Module I

• Define values. How values are part of our socialization?

➢ Values are society’s sheared beliefs about what is good or bad and how people should act. E.g.:
Honesty, integrity, kindness.
Socialization is the process whereby Individuals standards, Skills, motives, Attitudes and
Behaviours change to comfort to those regarded as desirable and appropriate for his or her
present and future role in any society.
• Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.

a. Physiological needs: These include physical needs that humans must meet to
survive, such as: food, water, sex, warmth, shelter, sleep.
b. Safety needs: These include things that make humans feel safe. Safety can come
from the actions of an individual or from their family or community. Depending on
the person, it might include: living or working in a safe environment, having a stable
and sufficient source of income, feeling protected from crime or abuse, being in
good physical health with no serious illnesses.
c. Love and belonging needs: Love and belonging needs include the feeling of being
connected to others such as: making friends, giving, and receiving affection,
emotional intimacy, feeling accepted by loved ones.
d. Esteem needs: This is considered as the fourth level of the hierarchy of needs theory.
It is related to the need of a person being recognised in the society. It deals with
getting recognition, self-respect in the society.
e. Self-actualization needs: The highest need on Maslow’s pyramid is self-
actualization, which involves a person knowing themselves, understanding their full
potential, and reaching it. At this stage, all individuals try to become the best version
of themselves.

• Formation of Values: Value formation refers to how values develop in the first place. It can
occur in individual-focused processes, trough socially-oriented processes or in social-ecological
processes that do not separate humans and nature.
• Socialization:

Socialization

Primary group Secondary Referance Electronic

(family, best group group communication
friend)

Love, security and

companionship.

• Organizational Values: Organisational values are a set of core beliefs held by an

