Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter Jespersen 7th Edition Test Bank

Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter

Jespersen 7th

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Chapter 2
Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table
Multiple Choice Questions
Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
1. All of the following are alkali metals except
a. Sr
b. Na
c. Fr
d. Cs
e. Rb
Answer: a
Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
2. Which element is a halogen?
a. Te
b. O
c. Se
d. Uuh
e. I
Answer: e

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
3. Each statement accurately describes the noble gases except for which one?
a. They were once known as the inert gases.
b. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, and Uuo are part of the group.
c. Their heavier elements do react with other elements.
d. They belong to group VIIIA (or 18).
e. They contain at least one metalloid.
Answer: e
?
Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
4. The transition metals take up ___ periods of the periodic table.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 1
e. 5
Answer: c
Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
5. In which family of elements does Ca belong?
a. alkali metals
b. alkaline earth metals
c. halogens
d. noble gases
e. transition metals
Answer: b
Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
6. The elements in a column of the periodic table are known as
a. metalloids.
b. a period.
c. noble gases.
d. a group.
e. nonmetals.
Answer: d
?
Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
7. The elements in a row of the periodic table are known as
a. metalloids.
b. a period.
c. noble gases.
d. a group.
e. nonmetals.
Answer: b
Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
8. Which of these elements have the most chemical properties that are similar to
sulfur?
a. calcium
b. oxygen
c. phosphorus
d. bromine
e. nitrogen
Answer: b
Section 2.1
Difficulty Level: easy
9. Which of these elements have the most chemical properties that are similar to
magnesium?
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{3612}

VENICE: A. D. 1510-1513.
The breaking of the League of Cambrai.
The" Holy League" of Pope Julius with Venice,
Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Henry VIII. against France.
The French expelled from Italy.
The Republic recovers its domain.

See ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513.

VENICE: A. D. 1517.
Peace with the Emperor Maximilian.
Recovery of Verona.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1516-1517.

VENICE: A. D. 1526.
The Holy League against the Emperor, Charles V.

See ITALY: A. D. 1523-1527.

VENICE: A. D. 1527.
Fresh alliance with France and England against the Emperor.

See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.

VENICE: A. D. 1570-1571.
Holy League with Spain and the Pope against the Turks.
Great battle and victory of Lepanto.

See TURKS: A. D. 1566-1571.

VENICE: A. D. 1572.
Withdrawal from the Holy League.
Separate peace with the Turks.
 See TURKS: A. D. 1572-1573.

VENICE: 16th Century.

The Art of the Renaissance.

