Randomized block design.
c. Within-subject design.✓
d. Randomized controlled trial.
32. This study can be described as a:

a. 2x2 between-subject factorial design.
b. 2x2 within-subject factorial design.✓
c. 2x3 within-subject multifactorial design.
d. 2x3 between-subject multifactorial design.
33. The Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences has opened a new lounge for male
by meeting the student at this café and recording their feedback, which method for data collection
is most applicable?
a. Observation.
b. Interview.✓
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment.
10 years of smoking) as a factor that may affect the study results. (Answer questions 34 & 35)
34. This study is:
b. factorial design (kidney function and exercise type are the independent variables). c. single
factorial design (years of smoking is the independent variable).
d. factorial design (exercise type and years of smoking are the independent variables).✓
35. That study design could also be:

a. randomized block design.✓
d. non-experimental design.
36. A researcher is interested in finding out the prevalence and relationship between osteoarthritis
a. Before and after (pre-post) study design. b. Longitudinal study design.
d. Cross sectional study design.✓
37. A quasi-experimental design is characterized by:

b. participants are not randomly assigned to groups.✓
38. Research design:

c. is an outline of what the researcher will do.✓
d. reveals the study findings.
a. prospective.
b. retrospective.✓
c. longitudinal.
d. descriptive.
40. A study involved 187 cardiac patients with myocardial infraction who attended cardiac
investigation laboratory to assess cardiopulmonary functions. Then, the patients were tracked for
ten years for changes in the pattern of their cardiopulmonary functions. The study design used in
this study is:
a. cross sectional design
b. retrospective design
c. longitudinal design ✅
d. randomized block design

a. helps estimating incidence but not prevalence of a problem. b. helps estimating a cause and
effect relationship.
c. is expensive and time consuming.
d. does not suffer a loss to follow up problem. ✅

a. is situable for measuring the effectiveness of an intervention.✅
b. is easier and inexpensive compared with the cross-sectional design.
c. has no time lapse between measurements.

c. randomized controlled trials.✅

a. can be modified according to the situation.✅
45. Secondary sources of data may include:

a. surveys.
b. interviews.
c. observations.
d. medical records.✅
46. Questionnaires have the following drawback:

a. they tend to be personal.
b. have limited opportunity to ask for clarification.✅
c. responses can be unlimited to questions.
d. free of self-report bias.
47. Secondary sources of data:
a. are highly valid and reliable.
b. can easily be obtained in the required format.
c. are free of personal bias.
d. are occasionally unavailable.✅
48. Which of the following terms best describe data that were originally collected at an earlier time
by a different person for a different purpose?
a. Primary data.
c. Secondary data.✅
d. Field notes.
49. Basic requirements for experimentation as a method of data collection include:

a. non-random assignment of the sample.
b. measurement of the independent variables.
c. consistency of conditions across groups.✅
d. manipulation of the dependent variables.
50. In the process of literature review, in order to find out the basic information for your topic of
interest, it is advisable to search primarily in:
a. journal articles.✅
b. text books.
c. magazines.
d. newspapers.
51. A variable that changes due to the action of another variable is known as the:
a. independent variable.
b. extraneous variable.
c. complex variable.
d. dependent variable.✅
52. You are invited to be a participant in a research study and have been given a consent form for
the study. Which of the following statements best describes what you expect to read in that
consent form?
a. brief summary of the literature review, focus of the study and how it will affect you.
b. What the study is about, benefits and risks of the study and how your privacy will be
respected.✅
c. A brief introduction, how findings will be disseminated and a box to sign the form.
d. A statement that you approve to participate in the study and a box to sign the form.
53. Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative data?
a. Patient's opinion. ✅
b. Patient's age.
c. Pain variable.
d. Patient's weight.
54. In a study, participants were asked to indicate their ethnic background from a given list (e.g.
Arabs, Caucasien, Latin.). This type of variable is classified as:
a. nominal. ✅
b. continuous.
c. ordinal.
d. discrete.
55. Dose exercising regularly during an inpatient hospitalization reduces weight gain among
psychiatric patients. In this research question, using the PICO model, O is identified as:
a. exercise,
b. inpatient.
c. weight gain ✅
d. psychiatric patient.
56. A variable that is controlled by the researcher to examine its impact is known as the:
a. independent variable.✅
c. complex variable.
d. dependent variable.
"" Researchers conducted a study to evaluate the effects of social support of cardiac patients.
The study hypothesis was that: cardiac patients who receive support from former patients have
less anxiety and higher self-efficacy than other patients (Answer questions 57 and 59).
57. Social support is considered:
a. the independent variable.✅
b. the dependent variable.
c. the confounding variable.
d. the intervening variable.
58. Anxiety and self- efficacy are considered:

a. the independent variables.
b. the dependent variables.✅
c. the extraneous variables.
d. the confounding variables.
59. This research hypothesis is:
a. directionnel hypothesis ✅
b. non-directional hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. research question
15. Farrag et al. 2015 hypothesized that "lifting a load of unknown weight will result in significantly
higher lumbosacral loads and moments than lifting a known weight". This :hypothesis is
.a. non-directional
b.) directional.
.c. null hypothesis
.d. research question
16. An educated guess about study findings is

a) hypothesis.
.b. literature review
.c. dependent variable
.d. study design
17. Non-directional hypothesis is used when the researcher

.a. expects the exact relationship between the study variables
b. expects that study variables are not related
.c) expects an effect but not sure of its nature( .
.d. writes a research question
18. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at an earlier
time by a different person for a different purpose?
.a. Primary data
.b. Experimental data
.C Secondary data
.d. Field notes
In your study, you will compare a newly developed medication with a traditional :)medication for
the treatment of a chronic lung disease, (Answer question 19 & 20
19. Which method for data collection will you apply ? .
.a. Observation
.b. Interview
.c. Secondary
.d. Experiment
20. Which design will you implement? .

a. Quasi-experimental study
.b. Non-experimental study
.c. Retrospective study
d. Randomized Block Design
21. The high prevalence of physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia is a growing challenge to public
health. A study aimed to examine the prevalence of physical activity and associated factors
among male and female university students. What is the most suitable design for ?this study
a .Before and after design
.b) Cross sectional design(
.c. Longitudinal design
.d. Prospective design
22. Researchers wanted to determine the effectiveness of walking and swimming on the level of
fitness and activity of daily living in older adults. Participants were 75, randomly ?assigned to
walking, swimming or a control group. What is the type of this study
a. One group Pretest-posttest design.
b. Posttest only control group design.
. c) Pretest-posttest control group design
.d .Randomized block design
The aim of a study was to evaluate the pattern of changes in cardiovascular risk of " students and
compare them with age-matched national samples. 134 participants were :)enrolled and tracked
between August 2012 and May 2016". (Answer questions 23 &24
23 What is the most suitable design for this study?
.a. Before and after design .
b. Cross sectional design
C. Longitudinal design
d. Retrospective design
24. Which method for data collection could be used?

.a.) Observation .
b. Interview
.c. Secondary .
d. Experiment
25. A study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single exercise class on appetite, energy
intake and mood, and to determine if there was a time of day effect. Twelve healthy, young,
normal weight, who were non-regular exercisers, participated in four trials: morning control,
morning exercise, evening control and evening exercise. In this experimental study, what type of
study design was used?
.a. Between subject design .
b. Randomized block design .
c. Within subject design
d. Randomized control trial

a. Surveys.
b. Interviews.
c. Observations.
d. Medical records.
a. They tend to be personal.
b. Have limited opportunity to ask for clarification.
c. Responses can be unlimited to questions.
d. Free of self-report bias.

a. are always available.
b. Can easily be obtained in the required format.
c. Are free of personal bias.
d. Have limited validity and reliability.

a. Nonrandom assignment of the sample.
b. Measurement of the independent variables.
c. Consistency of conditions across groups.
d. Manipulation of the dependent variables.
5. The degree to which a change in the outcome of a study can be attributed to the study
intervention rather than to extraneous variables is:
a. Internal validity.
b. External validity.
c. Intra-rater reliability.
d. Inter-rater reliability.
6. The extent to which a measurement is consistent and free from error is defined as:
a. Sensitivity.
b. Specificity.
c. Reliability.
d. Validity.
7. A test of validity may be performed by measuring the proportion of actual positives which are
correctly identified. This type of test is called:
a. Sensitivity.
b. Specificity.
c. Reliability.
d. Validity.
8. In your study, you want to investigate whether Therapist X can measure elbow flexion ROM
using goniometer the same as Therapist Y does. You may perform a statistical test to calculate:
a. Test-retest reliability.
b. Parallel form reliability.
9. Dose the electric goniometer appear to be an appropriate method for measuring ROM? This
statement is testing ...................... Validity.
a. Content.
b. Face.
c. Concurrent.
d. Construct.
10. The degree to which research results may be applied to other individuals and circumstances
outside of a study is:
a. External validity.
b. Internal validity.
11. When calculating the percentage of healthy people who have negative results of lab tests for
hepatitis C, you are testing:
a. Sensitivity.
b. Specificity.
c. Reliability.
d. Face Validity.
12. " A study was conducted to examine the reliability of a goniometer and visual estimation as
equal alternatives for assessment of ROM of the knee joint." What is the type of reliability tested
here?
a. Intra-rater.
b. Inter-rater.
c. Test-rater.
d. Parallel form.
between August 2012 and May 2016". (Answer questions 29 and 30)
29.What is the most suitable design for this study?
c. Longitudinal design.

