METRO DUMAGUETE COLLEGE (MDC)

E.J. Blanco Ext., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel Nos. 035-422-4605; 035-4229728; 035-4209801; 035-4209873
Website: www.mdci.edu.ph
“Get the Skills. Get the Job. Start your own Business.”

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Name: MORCILLA, IRENE S.

Course/Year: BSBA-FM, III YEAR

1. Make a summary discussion (each with 3 paragraphs composed of 5 sentences) of the

following philosopher's theories:
A. The Synderesis of the Man of St. Thomas Aquinas
Answer:
The idea of Synderesis was first established by St. Thomas Aquinas as the basis of his
moral philosophy. As a compass for moral decision-making, synderesis might be
understood of as the intrinsic potential of people to instinctively comprehend fundamental
moral concepts, such as "do good and avoid evil." Every person, according to Aquinas, has
this innate moral knowledge, which is not something that can be learnt but is rather a part of
human nature.

According to Aquinas, synderesis is essential in the process of formulating moral

judgments. It serves as the basis on which moral and practical judgements are based.
When faced with ethical issues, people turn to their Synderesis, which guides them in
choosing the best course of action based on their inborn perception of good and evil.
However, Synderesis only gives basic concepts rather than specific solutions to particular
moral problems.

Synderesis and the growth of moral qualities go hand in hand in Aquinas' moral theory.
Virtues are behavioral patterns that are consistent with the moral standards accepted by
Synderesis. People develop their character and sharpen their moral sense by consistently
doing the right thing. Aquinas held that leading a morally upright life was necessary for
reaching human flourishing and realizing one's potential, and Synderesis was an important
step on this path.

B. . The theory of Igo, Ego, and the Superego of Sigismund Freud

Final Requirements: Written Report

Subject: Good Governance and Social Responsibility (BCGS 31A)
Schedule: 5:00 P.M. – 6:00 P.M. (M-W-F)
 METRO DUMAGUETE COLLEGE (MDC)
E.J. Blanco Ext., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Tel Nos. 035-422-4605; 035-4229728; 035-4209801; 035-4209873
Website: www.mdci.edu.ph
“Get the Skills. Get the Job. Start your own Business.”

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

In his theory of personality, prominent psychologist Sigmund Freud established the ideas of
the igo, ego, and superego. The id is the primal, instinctive aspect of our brain that is
motivated by fundamental needs and desires. It pursues instant gratification and works on
the pleasure principle. The conscious and logical portion of the mind is the ego, on the
other hand. Utilizing the reality principle, it evolves to serve as a mediator between the id's
wants and the external world's limits. As our conscience, the superego embodies our
internalized moral principles and ideals. Together, these three components make up Freud's
structural concept of the mind.

As we get to the Conventional Level, people at Stage 3 make moral judgments based on
society standards and approval in an effort to sustain positive connections and fulfill other
people's expectations. Stage 4 is a more developed version of conventional morality, where
people submit to rules and authorities in order to keep social order and uphold a feeling of
obligation. The Postconventional or Principled Level, which is the highest level in Kohlberg's
theory, is its conclusion. When people reach Stage 5, they understand the significance of
social contracts and the common good. When they reach Stage 6, however, they have
developed their own ethical standards and frequently transcend established norms when
they contradict with their own ideals.

The id, ego, and superego theories developed by Sigmund Freud have had a significant
influence on psychology and psychoanalysis. It clarifies details of human nature and the
inner conflicts that mold our characters. Although Freud's theories have undergone revision
and criticism over time, they continue to serve as a fundamental framework for
comprehending the complex interactions that shape both the individual and the communal
psyches of humans.

C. Theory of Moral Development of Lawrence Kohlberg.

A well-known theory in psychology that aims to explain how people acquire the capacity for
moral reasoning and ethical judgment through time is Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral

Final Requirements: Written Report

Subject: Good Governance and Social Responsibility (BCGS 31A)
Schedule: 5:00 P.M. – 6:00 P.M. (M-W-F)
 METRO DUMAGUETE COLLEGE (MDC)
E.J. Blanco Ext., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Tel Nos. 035-422-4605; 035-4229728; 035-4209801; 035-4209873
Website: www.mdci.edu.ph
“Get the Skills. Get the Job. Start your own Business.”