"It was a fact of the greatest importance for the development

of the fine arts in Italy that painting in Venice reached
maturity later than in Florence. Owing to this circumstance
one chief aspect of the Renaissance, its material magnificence
and freedom, received consummate treatment at the hands of
Titian, Tintoretto, and Veronese. To idealise the sensualities
of the external universe, to achieve for colour what the
Florentines had done for form, to invest the worldly grandeur
of human life at one of its most gorgeous epochs with the
dignity of the highest art, was what these great artists were
called on to accomplish. Their task could not have been so
worthily performed in the fifteenth century as in the
sixteenth, if the development of the æsthetic sense had been
more premature among the Venetians. Venice was precisely
fitted for the part her painters had to play. Free, isolated,
wealthy, powerful; famous throughout Europe for the pomp of
her state equipage, and for the immorality of her private
manners; ruled by a prudent aristocracy, who spent vast wealth
on public shows and on the maintenance of a more than imperial
civic majesty: Venice with her pavement of liquid chrysoprase,
with her palaces of porphyry and marble, her frescoed façades,
her quays and squares aglow with the costumes of the Levant,
her lagoons afloat with the galleys of all nations, her
churches floored with mosaics, her silvery domes and ceilings
glittering with sculpture bathed in molten gold: Venice
luxurious in the light and colour of a vaporous atmosphere,
where sea-mists rose into the mounded summer clouds; arched
over by the broad expanse of sky, bounded only by the horizon
of waves and plain and distant mountain ranges, and reflected
in all its many hues of sunrise and sunset upon the glassy
surface of smooth waters: Venice asleep like a miracle of opal
or of pearl upon the bosom of an undulating lake:—here and
here only on the face of the whole globe was the unique city
wherein the pride of life might combine with the lustre of the
physical universe to create and stimulate in the artist a
sense of all that was most sumptuous in the pageant of the
world of sense. … The Venetians had no green fields and trees,
no garden borders, no blossoming orchards, to teach them the
tender suggestiveness, the quaint poetry of isolated or
contrasted tints. Their meadows were the fruitless furrows of
the Adriatic, hued like a peacock's neck; they called the
pearl-shells of their Lido flowers, fior di mare. Nothing
distracted their attention from the glories of morning and of
evening presented to them by their sea and sky. It was in
consequence of this that the Venetians conceived colour
heroically, not as a matter of missal-margins or of
subordinate decoration, but as a motive worthy in itself of
sublime treatment. In like manner, hedged in by no limitary
hills, contracted by no city walls, stifled by no narrow
streets, but open to the liberal airs of heaven and ocean, the
Venetians understood space and imagined pictures almost
boundless in their immensity. Light, colour, air, space: those
are the elemental conditions of Venetian art; of those the
painters weaved their ideal world for beautiful and proud
humanity. … In order to understand the destiny of Venice in
art, it is not enough to concentrate attention on the
peculiarities of her physical environment. Potent as these
were in the creation of her style, the political and social
conditions of the Republic require also to be taken into
account. Among Italian cities Venice was unique. She alone was
tranquil in her empire, unimpeded in her constitutional
development, independent of Church interference, undisturbed
by the cross purposes and intrigues of the despots, inhabited
by merchants who were princes, and by a free-born people who
had never seen war at their gates. The serenity of undisturbed
security, the luxury of wealth amassed abroad and liberally
spent at home, gave a physiognomy of ease and proud
self-confidence to all her edifices. The grim and anxious
 struggles of the Middle Ages left no mark on Venice. How
different was this town from Florence, every inch of whose
domain could tell of civic warfare. … It is not an
insignificant, though a slight, detail, that the predominant
colour of Florence is brown, while the predominant colour of
Venice is that of mother-of-pearl, concealing within its
general whiteness every tint that can be placed upon the
palette of a painter. The conditions of Florence stimulated
mental energy and turned the forces of the soul inwards. Those
of Venice inclined the individual to accept life as he found
it. Instead of exciting him to think, they disposed him to
enjoy, or to acquire by industry the means of manifold
enjoyment. To represent in art the intellectual strivings of
the Renaissance was the task of Florence and her sons; to
create a monument of Renaissance magnificence was the task of
Venice."

J. A. Symonds,
Renaissance in Italy: The Fine Arts,
chapter 7.

{3613}

VENICE: A. D. 1606-1607.
The Republic under the guidance of Fra Paolo Sarpi.
Conflict with the Pope.
The Interdict which had no terrors.