a. Observation.
b. Interview.
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment.
31. A study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single exercise class on appetite, energy
control, morning exercise, evening control and evening exercise. In this experimental study, what
type of study design was used?
c. Within-subject design.
d. Randomized control trial.
by meeting the student at this café and take their feedback. Which method for data collection is
most applicable?
a. Observation.
b) Interview.
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment.
A research team aimed to investigate the effect of two types of exercise programs
on kidney functions of male smokers. They also considered the years of smoking 10 <(years and
10 > years of smoking) as a factor that may affect the study
results. (Answer questions 33 and 34) .
33.This study is:
49. Basic requirements for experimentation as a method of data collection

include:
c. consistency of conditions across groups.
50. The degree to which a change in the outcome of a study can be attributed to
the study intervention rather than to extraneous variables is:
a. internal validity.
b. external validity.
c. intra-rater reliability.
d. inter-rater reliability.
51. A test of validity may be performed by measuring the proportion of actual
positives which are correctly identified. This type of test is called:
a. specificity.
b. sensitivity.
c. reliability.
d. validity.
52. You want to investigate whether Therapist X can measure elbow flexion ROM
using goniometer the same as Therapist Y does. You may perform a statistical test
to calculate:
a. test-retest reliability.
b. parallel form reliability.
d inter-rater reliability.
53. Does the electric goniometer appear to be appropriate for measuring ROM?
This statement is testing ................ validity,
a. content
b. face.
c. concurrent
d. construct
54. The degree to which research results may be applied to other individuals and
circumstances outside of a study is:
a. external validity.
b. internal validity.
55. When calculating the percentage of healthy people who have negative results
of lab tests for hepatitis C, you are testing:
a. Sensitivity.
b. Reliability.
c. Specificity.
d. face validity.
1. A study sample:
a .is a subset of the population.
b. is the whole population.
C. may not be representative
d. is less economical.
2. To maximize sample homogeneity, a researcher may:
a. recruit appropriate sample size.
b. select participants based on home addresses.
C. describe specific inclusive criteria.
d. increase number of dependent variables.
3. A researcher may collect data from the entire population when:

a. Available resources are limited.
b. the population is small in number.
C. the expected measured response is high.
d. he/she has time restraints to finish the study.
4. Using a probability sampling technique requires:

a. accessibility to full list of study population.
b. accessibility to full list of study volunteers.
C. random sample assignment to study groups.
d. implementing a randomized block design.
5. Homogenous sample is .... to recruit, but its results are ....

a. hard- highly reliable.
b. easy - less variable.
C. hard- greatly variable.
d. easy- less reliable.
6. Non-probability sampling techniques include:

a. quota and simple random sampling.
b. snowball and accidental sampling.
C. cluster and expert sampling.
d. stratified and judgmental sampling.
7. To draw a study sample, a researcher should begin with:

a. defining the target population.
b. selecting the sampling technique.
c. selecting the sample elements.
d. determining the sample size.
8. Quota sampling is the non-probability equivalent of

a. simple random sampling technique.
b. quota random sampling technique.
C. cluster random sampling technique
d. stratified random sampling technique.
9. A study investigates the prevalence of a specific microorganism in hospitals within Saudi
Arabia. The most suitable probability sampling technique the researchers could use is:
a. simple random sampling technique
c. cluster random sampling technique.
10. Accidental sampling technique is:

a. known as convenient sampling.
b. is not based on volunteers.
c. equivalent to random sampling.
d. controls variability among groups.
11. A study was designed to examine ankle joint movement of previously injured football players.
The investigators collected a sample by contacting injured players and asking them to refer their
friends with the same condition. The method of sampling used here is:
a. random.
b. convenient.
c. cluster.
d. snow ball.
12. Collecting data from a sample instead of study entire study population:
a. is more economical.
b. is less efficient.
c. allows less measurement control.
d. results in greater variability.
13. Characteristics of a good research hypothesis include:

a. identifies at least one dependent variables.
b. being lengthy and unclearly stated.
c. inconsistent with known facts and previous research.
d. the predicted relationship can be tested non-experimentally.
14, "There will be a relationship between rehabilitation period and walking ability of hemiplegic
patients". This research hypothesis can be considered as:
a. null hypothesis.
b. directional hypothesis.
c. non-directional hypothesis.
d. research question.
15. "Patients treated with stretching exercises will improve better than those treated with LASER
therapy". This research hypothesis is:
a. appropriate because it states the direction of the relationship.
b. inappropriate because it does not state the dependent variable.
C. appropriate because it states the sample characteristics.
d. inappropriate because it does not specify the independent variable.
1. A study sample:
a. is a subset of the population.
C. may not be representative.

a. select sample members based on home addresses.
b. decrease the sample size.
C. limit age range of sample members.

a. the population is large in number.
b. extensive resources are available.
C. the expected response is high.
d. he/she has time restraints.
4. Heterogeneous sample is .... to recruit, but its results are........

a. hard- highly reliable.
c. hard - greatly variable.
d. easy - less reliable.

a. quota and simple random sampling
c. cluster and expert sampling.
6. Procedures for sample recruitment include:

a. defining target population then selection of the sampling method.
b. selecting the sample elements then determining the sample size.
c. identifying sample frame then defining the study population.
d. selecting the sampling method after collecting data from the sample elements.
7. A study will investigate the prevalence of a specific microorganism in hospitals within the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. What is the most suitable probability sampling technique the
researchers could use?
c. cluster random sampling technique
C. equivalent to random sampling.
9. Quota sampling is the non-probability equivalent of:

10. A study was designed to examine ankle joint ROM for previously injured football players. The
investigators collected a sample by contacting injured players and asking them to refer their
a. random.
b. convenient.
C. cluster.
d. snow ball.

a. being brief and clearly stated.
b. identifies at least two dependent variables.
12. "There will be a relationship between prolonged rehabilitation period and improved walking
ability of hemiplegic patients". This research hypothesis can be considered as:
a. null hypothesis.
b. non-directional hypothesis.
C. directional hypothesis.
a. appropriate cause it states the direction of the relationship.
b .inappropriate cause it does not state the dependent variable.
C. appropriate cause it states the sample characteristics.
d. inappropriate cause it does not specify the independent variable
14. "Young female athletes would have different hip, knee and ankle movement compared to
males during drop landing". This research hypothesis is:
a. directional because sample characteristics are identified.
b. directional because dependent variables (joint movement) is specified.
c. non-directional because females' joint movement will be more than males.
d. non-directional because movement preference for both genders is not stated.
between August 2012 and May 2016". (Answer questions 29 & 30):
29. What is the most suitable design for this study?

a. observation
b. Interview.
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment.
A study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single exercise session on appetite, energy
control, morning exercise, evening control and evening exercise. (questions 31 and 32)
31. In this experimental study, what type of study design was used?
c. Within-subject design.
d. Randomized controlled trial.
32. This study can be described as a:

a. 2x2 between-subject factorial design.
b. 2x2 within-subject factorial design.
c. 2x3 within-subject multifactorial design.
d. 2x3 between-subject multifactorial design,
by meeting the student at this café and recording their feedback, which method for data collection
is most applicable?
a. Observation.
b) Interview.
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment
10 years of smoking) as a factor that may affect the study results. (Answer questions 34 & 35)
34. This study is:

a. randomized block design.
d. non-experimental design.
a. Before and after (pre-post) study design.
b. Longitudinal study design.
d.) Cross sectional study design.

b. participants are not randomly assigned to groups.

