Business Statistics 3rd Edition Sharpe Solutions Manual

Business Statistics 3rd Edition

Sharpe
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Chapter 2 – Displaying and Describing Categorical Data

SECTION EXERCISES

SECTION 2.1
1.
a) Frequency table: None AA BA MA PhD
164 42 225 52 29

b) Relative frequency table (divide each number by 512 and multiply by 100):

None AA BA MA PhD
32.03% 8.20% 43.95% 10.16% 5.66%

2.
Under 6 6 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 21 Over 21
a) Frequency table:
45 83 154 18 170

b) Relative frequency table:

Under 6 6 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 21 Over 21
9.57% 17.66% 32.77% 3.83% 36.17%

SECTION 2.2
3.
a)

b)

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 2-1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Another random document
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whatsoever entitled to our protection, that if any of them
shall presume, in contempt of this Royal Proclamation, and of
our high displeasure, to do any acts in derogation of their
duty as subjects of a neutral sovereign, in the said contest,
or in violation or contravention of the law of nations in that
behalf—as, for example and more especially, by entering into
the military service of either of the said contending parties
as commissioned or non-commissioned officers or soldiers; or
by serving as officers, sailors, or marines on board any ship
or vessel of war or transport of or in the service of either
of the said contending parties; or by serving as officers,
sailors, or marines on board any privateer bearing letters of
marque of or from either of the said contending parties; or by
engaging to go or going to any place beyond the seas with
intent to enlist or engage in any such service, or by
procuring or attempting to procure, within Her Majesty's
dominions, at home or abroad, others to do so; or by fitting
out, arming, or equipping, any ship or vessel to be employed
as a ship-of-war, or privateer, or transport, by either of the
said contending parties; or by breaking, or endeavoring to
break, any blockade lawfully and actually established by or on
behalf of either of the said contending parties; or by
carrying officers, soldiers, despatches, arms, military stores
or materials, or any article or articles considered and deemed
to be contraband of war according to the law of modern usage
of nations, for the use or service of either of the said
contending parties, all persons so offending will incur and be
liable to the several penalties and penal consequences by the
said statute, or by the law of nations, in that behalf imposed
or denounced. And we do hereby declare that all our subjects
and persons entitled to our protection who may misconduct
themselves in the premises will do so at their peril and of
their own wrong, and that they will in no wise obtain any
protection from us against any liability or penal
consequences, but will, on the contrary, incur our high
displeasure by such misconduct.
Given at our Court at the White Lodge, Richmond Park, this
 13th day of May, in the year of our Lord 1861, and in the
24th year of our reign. God save the Queen."