"In the Constitution of the Republic at this time [1606] there

were three permanent officials called Counsellors of Law, or
State Counsellors, whose duties were to instruct the Doge and
Senate on the legal bearings of any question in dispute in
which the Republic was involved. But at the beginning of this
year, because of the ecclesiastical element that frequently
appeared in these quarrels (for they were mostly between the
State and the Pope), the Senate resolved to create a new
office, namely, that of 'Teologo-Consultore,' or Theological
Counsellor. In looking about for one to fill this office the
choice of Doge and Senate unanimously fell upon Fra Paolo
Sarpi. … I have called Fra Paolo Sarpi the greatest of the
Venetians. … Venice has produced many great men—Doges,
soldiers, sailors, statesmen, writers, poets, painters,
travellers—but I agree with Mrs. Oliphant that Fra Paolo is 'a
personage more grave and great, a figure unique in the midst
of this ever animated, strong, stormy, and restless race'; and
with Lord Macaulay, who has said of him that 'what he did, he
did better than anybody.' … He was supreme as a thinker, as a
man of action, and as a transcript and pattern of every
Christian principle. … Foreigners who came to Venice sought
above all things to see him as 'the greatest genius of his
age.' … On the 28th of January, 1606, he entered upon his
public duties." From that time until his death, seventeen
years later, he not only held the office of Theological
Counsellor, but the duties of the three Counsellors of Law
were gradually transferred to him, as those offices were
vacated, in succession, by death. "During this time question
after question arose for settlement, many of which were of
momentous import, the resolution of which bore, not upon the
interests of Venice merely, but of Europe; and affected, not
the then living generation only, but a remote posterity. In
every case Fra Paolo's advice was sought, in every case it was
followed, and in every case it was right. The consequence was
that the history of the Republic during these seventeen years
was one unbroken record of great intellectual and moral
victories. … Never was there in any land, by any Government, a
servant more honoured and more beloved. The solicitude of the
Doge, of the dreaded Council of Ten, of the Senate, of the
whole people, for the safety and well-being of their
Consultore, was like that of a mother for her only child.
'Fate largo a Fra Paolo'—'Make room for Fra Paolo,' was often
heard as he passed along the crowded Merceria. Fra Paolo loved
Venice with an undying devotion, and Venice loved him with a
romantic and tender affection. The Pope, whose quarrels with
the Republic were the chief cause of the creation of the
office of Theological Counsellor, and of Fra Paolo's election
to it, was Paul V. … Strained relations … [had] existed
between Venice and the Vatican during the last years of
Clement VIII.'s Pontificate. His seizure of the Duchy of
Ferrara, his conduct in the matter of the Patriarch Zane's
appointment, his attempt to cripple the book-trade of Venice
by means of the Index Expurgatorius, all led to serious
disputes, in everyone of which he got the worst of it. Pope
Paul V., who was then Cardinal Borghese, chafed at what he
considered Clement's pusillanimity. Talking of these matters
to the Venetian ambassador at Rome, Leonardo Donato, he once
said, 'If I were Pope, I would place Venice under an interdict
and excommunication;' 'And if I were Doge,' was the reply, 'I
would trample your interdict and excommunication under foot.'
Curiously enough, both were called upon to fill these offices,
and both proved as good as their words. … Paul V. … found
several excuses for quarrel. The Patriarch, Matteo Zane—he
whose appointment had been a matter of dispute with Clement
VIII.—died, and the Senate appointed Francesco Vendramin as
his successor. Pope Paul claimed the right of presentation,
and demanded that he should be sent to Rome for examination
and approval. The Senate replied by ordering his investiture,
and forbidding him to leave Venice. Again, money had to be
raised in Brescia for the restoration of the ramparts, and the
Senate imposed a tax on all the citizens—laymen and
ecclesiastics alike. Pope Paul V. claimed exemption for the
latter, as being his subjects. The Senate refused to listen to
him. … These differences were causing both the Pope and the
Republic to look to their armoury and to try the temper of
their weapons, when two more serious matters occurred which
brought them into open warfare. The prologue was passed, the
drama was about to open. First, two priests in high position
were leading flagrantly wicked and criminal lives. … The
Senate sent its officers, and had the offenders seized and
brought to Venice, and locked up from further mischief in the
dungeons of the Ducal Palace. Pope Paul V. angrily
remonstrated, and peremptorily demanded their instant
 liberation, on the ground that being priests they were not
amenable to the secular arm. … Secondly, two ecclesiastical
property laws were in force throughout the Republic; by one
the Church was prohibited from building any new monasteries,
convents, or churches without the consent of the Government
under penalty of forfeiture; and by the other it was
disqualified from retaining property which it might become
possessed of by donation or by inheritance, but was bound to
turn it into money. … Pope Paul V. … demanded the repeal of
these property laws. These two demands, regarding the
imprisoned ecclesiastics and the property laws, were first put
forward in October, 1605. … Early in December, the Pope,
impatient to bring the quarrel to a head, threatened to place
Venice under interdict and excommunication if it did not yield
to his demands. … It was at this acute stage of the quarrel
that the Republic laid hold of Fra Paolo Sarpi, and, as we
have already noted, made him its Theological Counsellor, and
the struggle henceforth became, to a large extent, a duel
between 'Paul the Pope, and Paul the Friar.' On the very day
that Fra Paolo accepted this office he informed the Senate
that two courses of action were open to them. They could argue
the case either de jure or de facto. First, de jure, that is,
they could appeal against the judgment of the Pope to a Church
Council. … Secondly, the Republic could adopt the de facto
course; that is, it could rely on its own authority and
strength. It could set these over against the Pope's, and
whilst willing to argue out the matter in a spirit of reason
with him, yet meet his force with opposing force. If he turned
a deaf ear to right, there was no help for it but to make it a
question of might. The de facto course was therefore the one
Fra Paolo recommended; adding very significantly, 'He who
appeals to a Council admits that the righteousness of his
cause may be questioned, whereas that of Venice is
indisputable.'
{3614}
The Senate hailed the advice thus given, and instructed him to
draw out a reply to the Pope's brief in accordance with it. …
From the moment this reply was received a bitter controversy
was set on foot. Renewed demands came from Rome, and renewed
refusals were sent from Venice. … Meanwhile the eyes of all
the Courts of Europe were directed to the great struggle, and
Venice made them more than spectators by laying its case as
prepared by their Consultore fairly and fully before them. The
time had not arrived for any nation to enter as a party into
the contest, but all frankly expressed their opinions, which
were, with the exception of that of Spain, unequivocally on
the side of Venice. … At last the Pope determined to put into
execution the threats contained in the briefs, and to place
the Republic under interdict and excommunication. On the 17th
of April, 1606, the bull of interdict and excommunication was
launched; twenty-four days being allowed Venice for
repentance, with three more added of the Pope's gracious
clemency. The die was thus cast by Pope Paul V., by which he
was either to humble the Republic, or discredit himself and
his 'spiritual arms' in the sight of Europe. The bull was a
sweeping one. … No more masses were to be said. Baptism,
marriage, and burial services were to cease. The churches were
to be locked up, and the priests could withdraw from the
devoted land. All social relationships were dissolved.
Marriages were declared invalid, and all children born were
illegitimate. Husbands could desert their wives, and children
disobey their parents. Contracts of all kinds were declared
null and void. Allegiance to the Government was at an end."

