Week 1 (CRIM 3)

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

Prepared By:
Criminologist Elisio A. Ocado Jr.
UNIT I.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
INTRODUCTION
Crime committed by man has an explanation socially, morally, and

psychologically. More importantly, the psychological and social aspects are
considered by criminologist in addressing the problem of crime and
determining their cause. In this guidebook, a compendium of the important
topics to be discussed is included. Since the guidebook is for students’ use, the
student must seek the guidance of the teacher for better understanding of the
topics herein.
BASIC CONCEPT
Human behavior is the study of human conduct, the way a person

behaves or acts; it includes the study of human activities in an attempt to
discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about man’s social behavior.
Modern technologist regard crime as social phenomenon: meaning – an

individual’s criminal behavior could be attributed directly or indirectly with his
experiences and interactions to his social environment. Thus, one’s knowledge
of human behaviors will give him better understanding as to the causes of
normal and abnormal behaviors which eventually may lead to criminal
behaviors.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Behavior – any act of a person which is observable; any observable

response of a person to his environment, manner of one’s conduct.
 Attitude – position of the body, as suggesting some thought, feeling or
action; state of mind, behavior, or conduct regarding some matter, as
indicating opinion or purpose; internal processes.
 Human Behavior – the acts, attitudes and performance of flesh and
blood of individuals according to their environment; properly, the subject
matter of psychology.
 Psychology – the science that studies behavior and mental processes.
 Personality – that which distinguishes and characterizes a person.
 Character – the combination of qualities distinguishing any person or
class of persons; any distinctive trait or mark, or such marks or traits
collectively belonging to any person, class or race.
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PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

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VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

DIFFUN CAMPUS
Psychology – Behavior is the totality or sum of all actions, attitudes,

thoughts, mental states of a person or groups of persons, it is the science
dealing with the mind of human being including animal behavior.
Individual Differences:
 No two people are alike.
 Men differ from women – qualitative differences; and physical
differences
 People differ from day-to-day activities.
Nature of Differences:
1. Physical
2. Ability
3. Personality
4. Intelligence
Application of Psychology in Law Enforcement

1. Psychology in public relation
2. Psychology in investigations
3. Psychology and group control
4. Psychology and alcoholics
5. Psychology and the courts
6. Psychology and crime
Psychology and Common Sense
 Psychology is worthy of particular attention. Moreover, a deeper

understanding of the psychological principles and their application
to the field of law enforcement would indeed be of assistance to
police officers.
 Most successful police investigators attribute their achievements
on their practical knowledge of psychology.
Psychology
 It is the science pertaining to the mind, the sum of all human
actions, attitude, thoughts, and mental states. It covers common
sense and the development of the ordinary good senses. It
examines existing facts of a problem before a conclusion is drawn,
it uses scientific method and therefore judgment is suspended
until all facts had been analyzed.
Common Sense
 It is the commonly health notion where truth is not dependent on
judgment which is based purely on observations, thus it lacks the
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organization of thoughts and jumps to conclusion immediately.

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 Microsoft Encarta regards common sense as synonymous to good

judgment.
 Further, Microsoft Encarta defines it as sound practical judgment
derived from experience rather than study.
 This is to show that what often passes for a common sense
conclusion concerning behavior is not always true, and that the
science of behavior has as one of its goals the elimination of
widespread misconceptions and wrong judgment. Thus, it is our
responsibility to further advance our knowledge so that we can
replace myths with facts and learn to recognize errors (Wicks,
1974).
 Both are of course useful in understanding criminal behavior
because they provide the opportunity to reflect on how it affects
the person’s present new life.
EVOLUTION OF THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:
1. Homer
 The author of Iliad and Odyssey who described Human Behavior
as the modern sense of breath or sign of life.
2. Socrates and Plato

 described Human Behavior as having two parts:
a. The rational part

 capable of unraveling the meaning of life and understand
ideal form; to make clear the meaning of life and/or draw
conclusions.
b. The irrational part

 Participates in imperfect form; the inability and/or lack of
reasoning, sometimes termed as unreasonable; mostly
deals with the emotion.
3. Aristotle
 Described Human Behavior as the principle of life; quality or
essence of that distinguishing the living from non-living.
ATTRIBUTES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIOR
1. Overt behavior
 Behaviors that are observable
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2. Covert behavior
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 Those that are hidden from the view of the observer.