In the complaint of the United States subsequently submitted

to the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva, the facts attending
this remarkably hastened Proclamation of Neutrality were set
forth as follows: "Before any armed collision had taken place,
there existed an understanding between Her Majesty's
Government and the Government of the Emperor of the French,
with a view to securing a simultaneous and identical course of
action of the two Governments on American questions. … The
fact that it had been agreed to by the two Governments was
communicated to Mr. Dallas, by Lord John Russell, on the first
day of May, 1861. There was nothing in the previous relations
between Great Britain and the United States which made it
necessary for Her Majesty's Government to seek the advice or
to invite the support of the Emperor of the French in the
crisis which was threatened. … When the news of the bloodless
attack upon Fort Sumter became known in Europe, Her Majesty's
Government apparently assumed that the time had come for the
joint action which had been previously agreed upon; and,
without waiting to learn the purposes of the United States, it
announced its intention to take the first step by recognizing
the insurgents as belligerents. The President's Proclamation,
which has since been made the ostensible reason for this
determination, was issued on the 19th of April, and was made
public in the Washington newspapers of the morning of the
20th. An imperfect copy of it was also telegraphed to New
York, and from thence to Boston, in each of which cities it
appeared in the newspapers of the morning of the 20th. The New
York papers of the 20th gave the substance of the
Proclamation, without the official commencement and close, and
with several errors of more or less importance. The Boston
papers of the same date, in addition to the errors in the New
York copy, omitted the very important statement in regard to
the collection of the revenue, which appears in the
Proclamation as the main cause of its issue.
{3429}
During the morning of the 19th of April, a riot took place in
Baltimore, which ended in severing direct communication, by
rail or telegraph, between Washington and New York.
Telegraphic communication was not restored until the 30th of
the month. The regular passage of the mails and trains was
resumed about the same time. … It is absolutely certain that
no full copy of the text of the Proclamation could have left
Washington by the mails of the 19th, and equally certain that
no copy could have reached New York from Washington after the
19th for several days. On the 20th the steamer Canadian sailed
from Portland, taking the Boston papers of that day, with the
imperfect copy of the Proclamation, in which the clause in
regard to the collection of the revenue was suppressed. This
steamer arrived at Londonderry on the 1st of May, and the
'Daily News' of London, of the 2d of May, published the
following telegraphic items of news: 'President Lincoln has
issued a Proclamation, declaring a blockade of all the ports
in the seceded States. The Federal Government will condemn as
pirates all privateer-vessels which may be seized by Federal
ships.' The Canadian arrived at Liverpool on the 2d of May,
and the 'Daily News,' of the 3d, and the 'Times,' of the 4th
of May, published the imperfect Boston copy of the
Proclamation. … No other than the Boston copy of the
Proclamation appears to have been published in the London
newspapers. It is not likely that a copy was received in
London before the 10th, by the Fulton from New York. It was on
this meager and incorrect information that the advice of the
British Law Officers was based, upon which that Government
acted. … On the 5th of May the steamship Persia arrived at
Liverpool with advices from New York to the 25th of April.
Lord John Russell stated on Monday, the 6th of May, in a
communication to Lord Cowley, 'that Her Majesty's Government
received no dispatches from Lord Lyons by the mail which has