A. Robertson,
Fra Paolo Sarpi,
chapter 5, and preface.

"It was proposed in the college of Venice to enter a solemn

protest, as had been done in earlier times; but this proposal
was rejected, on the ground that the sentence of the pope was
in itself null and void, and had not even a show of justice.
In a short proclamation, occupying only a quarto page,
Leonardo Donato made known to the clergy the resolution of the
republic to maintain the sovereign authority, 'which
acknowledges no other superior in worldly things save God
alone.' Her faithful clergy would of themselves perceive the
nullity of the 'censures' issued against them, and would
continue the discharge of their functions, the cure of souls
and the worship of God, without interruption. No alarm was
expressed, no menaces were uttered, the proclamation was a
mere expression of confidence and security. It is, however,
probable that something more may have been done by verbal
communication. By these proceedings, the question of claim and
right became at once a question of strength and of possession.
Commanded by their two superiors—the pope and the republic—to
give contradictory proofs of obedience, the Venetian clergy
were now called on to decide to which of the two they would
render that obedience. They did not hesitate; they obeyed the
republic: not a copy of the brief was fixed up. The delay
appointed by the pope expired; public worship was everywhere
conducted as usual. As the secular clergy had decided, so did
also the monastic orders. The only exception to this was
presented by the orders newly instituted, and in which the
principle of ecclesiastical restoration was more particularly
represented; these were the Jesuits, Theatines, and Capuchins.
The Jesuits, in so far as they were themselves concerned, were
not altogether decided; they first took counsel of their
Provincial at Ferrara, and afterwards of their General in
Rome, who referred the question to the pope himself. Paul V.
replied that they must either observe the interdict, or shake
the dust from their feet and leave Venice. A hard decision
assuredly, since they were distinctly informed that they would
never be permitted to return; but the principle of their
institution allowed them no choice. Embarking in their boats,
they departed from the city, and took shelter in the papal
dominions. Their example influenced the other two orders. A
middle course was proposed by the Theatines, but the Venetians
did not think it advisable; they would suffer no division in
their land, and demanded either obedience or departure. The
deserted churches were easily provided with other priests, and
care was taken that none should perceive a deficiency. … It is
manifest that the result was a complete schism. The pope was
amazed; his exaggerated pretensions were confronted by the
realities of things with the most unshrinking boldness. Did
any means exist by which these might be overcome? Paul V.
thought at times of having recourse to arms. … Legates were
despatched, and troops fitted out; but in effect they dared
not venture to attempt force. There would have been cause to
apprehend that Venice would call the Protestants to her aid,
and thus throw all Italy, nay the Catholic world at large,
into the most perilous commotions. They must again betake
themselves, as on former occasions, to political measures, for
the adjustment of these questions touching the rights of the
Church. … I have neither inclination nor means for a detailed
account of these negotiations through the whole course of the
proceedings. … The first difficulty was presented by the pope,
who insisted, before all things, that the Venetian laws, which
had given him so much offence, should be repealed; and he made
the suspension of his ecclesiastical censures to depend on
their repeal. But the Venetians, also, on their part, with a
certain republican self-complacency, were accustomed to
declare their laws sacred and inviolable. When the papal
demand was brought under discussion in January, 1607, although
the college wavered, yet at last it was decidedly rejected in
the senate. The French, who had given their word to the pope,
succeeded in bringing the question forward once more in March,
when of the four opponents in the college, one at least
withdrew his objections. After the arguments on both sides had
again been fully stated in the senate, there was still, it is
true, no formal or express repeal of the laws, but a decision
was adopted to the effect that 'the republic would conduct
itself with its accustomed piety.' However obscure these words
appear, the ambassador and the pope thought they discovered in
them the fulfilment of their wishes. The pope then suspended
his censures."