C. is an outline of what the researcher will do.
d. reveals the study findings
.
a. prospective.
..b. retrospective ( Half a man )
c. longitudinal.
d. descriptive
40. A study involved 187 cardiac patients with myocardial infarction who attended cardiac
investigation laboratory to assess cardiopulmonary functions. Then, the patients were tracked for
ten years for changes in the pattern of their cardiopulmonary functions. The study design used in
this study is:
a. cross sectional-design
b. retrospective design
c. longitudinal design
d. randomized block design

a. helps estimating incidence but not prevalence of a problem.
b. helps estimating a cause and effect relationship.
C. is expensive and time consuming.
d. does not suffer a loss to follow up problem

b. is easier and inexpensive compared with the cross-sectional design.
C. has no time lapse between measurements.
43. Random assignment of study sample to study groups is crucial for

c. randomized controlled trials.

a .can be modified according to the situation.

a. surveys.
b. interviews.
C. observations.
d medical records.

b. have limited opportunity to ask for clarification.
C. responses can be unlimited to questions.
a. are highly valid and reliable.
b. can easily be obtained in the required format.
C. are free of personal bias.
d. are occasionally unavailable.
48. Which of the following terms best describe data that were originally collected at an earlier
time by a different person for a different purpose?
a. Primary data.
c. Secondary data.
d. Field notes.
1. A study sample:
c. may not be representative.

a. select sample members based on home addresses.
b. decrease the sample size.
c. limit age range of sample members.

a. the population is large in number.
b. extensive resources are available.
c. the expected response is high.
d. he/she has time restraints.

a. accessibility of full list of study population.
b. accessibility of full list of study volunteers.
c. random assignment of sample to study groups
5. Heterogeneous sample is ...to recruit, but its results are..

a. easy- less variable.
b. easy - less reliable.
c. hard- highly reliable.
d. hard - greatly variable.

a. quota and simple random sampling
b) snowball and accidental sampling.
7. Procedures for sample recruitment include:
a. defining target population then selection of the sampling method.
b. selecting the sample elements then determining the sample size.
c. identifying sample frame then defining the study population.
d. selecting the sampling method after collecting data from the sample elements.


Arabia. The he most suitable probability sampling technique the researchers could use is:

11. A study was designed to examine ankle joint ROM of previously injured football players. The
investigators collected a sample by contacting injured players and asking them to refer their
a. random.
b. convenient.
c. cluster.
d. snow ball.

a. being brief and clearly stated.
b. identifies at least two dependent variables.
13. "There will be a relationship between prolonged rehabilitation period and improved walking
ability of hemiplegic patients". This research hypothesis can be considered as:
a. null hypothesis.
b. non-directional hypothesis.
c. directional hypothesis.
a. appropriate cause it states the direction of the relationship.
b. inappropriate cause it does not state the dependent variable.
c. appropriate cause it states the sample characteristics.
d. inappropriate cause it does not specify the independent variable.
15. An educated guess about study findings is:

a. hypothesis.
b. literature review.
c. dependent variable.
d. study design.

c. consistency of conditions across groups
interest, it is advisable to search primarily in:
a. journal articles.
b. text books.
C. magazines.
d. newspapers.
51. A variable that changes due to the action of another variable is known as the:
a. independent variable.
C.complex variable.
d .dependent variable.
52. You are invited to be a participant in a research study and have been given a consent form for
the study. Which of the following statements best describes what you expect to read in that
consent form?
a.brief summary of the literature review, focus of the study and how it will affect you.
b.What the study is about, benefits and risks of the study and how your privacy will be
respected.
c. A brief introduction, how findings will be disseminated and a box to sign the form
d. A statement that you approve to participate in the study and a box to sign the form.

a) randomized block design.
b) cross sectional design.
c) within group design.
d) non-experimental design.
of the knees and obesity in Saudi Arabia. Which is the most suitable des for this study?
a) Before and after (pre-post) study design.
b) Longitudinal study design.
c) Randomized control trial.
d) Cross sectional study design.

b. participants are not randomly assigned to groups.

a. is not bas on study objectives.
c. is an outline of what the researcher will do.
d. decides the study findings.
38. Ben and colleagues conducted a study to investigate the relationship between incidence
a. prospective.
b. retrospective.
c. longitudinal.
d. descriptive.
39. A research design that allows the researcher to measure the pattern of change over tim is:
a.cross sectional design.
b.longitudinal design.
c. pre-test/post-test design.
d.quasi experimental design.
40.Cross sectional study design:

a) helps estimating incidence but not prevalence
b) helps estimating a cause and effect relationship
c) is expensive and time consuming.
d) does not suffer a loss to follow up problem.

b. is easier and inexpensive compared with the cross sectional design.
c. has no time lapse between measurements.
d. not subject to loss to follow up.
c. randomized clinical trials.
43. The extent to which a measurement is consistent and free from error is defined as:
a. sensitivity.
b. specificity.
c. reliability.
d. validity.

a. can be modified according to the situation.
c. itscollected data are not real-time data.

a. surveys.
b. interviews.
c. observations.
d. medical records.

b. have limited opportunity to ask for clarification.
c. responses can be unlimited to questions.

a) are always available.
b) can easily be obtained in the required format.
c) are free of personal bias.
d) have limited validity and reliability.
48. Which of the following terms best describe data that were originally collected at an earlier time
by a different person for a different purpose?
a) Primary data.
b) Experimental data.
c) Secondary data.
d) Field notes
16. Young female athletes would have different hip, knee and ankle
movement compared to males during drop landing'". This research hypothesis is:
C. non-directional because females' joint movement will be more than males
d.non-directional because movement preference for both genders is not stated.
17. Farrag et al. 2015 hypothesized that "lifting a load of unknown weight will result in significantly
higher lumbosacral loads and moments than lifting a known weight". This hypothesis is:
a) non-directional.
b) directional.
C) null hypothesis.
d) research question.
18. The Null hypothesis is rejected if :

a) the results are statistically non-significantly different.
b) the results are in not in favor of the experimental hypothesis. c) the results are in favor of the
statistical hypothesis.
d) the results are statistically significantly different.
19. An educated guess about study findings is:

a) hypothesis
b) literature review.
C) dependent variable.
d) study design.
20. Non-directional hypothesis is used when the researcher:

a) expects the exact relationship between the study variables.
b) expects that study variables are not related.
C) Cexpects an effect but not sure of its nature.
d) writes a research question.
21. "The use of the new drug will reduce symptoms faster" This research hypothesis is:
a) appropriate because it shows comparison with a traditional drug.
b) inappropriate because it does not specify the study population.
c) appropriate because it states the measured variables.
d) inappropriate because it is non-directional.
22. Data gathered using a structured interview approach:

a) are comparable across study subjects
b) requires well-developed interview skill.
C) are more subject to personal bias.
d) has more subjectivity in itself.
23. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected by the primary
a. Primary data.
C. Secondary data.
d. Field notes.
In your study, you will eompare a newly developed medication with a traditional medication for the
treatment of a chronic lung disease, (Answer question 24 & 25):
24. Which method for data collection will you apply?
a. Observation.
b. Interview.
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment.
25. Which design can you implement?

a. Quasi-experimental study.
b. Non-experimental study.
C. Retrospective study.
d. Single-group experimental design.
26. A research group is evaluating the relationship between drug addiction and aggressive
personality. The investigators prepared a list of questions and interviewed the participants to
collect data. They implemented controlled systematic data collection procedures. Their data
collection method could be:
a. Unstructured interview method.
b. Collective questionnaire method.
C. Structured interview method.
d. Non-participant observation method.
health. A study examined the prevalence of physical activity and associated factors among male
and female university students.
What is the suitable design for this study?
a) Before and after design.
b) Cross sectional design.
c) Longitudinal design.
d) Prospective design.
fitness and activity of daily living in older adults. Participants were 75, randomly assigned to
walking, swimming or a control group. What is the type of
this study?
a) One group Pretest-posttest design.
b) Posttest only control group design.
C) Pretest-posttest control group design.
d) Randomized block design.
53. Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative data?