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3. Simple behavior
 Less number of neurons is consumed in the process of behaving.
4. Complex behavior
 Combination of simple behavior.
5. Rational behavior
 Acting with sanity or with reasons.
6. Irrational behavior
 Acting without reason/ unaware.
7. Voluntary behavior
 Done with full volition of will.
8. Involuntary behavior
 Bodily processes that goes on even when we are awake or asleep.
ASPECTS OF BEHAVIORS
1. Intellectual Aspect
 Way of thinking, reasoning, solving problem, processing info in
coping with the environment.
2. Emotional Aspect
 Feelings, moods, temper, strong motivational force with in a
person.
3. Social Aspect
 People interaction or relationship with other people.
4. Moral Aspect
 Conscience, concept on what is good or bad.
5. Psychosexual Aspect
 Being a man or a woman and the expression of love.
6. Political Aspect
 Ideology towards society/government.
7. Value/ Attitude
 Interest towards something, likes and dislikes.
THREE LEVELS OF BEHAVIOR
1. The Vegetative – responsible for nurturing and reproduction, mostly

found in plants; in human beings, for food and reproduction.
2. The Animal – movement and sensation, mostly the use of the senses
and sex drives.
3. The Rational/Psyche/Human – values and morals, reasons and the will
(purpose and freedom).
FIVE ELEMENTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

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1. Vegetative power
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2. Sensitive power
3. Estimate power – memory and imaginative power (optionated)
4. Common sense – qualities and/or sound practical judgment
5. Will and interest
THREE FACULTIES OF MAN
1. Will
 The power of conscious deliberate actions; the faculty by which
the rational mind makes choice of its ends of action, and directs
energies in carrying out its determinations.
2. Intellect
 The faculty of the power of perception or thought; or power of
understanding.
3. Soul
 The rational, emotional, and volitional faculties in man conceived
of as forming an entity distinct from, often existing independently
of his body; the emotional faculty of man distinguished from
intellect.
Instinct – innate (biological – unconscious); life (sexual wishes)

- Pleasure principle (libido) or love instinct (Eros); death (aggressive
and embarrassment)
- Thanatos (death wish or love of death)
Libido – the instinctual craving of drive behind all human activities,

especially sexual, the repression of which leads to neurosis.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDYING HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. To describe behavior whether normal and acceptable norms or it’s

abnormal and a deviant behavior.
2. To identify factors that can predict behavior, e.g. depressed, unrealistic
and unreasonable.
3. To understand and explain by identifying causes that bring about certain
effects, assemble them which are common facts or gather facts and
define principles.
4. To control and change behavior as a result of the prediction.
APPLICATION: SOLUTION TO EXISTING PROBLEMS IN THE SOCIETY
1. Reduce crime rates (crime prevention and suppression)

2. Improve educational techniques (research studies)
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3. Treat persons with mental disorders and emotional imbalance or with

emotional problems
APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Neurological approach
 Emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place
inside the body, especially the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral approach
 Focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be
observed and measured.
3. Cognitive approach
 Concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms
information in various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical approach
 Emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed
sexual and aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic approach
 Focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and
motivation toward self-actualization.
ASSESSING HUMAN BEHAVIOR (MEASURES)
1. Descriptive Method (describing the behavior)
a. Naturalistic observation – observes the behavior in the natural

setting of the person’s background, e.g. home, school, church, etc.
b. Systematic observation – making use of the objective check lists,