L. Ranke,
 History of the Popes,
book 6, section 12 (volume 2).

"The moral victory remained with Venice. She did not recall
her laws as to taxation of the clergy and the foundation of
new churches and monasteries [nor permit the Jesuits to
return, until many years later]. … The hero of the whole
episode, Fra Paolo Sarpi, continued to live quietly in his
convent of the Servites at S. Fosca.

{3615}

The Government received warning from Rome that danger was

threatening. In its turn it cautioned Fra Paolo. But he paid
little or no heed." On the 25th of October, 1607, towards five
o'clock in the evening, as he was returning to his convent, he
was attacked by three assassins, who inflicted serious wounds
upon him and left him for dead. By great care, however, Fra
Paolo's life was saved, and prolonged until 1623. The would-be
assassins escaped into the Papal States, where "they found not
only shelter but a welcome."

H. F. Brown,
Venice,
chapter 20.

ALSO IN:
J. A. Symonds,
Renaissance in Italy: The Catholic Reaction,
chapter 10 (volume 2).

T. A. Trollope,
Paul the Pope and Paul the Friar.

See, also, PAPACY: A. D. 1605-1700.

VENICE: A. D. 1620-1626.
 The Valteline War.
Alliance with France and Savoy against the Austro-Spanish power.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1624-1626.

VENICE: A. D. 1629-1631.
League with France against Spain and the Emperor.
The Mantuan War.

See ITALY: A. D. 1627-1631.

VENICE: A. D. 1645-1669.
The war of Candia with the Turks.
Loss of Crete.

See TURKS: A. D. 1645-1669.

VENICE: A. D. 1684-1696.
War of the Holy League against the Turks.
Siege and capture of Athens.
Conquest of the Morea and parts of Dalmatia and Albania.

See TURKS: A. D. 1684-1696.

VENICE: A. D. 1699.
Peace of Carlowitz with the Sultan.
Turkish Cession of part of the Morea and most of Dalmatia.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1683-1699.

VENICE: A. D. 1714-1718.
War with the Turks.
The Morea lost.
Defense of Corfu.
Peace of Passarowitz.

See TURKS: A. D. 1714-1718.

VENICE: A. D. 1767.
Expulsion of the Jesuits.

See JESUITS: A. D. 1761-1769.

VENICE: A. D. 1796.
Bonaparte's schemes for the destruction of the Republic.
The picking of the quarrel.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

VENICE: A. D. 1797.
The ignominious overthrow of the Republic by Napoleon.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796-1797 (OCTOBER-APRIL);

and 1797 (APRIL-MAY).

VENICE: A. D. 1797 (October).

City and territories given over to Austria
by the Treaty of Campo-Formio.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1797 (MAY-OCTOBER).

VENICE: A. D. 1805.
Territories ceded by Austria to the kingdom of Italy.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1805-1806.