a. Patient's opinion.
b. Patient's age.
C. Pain variable.
d. Patient's weight
54. In a study, participants were asked to indicate their ethnic background from a given list(e.g.
Arabs, Caucasian, Latin..). This type of variable is classified as:
a. nominal.
b. continuous.
C. ordinal.
d. discrete.
55. Dose exercising regularly during an inpatient hospitalization reduces weight gain among
psychiatric patients. In this research question, using the PICO model, O is identified as:
a. exercise.
b. inpatient.
c. weight gain
d. psychiatric patient.
Researchers conducted a study to evaluate the effects of social support of cardiac patients. The
study hypothesis was that: cardiac patients who receive support from former patients have less
anxiety and higher self-efficacy than other patients (Answer questions 56 and 58).
56. Social support is considered:
a. the independent variable.
b. the dependent variable.
C. the confounding variable.
d. the intervening variable.
57. Anxiety and self- efficacy are considered:

a. the independent variables.
b. the dependent variables.
c. the extraneous variables.
d. the confounding variables.
58. This research hypothesis is:
a. directional hypothesis
b. non-directional hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. research question
59. A research proposal should end with:

a. literature review.
b. study design.
c. sample inclusive criteria.
d. Statistical analysis.
60. It is essential to consider the following about the consent form:

a. written in lay language.
b. participant may not be fully informed.
c. participation is enforced.
d. participant is not free to withdraw at any time.
16. An educated guess about study findings is

a. the research hypothesis.
b. the literature review.
c. the dependent variable.
d. the study design.
17. "Young female athletes would have different hip, knee and ankle movement compared to
males during drop landing". This research hypothesis is:
c. non-directional because females' joint movement will be more than males'.
d. non-directional because movement preference for both genders is not stated.
18. "It was hypothesized that spinal anesthesia would have greater influence on cardiac
autonomic modulation in controlled diabetic patients than in uncontrolled diabetic patients". This
research hypothesis is:
a. non-directional.
b. directional.
c. null hypothesis.
19. The Null hypothesis is accepted if:

a. the results are statistically significantly different.
b. the results are in favor of the experimental hypothesis.
c. the results are in favor of the research hypothesis.
d. the results are statistically not significantly different.
20. Non-directional hypothesis is used when the researcher:
a. predicts the exact relationship between the study variables.
b. predicts that study variable are not related.
c. predicts a relationship but not sure of its nature.
d. writes a research question.
21. "The use of the new drug will reduce symptoms faster" This research hypothesis is:
a. appropriate because it shows comparison with a standard drug.
b. inappropriate because it does not specify the study population.
c. appropriate because it states the measured variables.
d. inappropriate because it is a null hypothesis
23. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected primary
a. Primary data.
c. Secondary data
d. Field notes.
In your study, you will compare efficacy of a newly developed medication with a standard
medication for the treatment of a chronic lung disease, (Answer question 24 & 25):
24. Which method for data collection will you apply?
a. Observation.
b. Interview.
c. Secondary.
d. Experiment.
25. Which design can you implement?

a. Quasi-experimental study.
b. Non-experimental study.
c. Retrospective study.
d. Single-group experimental design.
26. A study is evaluating the relationship between drug addiction and aggressive personality. The
researchers had a questions list and interviewed the participants to collect data. They used
controlled systematic data collection procedures. Data collection method could be:
a. Unstructured interview method.
b. Collective questionnaire method.
C. Structured interview method.
d. Non-participant observation method.
health.
A study examined the prevalence of physical activity and associated factors among male and
female university students. What is the suitable design for this study?
b. Cross sectional design
d. Prospective design.
fitness and activity of daily living in older adults. Participants were 75, randomly assigned to
walking, swimming or a control group. What is the type of this study?
a. One group Pretest-posttest design.
b. Posttest only control group design.
C. Pretest-posttest control group design.
d. Quasi experimental design.
to states the measured variables.

d. inappropriate because it is a null hypoth.is.
22. Data gathered using a structured interview approach:

a. are comparable across study subjects.
b. requires well-developed interview skill.
c. are more subject to personal
d. has more subjectivity in itself.
16- An educated gues about study findin is .

A, the research hypothesis
b, the literature review
c, the dependent variable
d, the study design
17, Youne female athletes would have different his knee and ankle movement compared to males
during drop landing “. This research hypothesis is
A, directional because simple characteristics are identified
b, directional because dependent variables ( oint movement) is specified
c , non - directional because females ' joint movement will be more than Imales .
d. non-directional because movement preference for both genders is not stated
18 It was hypothesised that spinal anesthesia would have feater influence on cardiac " , aulownie
modulation in controlled diabetie patients than in uncontrolled diabetic patients " . This research
hypothesis is :
a , non - directional ,
b. directional
C , null hypothesis .
d , research question .
19 The Null hypothesis is accepted if :
a , the results are statistically significantly different |
b . the results are in favor of the experimental hypothesis,
c. the results are in favor of the research hypothes)
d. the results are statistically not significantly different
20. Non - directional hypothesis is used when the researcher l ,

a. predicts the exact relationship between the study variables,
b. predicts that study variables are not related
c. predicts a relationship but not sure of its nature,
d . Writes a research question
21 . The use of the new drug will reduce symptoms faster " This research hypothesis is :
a . appropriate because it shows comparison with a standard drug .
b. inappropriate because it does not specify the study population
C . appropriate because it states the measured variables .
d . inappropriate because it is a null hypothesis .
22 . Data gathered using a structured interview approach :

a. are comparable across study subjects
b . requires well - developed interview skill
c. are more subject to personal bias
d .has more subjectivity in itself .
to that were originally collected by the
23 . Which of the followine term best describe prinary investigator for research purposes?
A. Primary data
b . Experimental data
c . Secondary data
d . Field notes
In your study , you will compare efficacy of a newh leveloped medication with a standard
medication for the treatment of a chronie Inne disease . ( Answer question 24 & 25 ) :
24 . Which method for data collection will you apply | Observation .
b . Interview , |
c. Secondary ( 0 )
d. Experiment .
25 . Which design can you implement

a. Quasi - experimental study .
b . Non - experimental study .
c . Retrospective study
d . Single - group experimental design
26 . A study is evaluating the relationship between drug addiction and aggressive personality The
researchers had a questions list and interviewed the participants to collect data , They used
controlled systematic data collection procedures . Data collection method could be :
a Unstructured interview method ,
b . Collective questionnaire method ,
c. Structured interview method .
d . Non - participant observation method .
27 , The high prevalence of physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia is a growing challenge to public
health , A study examined the prevalence of physical activity and associated factors arriong male
and female university students . What is the suitable design for this study ?
a .Before and after design
b. Cross sectional design .
C . Longitudinal design .
d . Prospective design
28 , Researchers Wanted to determine the effectiveness of walking and swimming on the level of
fitness and activity of daily living in older adults . Participants were 15 , randomly Issigned to
Walking , swimming of a control group . What is the type of this studly ?
a. One group Pretest - posttest design
b. Posttest only control group design .
c. Pretest - posttest control group design .
d . Quasi experimental design ,
1. A study sample:
c. may not be representative.
2. To maximize sample homogenity, a researcher may:

a. recruit appropriate sample size.
b. select participants based on home addresses.
c. describe specific inclusive criteria.

a. Available resources are limited.
b. the population is small in number.
C. the expected measured response is high.
d. he/she has time restraints to finish the study.

a. accessibility to full list of study population.
b. accessibility to full list of study volunteers.
c. random sample assignment to study groups.
5. Homogenous sample is ...... to recruit, but its results are.........
a. hard - highly reliable.
c. hard - greatly variable.
d. easy - less reliable.

a. quota and simple random sampling.
d. stratified and judgmental sampling
7. To draw a study sample, a researcher should begin with:

a. defining the target population.
b. selecting the sampling technique.
c. selecting the sample elements.
d. determining the sample size.

d .stratified random sampling technique.

Arabia. The most suitable probability sampling technique the researchers could use is:

11. A study was designed to examine ankle joint movement of previously injured football players.
The investigators collected a sample by contacting injured players and asking them to refer their
a. random.
b. convenient.
c. cluster.
d. snow ball.
12. Collecting data from a sample instead of study entire study population:
a. is more economical.
b. is less efficient.
c. allows less measurement control.
d. results in greater variability.

a. identifies at least one dependent variables.
b. being lengthy and unclearly stated.
14. "There will be a relationship between rehabiljtation period and walking ability of hemiplegic
patients". This research hypothesis can be considered as:
a. null hypothesis.
b. directional hypothesis.
c. non-directional hypothesis.
a. appropriate because it states the direction of the relationship.
b. inappropriate because it does not state the dependent variable.
c. appropriate because it states the sample characteristics.
d. inappropriate because it does not specify the independent variable.
60 Extrinsic intervening factors can be controlled through:

a) robust data collection procedures.
b) detailed sample exclusive criteria.
c) reliable measurement tool.
d) clear null hypothesis.