just arrived, [the Persia,] the communication between
Washington and New York being interrupted.' In the same
dispatch Lord Cowley is informed 'that Her Majesty's
Government cannot hesitate to admit that such Confederacy is
entitled to be considered as a belligerent, and as such
invested with all the rights and prerogatives of a
belligerent,' and he is instructed to invite the French
Government to a joint action, and a line of joint policy with
the British Government, toward the United States."

The Case of the United States before the Tribunal

of Arbitration at Geneva
[42d congress, 2d session, Senate ex. doc. 31],
pages 24-27.

"The British government is accustomed to preserve an attitude

of neutrality towards contending nations; but it would seem
that neutrality does not so far interfere with the sympathies
and freedom of its subjects as to compel it to issue
proclamations against Irishmen enlisting with Francis Joseph,
or Englishmen fighting for Victor Emanuel and Garibaldi. … In
the case of the United States, the laws of England and its
treaty stipulations with our Government already forbade its
subjects from engaging in a conspiracy to overthrow our
institutions. The proclamation, therefore, in forbidding
English subjects to fight in the service of the rebels against
the United States, simply declared the law as it was already
understood; while in forbidding Englishmen to fight for the
United States against the rebels, it intervened to change the
existing practice, to revive the almost obsolete act of Geo.
III. forbidding English subjects from engaging in foreign
service without the royal consent, which had slumbered in
regard to Austria and Italy, for the purpose of forbidding
Englishmen from assisting to maintain in the United States
constitutional order against conspiracy and rebellion, and the
cause of freedom against chattel slavery. The first effect of
the proclamation, therefore, was to change the position in
which England and Englishmen stood to the United States, to
the disadvantage of the latter. Before the proclamation, for
an Englishman to serve the United States Government in
maintaining its integrity was regarded honorable; after the
proclamation such service became a crime. The proclamation
makes it an offence now for an Englishman to fight for the
Government at Washington as great as it was for Englishmen
before the proclamation to fight for the rebels of Montgomery.
It thus, in a moral view, lowered the American Government to
the level of the rebel confederacy, and in the next place, it
proceeded, in an international view, to place the rebel
confederacy on a par with the American Government. … No
ingenuity can blind us to these facts:—Before the
proclamation, to support our Government was an honorable
office for the subjects of Great Britain, and the rebels were
insurgents, with no rights save under the American
Constitution. After the proclamation, for an Englishman to
serve the United States is a crime, and the rebels are
elevated into a belligerent power—and this intervention of
England, depriving us of a support which her practice
permitted, and giving the rebels a status and right they did
not possess, we are coolly told is neutrality. … What would
England have said to such a proclamation of neutrality from us
in her domestic troubles in Canada, in Ireland, or in India?
What would the English people have thought of a state paper
from Washington, declaring it the sovereign will of the people
of the United States to remain perfectly neutral in the
contest being waged in Hindostan between the British
government on the one side and the Mogul dynasty on the other,
and forbidding American citizens to enter the services of
either of the said belligerents? What would they have thought
of the American President intimating with cold etiquette that
it was a matter of profound indifference to this Government
which of the belligerents should be victorious, the King of
Oude and Nana Sahib, or Lord Canning and the immortal
Havelock?"