VENICE: A. D. 1814.
Transfer of Venetian states to Austria.
Formation of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (APRIL-JUNE);

VIENNA, THE CONGRESS OF; AUSTRIA: A. D. 1815-1846;
and ITALY: A. D. 1814-1815.
VENICE: A. D. 1815.
Restoration of the Bronze Horses taken away by Napoleon.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1815 (JULY-NOVEMBER).

VENICE: A. D. 1848-1849.
Insurrection.
Expulsion of the Austrians.
Provisional government under Daniel Manin.
Renewed subjugation.

See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.

VENICE: A. D. 1859.
Grievous disappointment in the Austro-Italian war.

See ITALY: A. D. 1856-1859; and 1859-1861.

VENICE: A. D. 1866.
Relinquishment by Austria.
Annexation to the kingdom of Italy.

See ITALY: A. D. 1862-1866.

----------VENICE: End--------

VENICONII, The.

See IRELAND, TRIBES OF EARLY CELTIC INHABITANTS.

VENLOO, Surrender of.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1585-1586.

VENNER'S INSURRECTION.

See FIFTH MONARCHY MEN.

VENNONES, The.

See RHÆTIA.

VENTA.

Three important cities in Roman Britain bore the name of

Venta; one occupying the site of modern Winchester, a second
standing near Norwich, the third at Caerwent in Wales. They
were distinguished, respectively, as Venta Belgarum, Venta
Icenorum and Venta Silurum.

T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon.

VENTÔSE, The month.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (OCTOBER) NEW REPUBLICAN

CALENDAR.

VERA CRUZ, Mexico: A. D. 1519.

Founded by Cortes.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1519 (JUNE-OCTOBER).

VERA CRUZ, Mexico: A. D. 1839.

Attacked by the French.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1828-1844.

VERA CRUZ, Mexico: A. D. 1847.

Bombardment and capture by the Americans.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1847 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

VERAGUA: A. D. 1502.
Attempted settlement by Columbus.

See AMERICA: A D. 1498-1505.

VERAGUA: A. D. 1509.
Attempted settlement by Nicuesa.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1500-1511.

VERCELLI: A. D. 1638-1659.
Siege and capture by the Spaniards.
Restoration to Savoy.

See ITALY: A. D. 1635-1659.

VERDUN: A. D. 1552-1559.
Possession taken by France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1547-1559.

VERDUN: A. D. 1648.
Ceded to France in the Peace of Westphalia.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.

VERDUN, The Treaty of: A. D. 843.

The contest and civil war which arose between the three
grandsons of Charlemagne resulted in a treaty of partition,
brought about in 843, which forever dissolved the great Frank
Empire of Clovis, and of the Pippins and Karls who finished
what he began. "A commission of 300 members was appointed to
distribute itself over the surface of the empire, and by an
exact examination of the wealth of each region, and the wishes
of its people, acquire a knowledge of the best means of making
an equitable division. The next year the commissioners
 reported the result of their researches to the three kings,
assembled at Verdun, and a treaty of separation was drawn up
and executed, which gave Gaul, from the Meuse and Saone as far
as the Pyrenees, to Karl; which gave Germany, beyond the
Rhine, to Ludwig the Germanic; and which secured to Lother
Italy, with a broad strip on the Rhine, between the dominions
of Karl and Ludwig, under the names of Lotheringia or
Lorraine. This was the first great treaty of modern Europe; it
began a political division which lasted for many centuries;
the great empire of Karl was formally dismembered by it, and
the pieces of it scattered among his degenerate descendants."

P. Godwin,
History of France: Ancient Gaul,
chapter 18.

{3616}

"The treaty of Verdun, in 843, abrogated the sovereignty that

had been attached to the eldest brother and to the imperial
name in former partitions; each held his respective kingdom as
an independent right. This is the epoch of a final separation
between the French and German members of the empire. Its
millenary was celebrated by some of the latter nation in
1843."

H. Hallam,
The Middle Ages,
chapter 1, part 1 (volume l).

See, also, FRANKS: A. D. 814-962.

VERGARA, Treaty of (1839).

See SPAIN: A. D. 1833-1846.

VERGENNES, Count de,

 and the French alliance with the revolted American Colonies.