a. literature review.
b. study design.
d. Statistical analysis.
62. It is essential to consider the following about the consent form:

a. written in lay language.
b. participant may not be fully informed.
c. participation is enforced.
d participant is not free to withdraw at any time.
63. The extent to which a measurement is consistent and free from error is defined
a. sensitivity.
b. specificity.
c. reliability.
d. validity.
64. You want to investigate whether clinician can measure body temperature using digital
thermometer the same as clinician Y does. You may perform a statistical test to estimate:
a. test-retest reliability.
b. parallel form reliability.
65. The degree to which research results may be applied to other individuals and circumstances
outside of a study is:
a. external validity.
b. internal validity.
66. "A study was conducted to examine the reliability of a goniometer and visual estimation as
equal alternatives for assessment of range of motion of the knee joint." What is the type of
reliability tested here?
a. Intra-rater.
b. Inter-rater.
c. Test-retest.
d. Parallel form.
67 .A Which of the following is a function of clearly identified rescarch question? (choose all that
apply)
a) It guides your literature search.
b) It keeps you focused throughout the data collection period.
c) It makes the scope of your research as wide as possible.
d) It should be linked a coherent discussion.
68. Intrinsic intervening factors can be controlled through:

a) systematic data collection procedures.
b) detailed sample inclusive criteria.
c) valid measurement tool
d) clear directional hypothesis.
69. Random data error (Choose all that apply):

a) occurs due to chance.
b) can impact data mean
c) is difficult to detect and correct
d) related to measurement validity.
56. A study was conducted to examine the reliability of a goniometer and visual timation as equal
alternatives for assessment of ROM of the knee joint. "what is the type of reliability tested here?
a. Intral - rater,
b. Inter - rater.
c. Tet - retet.
d. Parallel form.
interest, it is advisable to search in:
a. journal article
b, text books
c. Magazines
d.Newspapers
58, You are invited to be a participant in a retarch study and have been given a conscnt form of
the study. Which of the following statements best describes what you expect to find in that for?
a, A brief summary of the literature review, focus of the research and how the research will affect
you,
b. What the research is about, Benefits and risks of the research and how your privacy will
be respected,
c. A brief summmary of the literature review, how findings will be disseminated and | box to sign
your consent.
d. What the research is about, benefits of the study and how your privacy will be | respected.
59. A variable that changes du e to the action of another variable is known as the
a. independent variable
b. extraneous variable
C. Complex variable,
d. dependent variable
60. In a study, participants were asked to indicate their ethnic background from a given list (eg,
Arabs, Caucasian, Latin. ....). This type of variable is classified as:
a. Nominal
b, Continuous
c. Ordinal
d. Discrete
61. Dose exercising regularly during an impatient hospitalization reduces weight pain among
psychiatric patients. In this research question, using the PICO model, Ois identified as: |
a, exercise,
b. inpatient.
c. weight gain
d. psychiatric patient,
conducted a study to evaluate the effects of social support of cardiac and the study hypothesis
was that: patient who receive support from former patients. The have less anxiety and higher self
- efficacy than other patients (Answer questions, 62 and 63).
62. Social support is considered:,
a. the independent variable
b. the dependent variable,
c. the confounding variable.
d. the intervening variable,
63. Anxiety and self - efficacy are considered:

a, the Independent variables.
b. the Dependent variables,
c, the Extraneous variables.
d. the Confounding variables.
64. Research can be defined as:

a. information gathering,
b, transportation of facts,.
c. scientific investigation to find new knowledge
d, scanning the literature to create new knowledge.
65. Scientific research is:

a. systematic investigation to find solutions,
b, just information gathering,
c, merely transportation of facts.
D. Not contributing to new knowledge

a, literature review,
b. Study design
d. Statistical analysis
67. Informed consent should be signed:

a. after the study.
b. during the study.
c) before the study.
d before the proposal.
68. It is essential to consider the following about the consent for:

a. participant should be fully informed.
b, participation is enforced,
c, participant is not free to withdraw at any time.
d. written in scientific language.
69. A study sample:
a, may not represent the population
b. is equal in sire to the entire population
C has different citeria than those of the population,
d. can help drawing conclusions generalized to the population
70. Sampling is used in research because:

a. it is less costly.
b. It provides less control of measurements,
c. it consumes more time.
,d. it requires more resources
Research is
(A) Searching again and again
(B) Finding solution to any problem
(C) Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
(D) None of the above
Which of the following is the first step in starting the research

process?
(A) Searching sources of information to locate problem.
(B) Survey of related literature
(C) Identification of problem
(D) Searching for solutions to the problem
A common test in research demands much priority on

(A) Reliability
(B) Useability
(C) Objectivity
(D) All of the above
Action research means
(A) A longitudinal research
(B) An applied research
(C) A research initiated to solve an immediate problem
(D) A research with socioeconomic objective
A reasoning where we start with certain particular statements and

conclude with a universal statement is called
(A) Deductive Reasoning
(B) Inductive Reasoning
(C) Abnormal Reasoning
(D) Transcendental Reasoning
The essential qualities of a researcher are

(A) Spirit of free enquiry
(B) Reliance on observation and evidence
(C) Systematization or theorizing of knowledge
(D) All the above
In the process of conducting research ‘Formulation of Hypothesis” is

followed by
(A) Statement of Objectives
(B) Analysis of Data
(C) Selection of Research Tools
(D) Collection of Data
A research paper is a brief report of research work based on

(A) Primary Data only
(B) Secondary Data only
(C) Both Primary and Secondary Data
Informal self education is possible in what kind of library?
(A) National Library
(B) Public Library
(C) Specific Library
(D) College Library
……………………. Is a process of information

(A) Books
(B) CD-ROM
(C) Computers
Feedback mechanism is a part of which service?

(A) Reprography
(B) CAS
(C) Translation service
(D) SDI
What is the collection of terms or records in MARC called?

(A) System
(B) Network
(C) Website
(D) Database
What is Bibliometry?
(A) Function of Library Network
(B) Information Management Service
(C) Information Management Tool
(D) Library Service
Microchip was invented by…..
(A) Microsoft
(B) IBM
(C) DELL
(D) Intel
Information is…..
(A) Raw Data
(B) Processed Data
(C) Input data
(D) Organized data
Conference proceedings are considered as..................documents.

(A) Conventional
(B) Primary
(C) Secondary
(D) Tertiary
RSS feed is a tool of :

(A) Graphic design
(B) Web 1.0
(C) Web 2.0
(D) Architecture
An appropriate source to find out descriptive information is................ .

(A) Bibliography
(B) Directory
(C) Encyclopedia
(D) Dictionary
One of the following search engine is exclusively meant for scientific
information :
(A) Google
(B) Yahoo
(C) SCIRUS
(D) Altavista
Technological Gatekeeper is :
(A) A formal method of giving current awareness service
(B) A method of technology assessment and evaluation
(C) A process of transfer of technology
(D) An informal mechanism of keeping user informed of relevant
development
The Farmington plan is associated with :

(A) Library Legislation
(B) Library Cataloguing
(C) Library Cooperation
(D) Library Indexing Service
UNESCO assisted Model Public Library in India is located at :

(A) Kolkata
(B) Delhi
(C) Mumbai
(D) Chennai
Mark the ‘odd one out’ :

(A) Cow-Calf principle
(B) Principle of osmosis
(C) Wall picture principle
(D) Whole organ principle
Shelf list facilitates................ .
(A) Classification
(B) Weeding out
(C) Stock verification
(D) Documentation
Questionnaire is a :
(A) Research method
(B) Measurement technique
(C) Tool for data collection
(D) Data analysis technique
A periodical evaluation of an employee is done through........... .

(A) Job rotation
(B) Performance appraisal
(C) Refresher course
(D) Work guide
“Controlled Group” is a term used in.............. .

(A) Survey research
(B) Historical research
(C) Experimental research
(D) Descriptive research
‘Noise’ in Information Retrieval is due to............. .

(A) Precision
(B) Recall
(C) Relevant information
(D) Redundant information
What is the relationship between ISBD and cataloguing codes ?
(A) They are not related at all
(B) Cataloguing codes will include bibliographic description
(C) ISBD includes cataloguing rules
(D) ISBD can replace cataloguing rules
Tagging in web 2.0 application is called :

(A) Taxonomy
(B) Folksonomy
(C) Syndication
(D) Directory
Inductive logic proceeds from :

(A) General to General
(B) Particular to General
(C) General to Particular
(D) Particular to Particular
Which of the following is not a “Graphic representation” ?

(A) Pie Chart
(B) Bar Chart
(C) Table
(D) Histogram
The oldest and the largest Library Association in the world is............. .
(A) ALA
(B) LA
(C) IFLA
(D) IASLIC
Which of the following is not covered under Intellectual Property
Rights ?
(A) Copyrights
(B) Patents
(C) Trade Marks
(D) Thesaurus
Ontology is................. .
(A) An Indexing Method
(B) Classification of Internet based documents
(C) Cataloguing of Internet based documents
(D) Documentation service
High Level Language is.................. .