John Jay,
The Great Conspiracy:
Address at Mount Kisco, July 4, 1861.
 ALSO IN:
J. H. Soley,
The Blockade and the Cruisers,
chapter 2.

W. H. Seward,
Works,
volume 5
(Diplomatic History of the War).

J. G. Nicolay and J. Hay,

Abraham Lincoln,
volume 4, chapter 15.

M. Bernard,
Historical Account of the Neutrality of Great Britain
during the American Civil War,
chapters 4-10.

See, also, ALABAMA CLAIMS.

{3430}

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (April-May: Maryland).

The ending of rebellious trouble in Baltimore and the state.
General Butler in the field.

The Eighth Massachusetts Regiment, Colonel Monroe, arrived at

Philadelphia on the 20th of April, the day following the
passage of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment through Baltimore,
and its battle with the rebel mob of that city. The Eighth was
accompanied by General Benjamin F. Butler, who had been
appointed by the Governor of Massachusetts to command the
first brigade from that state. At Philadelphia General Butler
"first heard of the attack on the Sixth, in Baltimore. His
orders commanded him to march through that city. It was now
impossible to do so with less than 10,000 armed men. He
counselled with Major-General Robert Patterson, who had just
been appointed commander of the 'Department of Washington,'
which embraced the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and
Maryland, and the District of Columbia, and whose
head-quarters were at Philadelphia. Commodore Dupont,
commandant of the Navy Yard there, was also consulted, and it
was agreed that the troops should go by water from Perryville,
at the mouth of the Susquehanna River, to Annapolis, and
thence across Maryland to Washington." This route was
accordingly taken by General Butler. Colonel Lefferts, who had
reached Philadelphia with the New York Seventh Regiment,
preferred to attempt going directly to Washington by a steamer
which he secured for the purpose; but a report of rebel
batteries on the Potomac turned him back, and his regiment,
likewise, proceeded to Annapolis, arriving there some hours
after the Eighth Massachusetts. Despite the protests and
remonstrances of the Governor of Maryland-who was striving
hard to put his state in an attitude of "neutrality," and to
persuade the national government to respect it by passing no
armed troops across Maryland soil—both regiments were landed,
and took possession of the town, where the secessionists were
making ready to capture the Naval Academy and the training
ship Constitution. The track of the railroad from Annapolis
had been torn up and the locomotives disabled. The mechanics
of the Massachusetts Eighth proceeded quickly to repair both,
and the two regiments moved forward. "The troops reached
Annapolis Junction on the morning of the 25th, when the
co-operation of the two regiments ceased, the Seventh New York
going on to Washington, and the Eighth Massachusetts remaining
to hold the road they had just opened. Before their departure
from Annapolis, the Baltic, a large steamship transport, had
arrived there with troops, and officers speedily followed.
General Scott ordered General Butler to remain there, hold the
town and the road, and superintend the forwarding of troops to
the Capital. The 'Department of Annapolis,' which embraced the
country twenty miles on each side of the railway, as far as
Bladensburg, was created, and General Butler was placed in
command of it, with ample discretionary powers to make him a
sort of military dictator. … At the close of April, General
Butler had full 10,000 men under his command at Annapolis, and
an equal number were guarding the seat of Government
[Washington]." Meantime, Baltimore had been given up to the
control of the Secessionists, though the Maryland Unionists
were numerous and strong and were gathering courage to assert
themselves. But the rebellious and riotous city was now
brought to its senses. On the 5th of May General Butler sent
two regiments to occupy the Relay House, within nine miles of
Baltimore. On the 9th, a force of 1,200 Pennsylvania troops
and regulars, ordered forward by General Patterson from
Philadelphia, were landed near Fort McHenry, under the guns of
a United States vessel, and marched through the city. On the
night of the 13th, General Butler, in person, with about 1,000
men, including the Massachusetts Sixth, entered the place and
took a commanding position on Federal Hill, which was
afterwards permanently fortified. From that day the disloyalty
in Baltimore gave no trouble to the Government.