e.g. skills rating (inventories and questionnaires) test given by the
guidance counsel.
2. Clinical Method
 Diagnosis and treatment of serious emotional or mental disorders
or disturbances.
3. Experimental Method
 Relationship between variables by way of experiments. Specimens
are required for comparison and for contrast.
4. Statistical Method
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 Making use of researches that were conducted; measures of

central tendencies, mean, median, mode tests; (the use of the
Uniform Crime Case Report (UCCR).
DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
1. Heredity
 genetic inheritance
2. Environment
 socio-cultural inheritance
3. Self
 Fundamental functioning of the self structure that we make about
ourselves and our world. These assumptions are based on
learning and of three kinds:
a. Reality assumptions – assumptions about how things really are and

what kind of person we are.
b. Possibility assumptions – assumptions about how things could be,
about possibilities for change, opportunities and social progress.
c. Value assumptions – assumptions about the way things ought to be,
about right and wrong.
THE TWO BASIC FACTORS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR
The questions on why do people become heterosexual and others

homosexuals, some are alcoholics, some are law abiding and others are
criminals, some are well adjusted and others mentally ill? What will enable us
to understand these extremes of behavior?
The answer to these questions requires the study and understanding of
the influences of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT.
A. HEREDITY/BIOLOGICAL FACTORS (NATURE)
 are those that explained by heredity, the characteristics of a

person acquired from birth, transferred from one generation to
another. It explains that certain emotional aggression, our
intelligence, ability and potentials and our physical appearance
are inherited.
 Pre-arranged patterns as a result of the process of transmission of

genetic characteristics from parents to the offspring, it include the
influences present in the reproductive cells prior to the time of
conception.
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 It influences all aspects of behavior, including intellectual

capabilities, reactions, tendencies and stress tolerance. This will
also explain the conditions that interfere with normal development
are potential causes of abnormal/criminal behavior.
 It is the primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior,

the concept that “criminals are born” – Theory of Atavism – born
criminal.
 It also considers the influences of genetic defects and faulty genes,

diseases, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition and other physical
deprivations that can be carried out from one generation to
another.
B. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (NURTURE)
 Refers to anything around the person that influences his actions.
TWO ELEMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT IMPINGE PEOPLE TO

COMMIT CRIME:
A. exogenous variables – those that are beyond the control of man

like calamities.
B. indigenous variables – the factors in the environment that can be

changed or influenced by man.
SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE:
1. The Family Background

 A basic consideration because it is in the family whereby an
individual first experiences how to relate and interact with another.
 Family (or home) is said to be the cradle of human personality
development as a result of either a close or harmonious
relationship; or a pathogenic family structure: the disturbed
family, broken family, separated or maladjusted relations.
2. The influence of childhood trauma

 This affects the feeling of security of a child undergoing
development processes. The development processes are being
blocked sometimes by parental deprivation, as a consequence of
parents or lack of adequate maturing at home; it may also be
because of parental rejection, overprotection, restrictiveness, over
permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
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3. Pathogenic family structure

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 those families associated with high frequency of problems such as:
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a. The inadequate family

 Characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary problems
of family living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological,
for meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
b. The anti-social family

 Those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of the
influence of parents to their children.
c. The discordant/disturbed family

 Characterized by non-satisfaction of one or both parent from the
relationship they have that may express feeling of frustration. This
is usually due to value differences as common sources of conflict
and dissatisfaction.
d. The disrupted family

 Characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of death,
divorce, separation or some other circumstances.
4. Institutional influences
 Such as: peer groups, mass media, church and school, government
institutions, NGO’s, etc.
5. Socio-cultural factors
 Such as war and violence, group prejudice and discrimination,
economic and employment problems and other social changes.
6. Nutrition or the quality of food

 A persons’ intake is also a factor that influences him to commit
crime because poverty is one of the many reasons to criminal
behavior.
Further, environment as a factor affecting behavior pertains to all conditions

inside and outside of an organism that is in any way influence behavior,
growth, and development of life process.
1. Physical environment (external forces) – all things in this world that

affect man directly and stimulates the sense organs; social environment are
physical influences stemming from outside contact with other people.
a. Primary Social Group