(A) Disk space dependent
(B) O. S. dependent
(C) Machine independent
(D) Machine dependent
The transmission of receiver’s reaction back to the sender is known

as................. .
(A) Noise
(B) Feedback
(C) Medium
(D) Source
Protocol means............... .
(A) Interchange of data between two devices
(B) Interchange of data between two computers
(C) Linkage between two computers
(D) Linkage between two devices
Which of the following is an ‘Acronym’ ?
(A) UNESCO
(B) UNO
(C) UNDP
(D) UGC
A set of rules that govern overall data communications system is

popularly known as............... .
(A) Protocol
(B) Agreement
(C) Pact
(D) Memorandum
Staffing is concerned with providing and

maintaining................resources.
(A) Physical
(B) Technical
(C) Human
(D) Financial
Which of the following is not true about e journals ?

(A) They are distributed through digital methods
(B) They also have editors or editorial boards
(C) They are publications of serial nature
(D) They are always free of cost
What is the meaning of 'Translation Pools' ?
(A) Details about the names of translation experts
(B) Details about the addresses of the translators
(C) Agency of the names of translation experts
(D) None of these.
How is stochastic equation of information solved ?

(A) By statistical rules
(B) By dynamic rules
(C) By statistical and dynamic rules
(D) None of these.
Whether Library is a system?

(A) Yes, it has various sections as sub-systems coordinating each
other forming a system
(B) No, it cannot be a system
(C) It is quite impossible
(D) Library is separate from a system.
1. Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research

project?
a) Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher.
b) Is dependent on the completion of other projects
c) Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge
d) Develops the skills of the researcher
2. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific
conclusion from a set of premises?
a) Objective reasoning
b) Positivistic reasoning
c) Inductive reasoning
d) Deductive reasoning
3. Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the

same design but a different sample is which of the following?
a) An exploratory study
b) A replication study
c) An empirical study
d) Hypothesis testing
4. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to

influence job-seeking behaviours. The main purpose of the study was:
a) Description
b) Prediction
c) Exploration
d) Explanation
5. Cyber bullying at work is a growing threat to employee job

satisfaction. Researchers want to find out why people do this and how
they feel about it. The primary purpose of the study is:
a) Description
b) Prediction
C) Exploration
d) Explanation
6. A theory:
a) Is an accumulated body of knowledge
b) Includes inconsequential ideas
c) Is independent of research methodology
d) Should be viewed uncritically
7. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research?

a) Deductive method
b) Explanatory method
c) Inductive method
d) Exploratory method
8. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?

a) You should trust research findings after different researchers
have replicated the findings
b) You should completely trust a single research study
c) Neither a nor b
d) Both a and b
9. A qualitative research problem statement:

a) Specifies the research methods to be utilized
b) Specifies a research hypothesis
c) Expresses a relationship between variables
d) Conveys a sense of emerging design
10. Which of the following is a good research question?

a) To produce a report on student job searching behaviours
b) To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job
searching behaviours
c) Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more
active job searching behaviours
d) Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more
active job searching behaviours
11. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions
allows the researcher to :
a) Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance,
and structure
b) Guide the development of research questions
c) Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous
studies
d) All of the above
12. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data

collection is not recommended by:
a) Ethnomethodology
b) Grounded theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory
13. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light

of:
a) Cost and time required to conduct the study
b) Access to gatekeepers and respondents
c) Potential ethical concerns
d) All of the above
14. Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and
quantitative methods for the next phase is known as:
a) Action research
b) Mixed-method research
c) Quantitative research
d) Pragmatic research
15. Research hypotheses are:
a) Formulated prior to a review of the literature
b) Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c) B but not A
d) Both A and B
16. Which research approach is based on the epistemological

viewpoint of pragmatism?
a) Quantitative research
b) Qualitative research
c) Mixed-methods research
d) All of the above
17. Adopting ethical principles in research means:

a) Avoiding harm to participants
b) The researcher is anonymous
C) Deception is only used when necessary
d ) Selected informants give their consent
18. A radical perspective on ethics suggests that:

a) Researchers can do anything they want
b) The use of checklists of ethical actions is essential
c) The powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthened
d) Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity
19. Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:
a) Everyone has access to digital media
b) Respondents may fake their identities
C)Researchers may fake their identities
d) Internet research has to be covert
20. The Kappa statistic:
a) Is a measure of inter-judge validity
b) Compares the level of agreement between two judges against
what might have been predicted by chance
c) Ranges from 0 to +1
d) Is acceptable above a score of 0.5
1. Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its

findings?
a) Quantitative research
b) Qualitative research
c) Mixed-methods research
d) All of the above
2. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is

called:
a) An intervening variable
b) A dependent variable
c) An independent variable
d) A numerical variable
3. Researchers posit that performance-related pay increases employee

motivation which in turn leads to an increase in job satisfaction. What
kind of variable is ‘motivation”’ in this study?
a) Extraneous
b) Confounding
c) Intervening
d) Manipulated
5. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the
relationship between two variables, it is important not to:
a) Assume causality
b) Measure the values for X and Y independently
c) Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed
d) Check the direction of the relationship
8. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:

a) The independent variable is manipulated
b) Hypotheses are proved
c) A positive correlation exists
d) Samples are large
9. Qualitative research is used in all the following circumstances,

EXCEPT:
a) It is based on a collection of non-numerical data such as words and
pictures
b) It often uses small samples
c) It uses the inductive method
d) It is typically used when a great deal is already known about
the topic of interest
10. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention
is called:
a) The experimental group
b) The participant group
C) The control group
d) The treatment group
11. Which generally cannot be guaranteed in conducting qualitative
studies in the field?
a) Keeping participants from physical and emotional harm
b) Gaining informed consent
c) Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality
d) Maintaining consent forms
12. Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with

humans?
a) Maintaining participants’ anonymity
b) Gaining informed consent
c) Informing participants that they are free to withdraw at any time
d) Requiring participants to continue until the study has been
completed
13. What do we call data that are used for a new study but which were
collected by an earlier researcher for a different set of research
questions?
a) Secondary data
b) Field notes
c) Qualitative data
s) Primary data
14. When each member of a population has an equal chance of being

selected, this is called:
a)A snowball sample
b) A stratified sample
c) A random probability sample
d) A non-random sample
15. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample
of companies?
a) Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all companies
within the district
b) Numbering all the elements of a company sampling frame and
then using a random number table to pick companies from the
table
c) Listing companies by sector and choosing a proportion from within
each sector at random
d) Choosing volunteer companies to participate
16. Which of the following statements are true?

a) The larger the sample size, the larger the confidence interval
b) The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error
c) The more categories being measured, the smaller the sample size
d) A confidence level of 95 percent is always sufficient
17. Which of the following will produce the least sampling error?
a) A large sample based on convenience sampling
b) A small sample based on random sampling
c) A large snowball sample
d) A large sample based on random sampling
18. When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily

recruited to the sample, this is called:
a) Snowball sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Stratified sampling
d) Random sampling
19. In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse
cases is referred to as:
a) Typical-case sampling
b) Critical-case sampling
c) Intensity sampling
d) Maximum variation sampling
20. A test accurately indicates an employee’s scores on a future

criterion (e.g., conscientiousness). What kind of validity is this?
a) Predictive
b) Face
c) Content
d) Concurrent
1. When designing a questionnaire it is important to do each of the

following EXCEPT
a) Pilot the questionnaire
b) Avoid jargon
c) Avoid double questions
d) Use leading questions
2. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:

a) Probe questions can be asked
b) Respondents can be put at ease
c) Interview bias can be avoided
d) Response rates are always high
3. Which of the following is true of observations?

a) It takes less time than interviews
b) It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave
as they do
c) Covert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overt
d) All of the above
4. A researcher secretly becomes an active member of a group in order
to observe their behaviour. This researcher is acting as:
a) An overt participant observer
b) A covert non-participant observer
c) A covert participant observer
d) None of the above
5. All of the following are advantages of structured observation,

EXCEPT:
a) Results can be replicated at a different time
b) The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is
being observed
c) Data can be collected that participants may not realize is important
d) Data do not have to rely on the recall of participants
6. When conducting an interview, asking questions such as: "What

else? or ‘Could you expand on that?’ are all forms of:
a) Structured responses
b) Category questions
c) Protocols
d) Probes
7. Secondary data can include which of the following?