B. J. Lossing,
Field Book of the Civil War,
volume 1, chapter 18.

ALSO IN:
Official Records of the War of the Rebellion,
series 1, volume 2.

J. Parton,
General Butler in New Orleans,
chapters 4-5.

T. Winthrop,
New York Seventh Regiment: Our March to Washington
(Life in the Open Air).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (May).
Call for additional volunteers.

On the 3d of May the President issued a call for forty

additional regiments of volunteers; directed an increase of
the regular army by ten regiments, and ordered the enlistment
of 18,000 seamen—acts subsequently legalized by Congress.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (May).

Exportation of cotton from the Confederacy,
excepting through its seaports, prohibited.

On the 21st of May, 1861, the Congress of the Confederate

States passed an act declaring that "from and after the 1st
day of June next, and during the existence of the blockade of
any of the ports of the Confederate States of America by the
Government of the United States, it shall not be lawful for
any person to export any raw cotton or cotton yarn from the
Confederate States of America except through the seaports of
the said Confederate States."

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (May).

Secession of North Carolina.

See NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1861 (JANUARY-MAY).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (May).

General Butler at Fortress Monroe and his "Contrabands."
The first military thrust at Slavery.

General Butler was commissioned as Major-General of Volunteers

on the 16th of May, and on the 20th he was ordered to the
command at Fortress Monroe. He arrived at the Fortress on the
22d and assumed the command. "On the evening of the second day
after his arrival at the post, the event occurred which will
for ever connect the name of General Butler with the history
of the abolition of slavery in America. Colonel Phelps's visit
 to Hampton [the previous day] had thrown the white inhabitants
into such alarm that most of them prepared for flight, and
many left their homes that night, never to see them again. In
the confusion three negroes escaped, and, making their way
across the bridges, gave themselves up to a Union picket,
saying that their master, Colonel Mallory, was about to remove
them to North Carolina to work upon rebel fortifications
there, far away from their wives and children, who were to be
left in Hampton. They were brought to the fortress, and the
circumstance was reported to the general in the morning. … He
needed laborers. He was aware that the rebel batteries that
were rising around him were the work chiefly of slaves,
without whose assistance they could not have been erected in
time to give him trouble. He wished to keep these men. The
garrison wished them kept. The country would have deplored or
resented the sending of them away. If they had been Colonel
Mallory's horses, or Colonel Mallory's spades, or Colonel
Mallory's percussion caps, he would have seized them and used
them without hesitation.
{3431}
Why not property more valuable for the purposes of the
rebellion than any other? He pronounced the electric words,
'These men are Contraband of War; set them at work.' 'An
epigram,' as Winthrop remarks, 'abolished slavery in the
United States.' The word took; for it gave the country an
excuse for doing what it was longing to do. … By the time the
three negroes were comfortably at work upon the new
bake-house, General Butler received the following brief
epistle, signed 'J. B. Carey, major-acting, Virginia
volunteers': 'Be pleased to designate some time and place when
it will be agreeable to you to accord to me a personal
interview.' The general complied with the request." The
interview occurred that afternoon, and was not between
strangers; for General Butler and Major Carey were old
political allies—hard-shell democrats both. The essential part
of the conversation which ensued was as follows: "Major Carey:
'I am informed that three negroes, belonging to Colonel
Mallory, have escaped within your lines. I am Colonel
Mallory's agent and have charge of his property. What do you
intend to do with regard to those negroes?' General Butler: 'I
propose to retain them.' Major Carey: 'Do you mean, then, to
set aside your constitutional obligations?' General Butler: 'I
mean to abide by the decision of Virginia, as expressed in her
ordinance of secession, passed the day before yesterday. I am
under no constitutional obligations to a foreign country,
which Virginia now claims to be.' Major Carey: 'But you say,
we can't secede, and so you cannot consistently detain the
negroes.' General Butler: 'But you say, you have seceded, and
so you cannot consistently claim them. I shall detain the
negroes as contraband of war. You are using them upon your
batteries. It is merely a question whether they shall be used
for or against the government. Nevertheless, though I greatly
need the labor which has providentially fallen into my hands,
if Colonel Mallory will come into the fort, and take the oath
of allegiance to the United States, he shall have his negroes,
and I will endeavor to hire them from him.' Major Carey:
'Colonel Mallory is absent.' The interview here terminated,
and each party, with polite farewell, went its way. This was
on Friday, May 24. On Sunday morning, eight more negroes came
in. … They continued to come in daily, in tens, twenties,
thirties, till the number of contrabands in the various camps
numbered more than 900. A commissioner of negro affairs was
appointed, who taught, fed and governed them." General Butler
reported his action to the Government, and on the 30th of May
the Secretary of War wrote to him: "Your action in respect to
the negroes who came within your lines, from the service of
the rebels, is approved. … While … you will permit no
interference, by persons under your command, with the
relations of persons held to service under the laws of any
state, you will, on the other hand, so long as any state
within which your military operations are conducted remain
under the control of … armed combinations, refrain from
surrendering to alleged masters any persons who come within
your lines." "So the matter rested for two months, at the
 expiration of which events revived the question."

J. Parton,
General Butler in New Orleans,
chapter 6.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (May: Virginia).

First Advance of Union Troops across the Potomac.
Death of Ellsworth at Alexandria.