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Development. According to Kohlberg's thesis, there are three levels and a total of six stages
of moral growth. At the Preconventional Level, the first level, people form moral judgments
based on their own interests, avoiding punishment (Stage 1), or pursuing rewards (Stage
2). Children and some adults who have not yet advanced to higher moral thinking typically
operate at this level.

As we get to the Conventional Level, people at Stage 3 make moral judgments based on
society standards and approval in an effort to sustain positive connections and fulfill other
people's expectations. Stage 4 is a more developed version of conventional morality, where
people submit to rules and authorities in order to keep social order and uphold a feeling of
obligation. The Postconventional or Principled Level, which is the highest level in Kohlberg's
theory, is its conclusion. When people reach Stage 5, they understand the significance of
social contracts and the common good. When they reach Stage 6, however, they have
developed their own ethical standards and frequently transcend established norms when
they contradict with their own ideals.

Psychology, education, and ethics have all benefited from Kohlberg's Theory of Moral
Development. It emphasizes how moral thinking develops from a self-centered viewpoint to
one that takes into account more general social and ethical norms. However, detractors
claim that the theory may not fully take into account cultural differences in moral growth and
that it emphasizes moral thinking over conduct. However, Kohlberg's work continues to
serve as a fundamental framework for comprehending how people develop their capacity
for moral reflection and moral judgment.

2. Explain why Kantian ethics is considered "Non-consequentialist."

Immanuel Kant's Kantian ethics is regarded as "non-consequentialist" since it emphasizes
the intrinsic moral value of acts rather than only the results or consequences of those
activities.

Final Requirements: Written Report

Subject: Good Governance and Social Responsibility (BCGS 31A)
Schedule: 5:00 P.M. – 6:00 P.M. (M-W-F)
 METRO DUMAGUETE COLLEGE (MDC)
E.J. Blanco Ext., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Tel Nos. 035-422-4605; 035-4229728; 035-4209801; 035-4209873
Website: www.mdci.edu.ph
“Get the Skills. Get the Job. Start your own Business.”

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

The "categorical imperative," which emphasizes that people should act in accordance with
moral standards that may be applied universally without contradiction, is the foundation of
Kantian ethics. Regardless of the potential outcomes, Kant contends that moral activities
should be motivated by a feeling of responsibility and moral ideals.
Kantian ethics takes a non-consequentialist stance, it does not determine the morality of an
action based on whether it results in favorable or unfavorable results. Instead, it places
emphasis on the significance of an action's aim, motive, and adherence to sound moral
ideals. In contrast to consequentialist ethical theories like utilitarianism, which primarily
focus on acts' results, Kantian ethics is essentially concerned with the "rightness" of actions
themselves, regardless of their effects.

3. What is Philosophy? Do you have a personal philosophy about life? If so, what is your
personal philosophy?
Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, ethics, and
the nature of reality. It involves critical thinking, reasoning, and often explores abstract
concepts to gain a deeper understanding of the world and our place in it.
My personal philosophy is based on the idea that life should be handled with a mixture of
curiosity, resiliency, and empathy since it is a complicated tapestry of experiences. Every
day, every conversation, and every obstacle presents a chance for development. In my
opinion, life is a continuous journey in which we have an active role in determining our own
fates rather than merely being innocent spectators.

4. Do you believe that morality is relative, e.g., that the goodness or badness of one's action
depends on the culture, law, and beliefs of a society or community? Why or Why not?
Explain your answer.
Yes, I agree that morals may vary. From one to person, it differs. Each of us has a unique
perspective on life, which results in unique thoughts and impressions of things. Some
behaviors may be right for one individual but bad for another. Each culture has its own set
of values. For instance, in the Philippines, we take good care of our grandparents as a
family, but in other countries, they are cared for by carers. Religion also plays a big part in

Final Requirements: Written Report

Subject: Good Governance and Social Responsibility (BCGS 31A)
Schedule: 5:00 P.M. – 6:00 P.M. (M-W-F)
 METRO DUMAGUETE COLLEGE (MDC)
E.J. Blanco Ext., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Tel Nos. 035-422-4605; 035-4229728; 035-4209801; 035-4209873
Website: www.mdci.edu.ph
“Get the Skills. Get the Job. Start your own Business.”

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

how different individuals see morality, as evidenced by the conflicting views of Christians
and Muslims on marriage.

Final Requirements: Written Report

Subject: Good Governance and Social Responsibility (BCGS 31A)
Schedule: 5:00 P.M. – 6:00 P.M. (M-W-F)