1) Home
2) Neighborhood, etc.
b. Broader Social Group

1) School
2) Church
3) CJS
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2. Internal Environment – the immediate environment within which the

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genes exist and function.
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a. biological condition of the body

b. exist in the intercellular and extracellular
Note: Heredity and environment become so inextricably joined in

producing growth and development, it becomes impossible to segregate
the influence of these two factors.
WILLIAM JONES (Psychologist) stated that the mind inhabits

environment which act on them and which they react.
NOTE: Personality is a social phenomenon, which is unique in every

person. Personality is influenced more by reactions of other people to us,
and by our reactions to other people than by any factor ... the face, voice,
hands, feet, etc., in which we employ these various characteristics in
relation to other people will determine what others think of us. And their
reactions to us, insofar as we are sensitive to them, will influence the
opinions we hold concerning our own personality.
FACTORS INFLUENCING EVALUATIONS OF BEHAVIOR
1. Social Values
 may influence the concepts of mental health and mental illness;
like a person’s vocational achievement may be valued highly but he
may be inadequate when judged in relation to his family
relationships and outside interests.
2. Different standards set by individual social groups

 For judging whether behavior is healthy or unhealthy, varies with
time, place, culture, and expectations of the social groups.
3. Incomparable frames of reference used by individuals

 As by members of one’s primary group to evaluate behavior. The
individual may compare his feelings and behavior with how he
thinks others feel and behave, or with how he felt and behaved in
the past. Psychiatrists tend to evaluate behavior according to the
particular school of thought which each one follows. The focus of
evaluation may influence either a diagnosis of mental illness,
reaction to a crisis situation, or a specific defect in personality
functioning. Treatment approaches revolve around the diagnosis
based on behavior evaluation.
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QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

Crime committed by man has an explanation socially, morally, and

Human behavior is the study of human conduct, the way a person

Modern technologist regard crime as social phenomenon: meaning – an

 Behavior – any act of a person which is observable; any observable

PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

Psychology – Behavior is the totality or sum of all actions, attitudes,

Application of Psychology in Law Enforcement

Psychology and Common Sense

 Psychology is worthy of particular attention. Moreover, a deeper

organization of thoughts and jumps to conclusion immediately.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

 Microsoft Encarta regards common sense as synonymous to good

EVOLUTION OF THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

2. Socrates and Plato

a. The rational part

b. The irrational part

ATTRIBUTES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIOR

 Those that are hidden from the view of the observer.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

THREE LEVELS OF BEHAVIOR

1. The Vegetative – responsible for nurturing and reproduction, mostly

FIVE ELEMENTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

THREE FACULTIES OF MAN

Instinct – innate (biological – unconscious); life (sexual wishes)

- Thanatos (death wish or love of death)

Libido – the instinctual craving of drive behind all human activities,

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDYING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. To describe behavior whether normal and acceptable norms or it’s

APPLICATION: SOLUTION TO EXISTING PROBLEMS IN THE SOCIETY

1. Reduce crime rates (crime prevention and suppression)

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

3. Treat persons with mental disorders and emotional imbalance or with

APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

ASSESSING HUMAN BEHAVIOR (MEASURES)

1. Descriptive Method (describing the behavior)

a. Naturalistic observation – observes the behavior in the natural

b. Systematic observation – making use of the objective check lists,

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

 Making use of researches that were conducted; measures of

a. Reality assumptions – assumptions about how things really are and

THE TWO BASIC FACTORS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR

The questions on why do people become heterosexual and others

 are those that explained by heredity, the characteristics of a

 Pre-arranged patterns as a result of the process of transmission of

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

 It influences all aspects of behavior, including intellectual

 It is the primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior,

 It also considers the influences of genetic defects and faulty genes,

B. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (NURTURE)

 Refers to anything around the person that influences his actions.

TWO ELEMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT IMPINGE PEOPLE TO