a) Government statistics
b) Personal diaries
c) Organizational records
d) All of the above
8. An ordinal scale is:
a) The simplest form of measurement
b) A scale with an absolute zero point
c) A rank-order scale of measurement
d) A scale with equal intervals between ranks
9. Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be
used to infer or predict performance in some activity?
a) Face validity
b) Content reliability
c) Criterion-related validity
d) Construct validity
10. The ‘reliability’of a measure refers to the researcher asking:

a) Does it give consistent results?
b) Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
c) Can the results be generalized?
d) Does it have face reliability?
11. Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when:

a) There is a need for highly personalized data
b) It is important to ask supplementary questions
c) High numbers of respondents are needed
d) Respondents have difficulty with written language
12. Validity in interviews is strengthened by the following EXCEPT:

a)Building rapport with interviewees
b) Multiple questions cover the same theme
c) Constructing interview schedules that contain themes drawn from
the literature
d) Prompting respondents to expand on initial responses
13. Interview questions should:
a) Lead the respondent
b) Probe sensitive issues
c) Be delivered in a neutral tone
d) Test the respondents’ powers of memory
14. Active listening skills means:

a) Asking as many questions as possible
b) Avoiding silences
c) Keeping to time
d) Attentive listening
15. All the following are strengths of focus groups EXCEPT:

a) They allow access to a wide range of participants
b) Discussion allows for the validation of ideas and views
c) They can generate a collective perspective
d) They help maintain confidentiality
16. Which of the following is not always true about focus groups?
a) The ideal size is normally between 6 and 12 participants
b) Moderators should introduce themselves to the group
c) Participants should come from diverse backgrounds
d) The moderator poses preplanned questions
17. A disadvantage of using secondary data is that:

a) The data may have been collected with reference to research
questions that are not those of the researcher
b) The researcher may bring more detachment in viewing the data than
original researchers could muster
c) Data have often been collected by teams of experienced researchers
d) Secondary data sets are often available and accessible
18. All of the following are sources of secondary data EXCEPT:
a) Official statistics
b) A television documentary
c) The researcher’s research diary
d) A company’s annual report
19. Which of the following is not true about visual methods?

a) They are not reliant on respondent recall
b) The have low resource requirements
c) They do not rely on words to capture what is happening
d) They can capture what is happening in real time
20. Avoiding naïve empiricism in the interpretation of visual data

means:
a) Understanding the context in which they were produced
b) Ensuring that visual images such as photographs are accurately
taken
c) Only using visual images with other data gathering sources
d) Planning the capture of visual data carefully
1. Which of the following is incorrect when naming a variable in

SPSS?
a) Must begin with a letter and not a number
b) Must end in a full stop
c) Cannot exceed 64 characters
d) Cannot include symbols such as ?, & and %
2. Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?

a) Word
b) Numeric
c) String
d) Date
4. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:
a) Summarize the characteristics of a data set
b) Draw conclusions from the data
c) None of the above
d) All of the above
5. The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is
called:
a) The mode
b) The normal distribution
c) The standard deviation
d) The variance
7. A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:

a) The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact true
b) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact false
c) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
d) The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false
8. The significance level

a) Is set after a statistical test is conducted
b) Is always set at 0.05
c) Results in a p-value
d) Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
9. To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based
on the knowledge of one or more independent variables, we would use
a) Regression analysis
b) Correlation analysis
c) Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
d) One-way analysis of variance
10. In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask
themselves all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Who produced the document?
b) Is the material genuine?
c) How can respondents be re-interviewed?
d) Why was the document produced?
11. Which of the following are not true of reflexivity?

a) It recognizes that the researcher is not a neutral observer
b) It has mainly been applied to the analysis of qualitative data
c) It is part of a post-positivist tradition
d) A danger of adopting a reflexive stance is the researcher can
become the focus of the study
12. Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the

following EXCEPT:
a) Member checking for accuracy and interpretation
b) Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data
c) Exploring rival explanations
d) Analysing negative cases
13. Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the
following EXCEPT:
a) Manipulation of large amounts of data
b) Exploring of the data against new dimensions
c) Querying of data
d) Generating codes
14. Which part of a research report contains details of how the

research was planned and conducted?
a) Results
b) Design
c) Introduction
d) Background
15. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted
by managers and other professionals to address issues in their
organizations and/or professional practice?
a) Action research
b) Basic research
c) Professional research
d) Predictive research
16. Plagiarism can be avoided by:

a) Copying the work of others accurately
b) Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words
c) Cut and pasting from the Internet
d) Quoting directly without revealing the source
17. In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following

EXCEPT:
a) Practice the presentation
b) Ignore your nerves
c) Get to know more about your audience
d) Take an advanced look, if possible, at the facilities
18. You can create interest in your presentation by:

a) Using bullet points
b) Reading from notes
c) Maximizing the use of animation effects
d) Using metaphors
19. In preparing for a viva or similar oral examination, it is best if you
have:
a) Avoided citing the examiner in your thesis
b) Made exaggerated claims on the basis of your data
c) Published and referenced your own article(s)
d) Tried to memorize your work
20. Grounded theory coding:

a) Makes use of a priori concepts from the literature
b) Uses open coding, selective coding, then axial coding
c) Adopts a deductive stance
d) Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached
2. Testing hypothesis is a ________

a. Inferential statistics
b. Descriptive statistics
c. Data preparation
d. Data analysis
3. Is it possible to apply projective techniques for exploratory

investigation?
a. Yes
b. No
4. What is the purpose of doing research?

a. To identify problem
b. To find the solution
c. Both a and b
d. None of these
5. Which method can be applicable for collecting qualitative data?

a. Artifacts (Visual)
b. People
c. Media products ( Textual, Visual and sensory)
d. All of these
6. Which of the following is non-probability sampling?
a. Snowball
b. Random
c. Cluster
d. Stratified
7. In group interview their are _______

a. One interviewer and one interviewee
b. More than one interviewer and one interviewee
c. One interviewer and more than one interviewee
d. More than One interviewer and more than one interviewee
8. Which of the following are associated with behavioral

observation?
a. Non-verbal analysis
b. Linguistic analysis
c. Spatial analysis
d. All of these
9. Uniting various qualitative methods with quantitative methods can

be called as……..
a. Coalesce
b. Triangulation
c. Bipartite
d. Impassive
10. Multistage sampling is a ________

a. Probability sampling
b. Non-Probability sampling
An experimental design problem in which independent variable
groups score almost the same on a dependent variable, such that all
scores fall at the low end of their possible distribution (See also
ceiling effect) :
a)discriminant validity
b) floor effect
c) history threat
d) posttest only design
A graph showing how many of the cases in a batch of data scored

each possible value of range of values on the variable.
a)predictor variable
b) frequency histogram
c) purposive sampling
d) regression threat
The tendency to rely predominantly on evidence that easily comes

to mind rather than use all possible evidence in evaluating a
Conclusio:
a) availability heuristic
b) observational measure
c) present / present bias
d) face validity
A study completed before (or sometimes after the study of primary

interest, Usually to test the effectiveness or characteristics of the
manipulation:
a) Cultural psychology
b) theory - testing mode
c) pilot study
d) journal
A sub discipline of psychology concerned with how Cultural
settings shape a person's thoughts, feelings and behavior, and how
these in turn shape cultural settings:
a) multiple regression
b) multistage sampling
c) convergent validity
d) cultural psychology
The right of research participants to learn about a research project,

know its risks and benefits, and decide whether to participate:
a) internal validity
b) central tendency
c) informed consent
d) leading question
The consistency of the results of a measure:

a) availability heuristic
b) reliability
c) test - retest reliability
d) experiment
A method of posing questions to people on the telephone, in

personal interviews, on written questionnaires, or via the Internet, also
called survey:
a) level
b) physiological measure
c) double - barrel question
d) poll
A measure if effect size indicating how far apart two group means
are in standard deviation units:
a) Scatter plot
b) debrief
c) Cronbach's alpha
d) Cohen's d
News and commentary published or broadcast in the popular media
and produced for a general audience :
a) confirmatory hypothesis testing
b) journalism
c) causal claim
d) null hypothesis testing
A way of mathematically averaging the effect size of all the studies

that have tested the same variables to see what conclusion that whole
body of evidence supports:
a) meta - analysis
b) Oversampling
c) response set
d) cluster sampling
A variable of interest, stated at an abstract, or conversational level.