"Already 'Confederate' pickets were occupying Arlington

Heights and the Virginia shore of the Long Bridge, which spans
the Potomac at Washington City; and engineers had been seen on
those heights selecting eligible positions for batteries. A
crisis was evidently at hand, and the General-in-chief was now
persuaded to allow an immediate invasion of Virginia. Orders
were at once issued [May 23] for the occupation of the shores
of the Potomac opposite, and also the city of Alexandria, nine
miles below, by National troops. General Mansfield was in
command of about 13,000 men at the Capital. Toward midnight,
these forces in and around Washington were put in motion for
the passage of the river, at three different points. One
column was to cross at the Aqueduct Bridge, at Georgetown;
another at the Long Bridge, at Washington; and a third was to
proceed in vessels, and seize the city of Alexandria. The
three invading columns moved almost simultaneously. … The
troops moving by land and water reached Alexandria at about
the same time. The National frigate Pawnee was lying off the
town, and her commander had already been in negotiation for
the evacuation of Alexandria by the insurgents. A detachment
of her crew, bearing a flag of truce, now hastened to the
shore in boats, and leaped eagerly upon the wharf just before
the zouaves [the New York Fire Zouave Regiment, under Colonel
Ellsworth] reached it. They were fired upon by some Virginia
sentries, who instantly fled from the town. Ellsworth,
ignorant of any negotiations, advanced to the center of the
city, and took possession of it in the name of his Government,
 while the column under Wilcox marched through different
streets to the Station of the Orange and Alexandria Railway,
and seized it, with much rolling stock. They there captured a
small company (thirty-five men) of Virginia cavalry, under
Captain Ball. Other Virginians, who had heard the firing of
the insurgent pickets, escaped by way of the railroad.
Alexandria was now in quiet possession of the National troops,
but there were many violent secessionists there who would not
submit. Among them was a man named Jackson, the proprietor of
an inn called the Marshall House. The Confederate flag had
been flying over his premises for many days, and had been
plainly seen from the President's house in Washington. It was
still there, and Ellsworth went in person to take it down.
When descending an upper staircase with it, he was shot by
Jackson, who was waiting for him in a dark passage, with a
double-barreled gun, loaded with buckshot. Ellsworth fell
dead, and his murderer met the same fate an instant afterward,
at the hands of Francis E. Brownell, of Troy, who, with six
others, had accompanied his commander to the roof of the
house. He shot Jackson through the head with a bullet, and
pierced his body several times with his saber-bayonet. …
Ellsworth was a very young and extremely handsome man, and was
greatly beloved for his generosity, and admired for his
bravery and patriotism. His death produced great excitement
throughout the country. It was the first of note that had
occurred in consequence of the National troubles, and the very
first since the campaign had actually begun, a few hours
before.
{3432}
It intensified the hatred of rebellion and its abettors; and a
regiment was raised in his native State (New York) called the
Ellsworth Avengers. Intrenching tools were sent over the
Potomac early on the morning of the 24th, and the troops
immediately commenced casting up intrenchments and redoubts,
extending from Roach's Spring, on the Washington and
Alexandria Road, across Arlington Heights, almost to the Chain
Bridge."
 B. J. Lossing,
Field Book of the Civil War,
volume 1, chapter 20.

ALSO IN:
F. Moore,
Anecdotes, Poetry and Incidents of the War,
page 391.

J. T. Headley,
The Great Rebellion,
chapter 5.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (May-June).

Tennessee dragged into the rebel Confederacy.
Loyal resistance of East Tennessee.

See TENNESSEE: A. D. 1861 (JANUARY-MAY) and (JUNE).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (May-July: Missouri).

The baffling of the 'Secessionists in Missouri.
Lyon's capture of Camp Jackson.
The Battle of Boonville.

See MISSOURI: A. D. 1861 (FEBRUARY-JULY).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (May-September:

Kentucky).
The struggle for the state.
Secession and Neutrality overcome.

See KENTUCKY: A. D. 1861 (JANUARY-SEPTEMBER).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (June: Virginia).