See UNITED STATES OF AM.: A. D. 1776-1778;

1778 (FEBRUARY): 1778-1779,
and 1782 (SEPTEMBER) and (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

VERGNIAUD AND THE GIRONDISTS.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER),

to 1793 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

VERGOBRET, The.

The chief magistrate of the tribe of Gauls known as the Ædui

was called the vergobret. "Cæsar terms this magistrate
vergobretus, which Celtic scholars derive from the words
'ver-go-breith,' ('homme de jugement,' O'Brien, Thierry). He
was elected by a council of priests and nobles, and had the
power of life and death. But his office was only annual."
Divitiacus, the Æduian friend of Cæsar and the Romans, had
been the vergobret of his tribe.

C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 6, foot-note.

VERMANDOIS, House of.

The noble House of Vermandois which played an important part

in French history during the Middle Ages, boasted a descent
from Charlemagne, through his best loved son, Pippin, king of
Italy. "Peronne and the Abbey of Saint-Quintin composed the
nucleus of their Principality; but, quietly and without
contradiction, they had extended their sway over the heart of
the kingdom of Soissons; and that antient Soissons, and the
rock of Lâon, and Rheims, the prerogative city of the Gauls,
were all within the geographical ambit of their territory. In
 such enclavures as we have named, Vermandois did not possess
direct authority. Lâon, for example, had a Count and a bishop,
and was a royal domain."

Sir F. Palgrave,
History of Normandy and England,
book 1, chapter 5, section 6 (volume 1).

----------VERMONT: Start--------

VERMONT: A. D. 1749-1774.
Beginning of settlement.
The New Hampshire Grants and the conflict with New York.
Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys.

"Among the causes of the controversies which existed between

the colonies in early times, and continued down to the
revolution, was the uncertainty of boundary lines as described
in the old charters. … A difficulty of this kind arose between
the colony of New York and those of Connecticut,
Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. By the grant of King Charles
II. to his brother, the Duke of York, the tract of country
called New York was bounded on the east by Connecticut River,
thus conflicting with the express letter of the Massachusetts
and Connecticut charters, which extended those colonies
westward to the South Sea, or Pacific Ocean. After a long
controversy, kept up at times with a good deal of heat on both
sides, the line of division between these colonies was fixed
by mutual agreement at 20 miles east of Hudson's River,
running nearly in a north and south direction. … The
Massachusetts boundary was decided much later to be a
continuation of the Connecticut line to the north, making the
western limit of Massachusetts also 20 miles from the same
river. … Meantime New Hampshire had never been brought into
the controversy, because the lands to the westward of that
province beyond Connecticut River had been neither settled nor
surveyed. There was indeed a small settlement at Fort Dummer
on the western margin of the River, which was under the
protection of Massachusetts. … Such was the state of things
when Benning Wentworth became governor of New Hampshire, with
authority from the King to issue patents for unimproved lands
within the limits of his province. Application was made for
grants to the west of Connecticut River, and even beyond the
Green Mountains, and in 1749 he gave a patent for a township 6
miles square, near the north west angle of Massachusetts, to
be so laid out, that its western limit should be 20 miles from
the Hudson, and coincide with the boundary line of Connecticut
and Massachusetts continued northward. This township was
called Bennington. Although the governor and council of New
York remonstrated against this grant, and claimed for that
colony the whole territory north of Massachusetts as far
eastward as Connecticut River, yet Governor Wentworth was not
deterred by this remonstrance from issuing other patents,
urging in his justification, that New Hampshire had a right to
the same extension westward as Massachusetts and Connecticut."
After the British conquest of Canada, 1760, "applications for
new patents thronged daily upon Governor Wentworth, and within
four years' time the whole number of townships granted by him,
to the westward of Connecticut River, was 138. The territory
including these townships was known by the name of the New
Hampshire Grants, which it retained till the opening of the
revolution, when its present name of Vermont began to be
adopted."

J. Sparks,
Life of Ethan Allen
(Library of American Biographies, volume 1).

"Lieutenant Governor Colden, acting chief magistrate of New

York in the absence of General Monckton, perceiving the
necessity of asserting the claims of that province to the
country westward of the Connecticut river, wrote an energetic
letter to Governor Wentworth, protesting against his grants.
He also sent a proclamation among the people, declaring the