Also called construct. (See also conceptual definition):
a) conceptual variable
b) theory - testing mode
c) observational research
d) predictor variable
A bias that occurs when surveA expectations influence their

interpretation of the participants' behaviors or the outcome of the
study:
a) observer bias
b) masked design
c) observer effect
d) probabilistic
Research whose goal is to find a solution to a particular real -
world problem, (See also basic research, translational research :
a) nonequivalent control group interrupted time series design
b) applied research
c) probabilistic
d) categorical variable
A quantitative measurement scale that has no "true zero", and in

which the numerals represent equal intervals (distances) between
levels (eg, temperature in degrees). See also ordinal Scale, ratio
scale):
a) quota sampling
d) internal scale
c) direct replication
d) Convergent validity
An experimental design in which each participant is presented

with all levels of the independent variable also called within - subject
design:
a) observational measure
b) matched groups
c) within - groups design
d) sampling distribution
A study that uses a treatment group and a placebo group and in

which neither the research staff nor the participants know who is in
which group:
a) selection - attribution threat
b) double - blind placebo control study
c) availability heuristic
d) socially desirable responding
In a measure that contains several items, the consistency in a pattern
if answers, no matter how a question is phrased. Also called internal
consistency:
a) internal reliability
b) cultural psychology
c) independent variable
d) manipulated variable
Research that Uses knowledge derived from basic research to

develop and test solutions to real world problems: (See also applied
research, basic research):
a) repeated - measures design
b) posttest - only design
c) selection - history threat
d) translational research
To turn a conceptual definition of a variable into a specific

measured variable or manipulated variable in order to conduct
research study:
a) operationalize
b) marginal means
c) generalizability
d) attrition threat
A value of a statistic that is associated with a desired alpha level:

a) Control variable
b) effect size
c) physiological measure
d) critical value
A threat to internal validity that occurs when Some Cue leads
participants to guess a study's hypotheses goals. Also called
experimental demand:
a) negatively worded question
b) instrumentation threat
c) demand characteristic
d) forced - choice format
The extend to which a measure is subjectively considered a

plausible operationalization of the conceptual variable in question:
a) factorial design
b) deception
c) bias blind spot
d) face validity
A variable of interest, stated at an abstract level, Usually defined as

part of a formal statement of a psychological theory. (see also
conceptual variable) :
a)deception
b) covariance
c) construct
d) Snowball sampling
A statement or set of statements that describes general principles

about how variables relate to one another:
a) theory
b) statistical hypothesis testing
c) F test
d) median
A study in which researchers gather information from just a few
cases:
a) meta - analysis
b) small - N design
c) random sampling
d) masked design
A variable that is manipulated in an experiment. In a multiple -

regression analysis, a predictor variable used to explain variance in the
criterion variable . (See also dependent variable) :
a) independent variable
b) spurious association
c) moderator
d) criterion variable
A claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible

for influencing the value of another variable :
a) reactivity
b) situation noise
c) observer effect
d) causal claim
A study in which the same variables are measured in the same

people at different points in time:
a) physiological measure
b) correlational study
c) longitudinal design
d) operationalize
A form of probability sampling; a variation of stratified random
sampling in which the researcher intentionally over - represents one or
more groups:
a) observer bias
b) Oversampling
c) biased sample
d) response set
Pertaining to a study whose results have been obtained again when

the study was repeated:
a) treatment group
b) replicable
c) quantitative variable
d) semantic differential format
An article summarising all the studies that have been published in

one research area:
a) participant variable
b) correlation coefficient r
c) weight of the evidence
d) reviwe journal article
In a longitudinal design, a correlation between two variables that

are measure at the same time:
a) constant
b) cross - selectional correlation
c) Socially desirable responding
d) single - N design
A survey question format in which respondents give their opinion

by picking the best of two or more options:
a) frequency distribution
b) scientific literature
c) convenience sampling
d) forced - choice format
Having two or more modes, or most common scores:
a) journal
b) multimodal
c) control variable
d) meta - analysis
A common form of statistical hypothesis testing in which

researchers calculate the probability of obtaining their results if the
null hypothesis is true; they then decide whether to reject or retain the
null hypothesis based on their calculations:
a) full counterbalancing
b) weight of the evidence
c) null hypothesis testing
d) null hypothesis
The idea that reviews and meta - anlyses of of published literature

might overestimate the Support for a theory, because studies finding
null effects are less likely to be published that studies finding
significant results, and are thus less likely to be included in such
reviews:
a) file drawer problem
b) Likert scale
c) face validity
d) dependent variable
An experimental design in which different groups of participants

are exposed to different levels of the independent variable, Such that
each participant experiences only one level of the independent
variable, also called between - subjects design or between - groups
design:
a) independent - groups design
b) interrater reliability
c) present / present bias
d) systematic variability
A form of research misconduct in which a researcher influences a
study's results, perhaps by deleting observations from a data set or by
influencing participants to act in the hypothesized way:
a) inferential statistics
b) internal scale
c) data falsification
d) manipulated variable
A study that includes two or more variables, in which all of the

variables are measured; can support association claim:
a) correlation coefficient r
b) observational measure
c) correlational study
d) translational research
The rejection of a true null hypothesis The investigator thinks he or

she has Something when there is nothing:
a) t - test for dependent samples
b) 6 tools of research
c) Interview
d) Type | Error
These designs provide little or no control of extraneous variables 1)

One - Group Pretest - Posttest Design 2) Static group comparison:
a) Probability sampling
b) Pre - experimental Designs
c) Researcher made tests
d) t - test for dependent samples
Studies across section (sample) of a population at a single point in
time :
a) Observation and Measurement
b) Cluster sampling
c) Cross sectional design
d) Pre - experimental Designs
The researcher becomes submerged into the phenomena at large.

They interact with the participants and are involved in their lives:
a) Stratified sampling
b) Magnitude of effect / power
c) Participant observation
d) Criterion referenced tests
Permit researchers to compare individuals performance is

interpreted in terms of his or her relative position in a specified
reference group known as the normative:
a) Observation and Measurement
b) Norm referenced tests
c) Criterion referenced tests
d) Researcher made tests
Indicates the percentage of scores in a distribution that fall below a

given score point:
a) Percentile rank
b) Attitude scales
c) Sampling error
d) Experimental research
By Using random assignment, randomized matching, homogeneous
selection, building variables into the design, Using subjects as their
own controls, and by controlling situational differences:
a) Quasi - Experimental Designs
b) How researcher deals with treats to internal validity
c) 6 Basic Steps Involved in Survey Research
d) Criterion referenced tests
ANOVA :
a) How researcher deals with treats to internal validity
b) Statistical technique for comparing two or more means
c) Randomized Experimental Designs
d) Types of Qualitative Research

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26- The Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences has opened a new lounge for male

28- A quasi-experimental design is characterized by:

30- That study design could also be:

41. Cross sectional study design:

42. The pre-test/post-test study design:

43. Random assignment of study sample to study groups is crucial for:

44. The observation method of data collection:

30. Which method of data collection could be used?

32. This study can be described as a:

35. That study design could also be:

37. A quasi-experimental design is characterized by:

38. Research design:

41. Cross sectional study design:

42. The pre-test/post-test study design:

43. Random assignment of study sample to study groups is crucial for:

44. The observation method of data collection:

45. Secondary sources of data may include:

46. Questionnaires have the following drawback:

49. Basic requirements for experimentation as a method of data collection include:

58. Anxiety and self- efficacy are considered:

16. An educated guess about study findings is

17. Non-directional hypothesis is used when the researcher

20. Which design will you implement? .

24. Which method for data collection could be used?

1. Secondary sources of data may include:

3. Secondary sources of data:

4. Basic requirements for experimentation as a method of data collection include:

30. Which method of data collection could be used?

49. Basic requirements for experimentation as a method of data collection

3. A researcher may collect data from the entire population when:

4. Using a probability sampling technique requires:

5. Homogenous sample is .... to recruit, but its results are ....

6. Non-probability sampling techniques include:

7. To draw a study sample, a researcher should begin with:

8. Quota sampling is the non-probability equivalent of

10. Accidental sampling technique is:

13. Characteristics of a good research hypothesis include:

2. To maximize sample homogeneity, a researcher may:

3. A researcher may collect data from the entire population when:

4. Heterogeneous sample is .... to recruit, but its results are........

5. Non-probability sampling techniques include:

6. Procedures for sample recruitment include:

9. Quota sampling is the non-probability equivalent of:

11. Characteristics of a good research hypothesis include:

30. Which method of data collection could be used?

32. This study can be described as a:

35. That study design could also be:

37. A quasi-experimental design is characterized by:

38. Research design:

41. Cross sectional study design:

42. The pre-test/post-test study design:

43. Random assignment of study sample to study groups is crucial for

44. The observation method of data collection:

45. Secondary sources of data may include:

46. Questionnaires have the following drawback:

2. To maximize sample homogeneity, a researcher may:

3. A researcher may collect data from the entire population when:

4. Using a probability sampling technique requires:

5. Heterogeneous sample is ...to recruit, but its results are..

6. Non-probability sampling techniques include:

8. Quota sampling is the non-probability equivalent of:

9. A study investigates the prevalence of a specific microorganism in hospitals within Saudi