The fight at Big Bethel.
"Major-General Butler and staff arrived at Fortress Monroe
Wednesday afternoon, May 22d. … Colonel Magruder—late Colonel
in the United States service, and an officer of much
distinction as an obstinate combatant—was placed in command
(rebel) of the Peninsula. … Troops rapidly poured into
Butler's department, and he soon found himself in a condition
to act on the offensive. Magruder's scouts and cavalry greatly
annoyed the two camps mentioned. They had, also, seized
several Union men. These raids became so frequent and annoying
that a night attack was concerted upon their positions at
Little Bethel and Big Bethel—the latter, near the north branch
of Back River, where it was understood Magruder's outposts
were throwing up strong works. Brigadier-General Pierce, of
the Massachusetts troops, was detailed to command the
expedition. … Approaching the enemy's position at Big Bethel,
it was found that their guns commanded all points of approach.
The road leading up to the bridge over the creek was swept by
their artillery. A thick woods to the left of the road
afforded some protection to the Federal left. An open field on
the right of the approach only offered a house and
out-buildings as a cover. The enemy occupied a hill, beyond
the creek, which almost completely secured their front. At
their rear was a dense wood. This gave them the advantage of
ground, greatly. A reconnaissance would have demonstrated the
futility of a front attack except by artillery. The only hope
for the Federals was in a flank movement, higher up the creek,
by which, the stream being passed, the enemy could be
assaulted in their works, at the point of the bayonet, if
necessary. This movement was only attempted partially at a
late hour in the day. The rebels were well prepared, and only
awaited the appearance of the head of the Federal advance to
open a sharp fire. … The fight was, from the first, extremely
unequal. A front attack was sheer folly. But, the flank
movement was not ordered. … The fortunes of the day needed but
a master-hand to direct them, to have turned in favor of the
Union troops. … Lieutenant-Colonel Washburne had … arranged
for a flank movement which, with a combined attack from the
 front, must have ended the struggle; but the order for retreat
was given before the movement could be executed. … The Federal
loss was 14 killed, 49 wounded and five missing. Among the
killed were two of the most gallant and noble men in the
service—Major Theodore Winthrop, Secretary and Aid to General
Butler, and first-Lieutenant John T. Greble, of the United
States regular artillery, Second regiment. The rebels
pronounced their loss to have been but one killed and four
wounded. The retreat was accomplished in good order—the enemy
not pursuing."

O. J. Victor,
History of the Southern Rebellion,
volume 2, division 4, chapter 18.

ALSO IN:
W. C. Bryant and S. H. Gay,
Popular History of the United States,
volume 4, chapter 17.

Life and Poems of Theodore Winthrop,

chapter 9.

Official Records,
series 1, volume 2.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (June-July: West Virginia).

General McClellan's campaign in the mountains.
Rich Mountain and Carrick's Ford.

"Although some thousands of West Virginians had volunteered to

fight for the Union, none of them were encamped on the soil of
their State until after the election held [May 23] to ratify
or reject the Ordinance of Secession. …

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1861 (JANUARY-JUNE)]

 The Virginians who volunteered were mustered in and organized
at Camp Carlile, in Ohio, opposite Wheeling, under the command
of Colonel Kelly, himself a Virginian. George B. McClellan,
who had been appointed a Major-General and assigned to the
command of the Department of the Ohio, remained at Cincinnati,
his home. Three days after the election aforesaid, he issued
from that city a spirited address 'To the Union men of Western
Virginia.' … A brief and stirring address to his soldiers was
issued simultaneously with the above; and, both being read to
those in Camp Carlile that evening, the 1st Virginia, 1,100
strong, Colonel Kelly, crossed to Wheeling early next morning,
closely followed by the 16th Ohio, Colonel Irvine. The 14th
Ohio, Colonel Steedman, crossed simultaneously, and quietly
occupied Parkersburg, the terminus of the Northwestern branch
of the Baltimore and Ohio road. A Rebel force, then holding
Grafton, which connected the branch aforesaid with the main or
Wheeling division of the railroad, had meditated a descent on
Wheeling; but, finding themselves anticipated and outnumbered,
they obstructed and destroyed the railroad west of them," and
fell back to Philippi, some fifteen miles southward. "General
McClellan having ordered that Philippi be captured by
surprise, the attempt was made on the night of June 2d. Two
brigades of two regiments each approached the Rebel camp by
different roads" and dispersed it completely, with some loss
on both sides, capturing the tents, provisions and munitions.
The Rebel commander, Colonel Porterfield, "gathering up such
portion of his forces as he could find, retreated hastily to
Beverly, and thence to Huttonsville; where the Rebel array was
rapidly increased by conscription, and Governor Wise placed in
command. General McClellan arrived at Grafton on the 23d. …
His forces were rapidly augmented, till they amounted, by the
4th of July, to over 30,000 men; while the Rebels in his front
could hardly muster 10,000 in all.
{3433}
He therefore resolved to advance. The Rebel main force,
several thousand strong, under General Robert S. Garnett, was
strongly intrenched on Laurel Hill, a few miles north of
Beverly, … while a smaller detachment, under Colonel John
Pegram was intrenched upon the summit and at either base of
Rich Mountain … three or four miles distant from the Rebel
main body." General Rosecrans, sent by a detour of eight miles
through the mountains to Pegram's rear, drove the rebels (July
11) from their position, at the point of the bayonet; and the
following day their commander, with about 600 men, was forced
to surrender. "General McClellan pushed on to Beverly, which
he entered early next morning, flanking General Garnett's
position at Laurel Hill and compelling him to a precipitate
flight northward. Six cannon, 200 tents, 60 wagons and over
100 prisoners, were the trophies of this success. The Rebel
loss in killed and wounded was about 150; the Union about 50.
General Garnett, completely flanked, thoroughly worsted, and
fearfully outnumbered, abandoned his camp at Laurel Hill
without a struggle, crossing the Laurel Mountains eastward, by
a by-road, into the narrow valley of Cheat river. … At length,
having crossed the Cheat at a point known as Carrick's Ford,
which proffered an admirable position for defense. Garnett
turned [July 14] to fight." But the Union force which pursued
him was overpowering; Garnett himself was killed in the battle
at the Ford and his command fled in confusion. General
McClellan telegraphed to Washington, next day, from
Huttonsville: "We have completely annihilated the enemy in
Western Virginia. Our loss is about 13 killed and not more
than 40 wounded; while the enemy's loss is not far from 200
killed; and the number of prisoners we have taken will amount
to at least 1,000. We have captured seven of the enemy's guns
in all. A portion of Garnett's forces retreated; but I look
for their capture by General Hill, who is in hot pursuit."
"This expectation was not realized. The pursuit was only
continued two miles beyond the ford; when our weary soldiers
halted, and the residue of the Rebels, under Colonel Ramsey,
turning sharply to the right, made their way across the
mountains, and joined General Jackson at Monterey." Meantime,
simultaneously with General McClellan's advance on Beverly,
another strong Union force, under General Cox, had moved from
Guyandotte to the Kanawha, and up that river to Charleston,
which it reached on the 25th of July. Governor Wise, who
commanded the rebels in the Kanawha Valley, retreated, General
Cox pursuing, until the pursuit was checked on the 29th by
Wise's destruction of Gauley bridge. The rebels then made good
their flight to Lewisburg, in Greenbrier county, where Wise
was reinforced and superseded by General John B. Floyd.

H. Greeley,
The American Conflict,
volume 1, chapter 32.

"The war in Western Virginia seemed to have ended with the

dispersion of Garnett's forces, and there was much rejoicing
over the result. It was premature. The 'Confederates' were not
disposed to surrender to their enemy the granaries that would
be needed to supply the troops in Eastern Virginia, without a
severer struggle. General Robert E. Lee succeeded Garnett, and
more important men than Wise and Floyd took the places of
these incompetents. Rosecrans succeeded McClellan, who was
called to the command of the Army of the Potomac, and the war
in the mountain region of Virginia was soon renewed."

B. J. Lossing,
Field Book of the Civil War,
volume 1, chapter 22.

ALSO IN:
Official Records of the War of the Rebellion,
series 1, volume 2, page 193-293.

V. A. Lewis,
History of West Virginia,
chapter 28.

J. D. Cox,
McClellan in West Virginia
 (Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, volume 1).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (July).

First depredations of the Confederate cruiser Sumter.

See ALABAMA CLAIMS: A. D. 1861-1862.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (July: Virginia).

The seat of the rebel government transferred to Richmond.

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1861 (JULY).