organisation. They act as guiding principles that provide an organisation with purpose and
direction and set the tone for its interactions with its customers, employees, and other
stakeholders.
• Employer-Employee Relationship: When an employer hires a new employee, he is not just
bringing a new member of the workforce aboard, he is also starting a new relationship. Because
employers and employees often work in close quarters, they necessarily develop relationships.
Managing these relationships is vital to business success, as strong relationships can lead to
greater employee happiness and even increased productivity.
• Employer rights: An employer's rights include his choice to select the best candidate that fits
the job profile, based on a person's qualifications, knowledge, and experience.
• Spiritual Values & their role in our everyday life: Spiritual wellness can be a religious or
non-religious endeavour. It promotes a practical, understanding, and calm approach to school,
work, and family needs.
• Cooley’s theory: Sociologist Charles Cooley is credited with the authoring the looking-glass
self-theory, a theory designed to explain the development of self-identity. The looking-glass self
can affect self-esteem in either a negative or positive way, depending on a person's perception of
how others view them. Over time, a person's self-esteem may increase if they continuously
believe others perceive them in a positive manner.
• Mead's theory: Mead's theory of the social self is based on the perspective that the self emerges
from social interactions, such as observing and interacting with others, responding to others'
opinions about oneself, and internalizing external opinions and internal feelings about oneself.
• Freud theory: In simple terms, Sigmund Freud's theory suggests that human behavior is
influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges. This theory also proposes that the
psyche comprises three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. The id is entirely unconscious, while
the ego operates in the conscious mind.
 Module II
• Ethics and Ethical Values: Ethics, the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad
and morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values
or principles.
Ethical value denotes something's degree of importance, with the aim of determining what
action or life is best to do, or at least attempt to describe the value of different actions.
• Principles and theories of ethics:
Ethics is a vast and complex field, with numerous principles and theories guiding our
understanding of right and wrong. Here's a brief overview to get you started:
Principles:
a. Autonomy: Respecting someone's freedom to make their own choices.
b. Beneficence: Doing good and promoting well-being.
c. Non-maleficence: Avoiding harm to others.
d. Justice: Treating everyone fairly and equitably.
Theories:
a. Deontology: Focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, regardless of
their consequences. (e.g., Kant's categorical imperative)
b. Utilitarianism: Aims to maximize the overall happiness or well-being of all affected
individuals. (e.g., Bentham's felicific calculus)
c. Virtue Ethics: Emphasizes developing good character traits and practicing virtues like
honesty, courage, and compassion. (e.g., Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics)
d. Rights Ethics: Focuses on individual rights and ensuring they are respected, regardless
of consequences. (e.g., John Locke's natural rights theory)
e. Care Ethics: Emphasizes relationships, empathy, and responsibility for others,
particularly the vulnerable. (e.g., Carol Gilligan's ethic of care)
• Consequential and non-consequential ethics:Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges
whether something is right by what its consequences are.Forexample; most people would agree
that lying is wrong. But if telling a lie would help save a person’s life, consequentialism says it
is the right thing to do.
Non-consequentialist theories claim that whether an act is right or wrong depends on factors.
“Never kill an innocent person” or “never lie” are examples of such rules.
• Egotism: The prefix ego refers to a person's sense of self, or self-importance. The tendency to
think only about yourself and consider yourself better and more important than other people.
• Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions thatbring up
happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm.
• Kant's theory:Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who is widely regarded as one of the
most important figures in modern philosophy. He is best known for his deontological theory of
ethics, which emphasizes the importance of the motivation or principle behind an
action.According to Kant, morality is not defined by the consequences of our actions, our
emotions, or an external factor.Morality is defined by duties and one’s action is moral if it is an
act motivated by duty.Kant believes that the only thing that is good in itself is the “good
will.”The will is what drives our actions and grounds the intention of our act. It is good when it
acts from duty. Kant recognizes that it is difficult to determine one’s intentions, so he makes a
distinction between acting in conformity with duty and acting from duty.
• Moral issues and dilemmas:A moral dilemma is a situation wherein a person is required to
make a difficult choice.Any choice they make may have reaction, but they must make a choice.
E.g.; report the thief or ignore even when that person is seen stealing.
• Kohlberg's theory: Lawrence
Kohlberg was an American
psychologist who developed a
theory of moral development.
Theory:
o Kohlberg proposed a
six-stage theory
describing how
individuals' moral
reasoning develops
throughout their lives.
o He focused on how people think about right and wrong, rather than specific actions or
rules.
o The theory emphasizes cognitive development as the foundation for evolving moral
reasoning.
The Three Levels and Six Stages:
o Pre-conventional Morality (Stages 1 & 2): Children focus on avoiding punishment and
fulfilling their own needs (Stage 1) or gaining rewards and approval (Stage 2).
o Conventional Morality (Stages 3 & 4): Individuals conform to societal expectations
and norms (Stage 3) or uphold law and order (Stage 4).
o Post-conventional Morality (Stages 5 & 6): Individuals develop their own moral
principles based on universal rights and fairness (Stage 5) or universal ethical principles
like justice and human dignity (Stage 6).
• Gilligan’stheory: Carol Gilligan is a psychologist who proposed a different theory of moral
development than Lawrence Kohlberg’s. She argued that women prioritize an “ethics of care”
while men prioritize an “ethics of justice”. She believed that women face a lot of psychological
challenges and they are not moral widgets. The women’s point of view on moral development
involves caring which shows its effect on human relationships. She based her theory on
interviews with women and girls, and on the stages of moral development from Pre-
conventional to Post-conventional.
• Code of Professional Ethics:A professional code of ethics provides individuals with a set of
guidelines to make good decisions in the workplace.
✓ Trust worthiness.
✓ Loyalty/ compliance.
✓ Confidentiality.
✓ Obedience to law and regulations.
✓ Punctuality.
✓ Responsible towards stake holders.
• Violation of Code of Ethics:A code of ethics sets out an organization's ethical guidelines and
best practices to follow for honesty, integrity, and professionalism. For members of an
organization, violating the code of ethics can result in sanctions including termination.
o Consequences: Employees found to have violated the code of ethics, standards of
conduct or taken part in acts of fraud or deception are subject to disciplinary action to be
 determined by management including the possibility of termination of employment and
subject to criminal prosecution.
• Engineering as social experimentation: Engineering itself is based on the improvement of
current life, whether in terms of technology or efficiency or availability with less financial
efforts. The process of engineering lets you go through a series of different experiments when it
comes to practical use. Though it is not like an experiment in laboratory under controlled
conditions, which is done while learning, an engineer should be ready to do the same on a social
scale involving human subjects.
In the process of developing a product, an engineer generally learns through experimentation.
To simply put, a trial-and-error method is the mostly used one to obtain results, but that goes
with some calculations. Hence, we can say that, primarily any experiment is carried out with
partial ignorance. Even the outcomes of the experiments may not be as expected. An engineer
should always be ready for the unexpected output.
• Engineers as responsible experimenters:
o Computer ethics: Study and analysis of natural and social impact of computer
technology.
Respect the privacy of other, Respect the integrity of the computing systems.
o Weapons development:For some engineers, their involvement with weapons develops
conflicts with personal conscience, such as knowing that making weapons in a company,
is the job which would be done by someone else if he does not do and that cannot
change the results.
• Engineers as managers, consulting engineers, engineers as experts, witnesses and advisors,
moral leadership: Engineers undergo the most intensivetechnical training of any
professionals.many companies prefer engineers as managers because their technical
understanding is essential to managing technological corporations, and it is easier to teach
engineers the business side of corporate work than to teach non-engineers engineering.
• Conflict between business demands and professional ideals: Business demands and
professional ideals differ in a lot of aspects, however, primarily, profession demands
qualification while business does not want any.In addition to that, business aims at profit while
professional ideals require a set of skills and using them in earning profit through the industry.
• Whistle Blowing: Whistleblowing is the activity of a person, often an employee, revealing
information about activity within a private or public organization that is deemed illegal,
immoral, illicit, unsafe, or fraudulent.Satyendra Dubey, he exposed corruption in the Golden
Quadrilateral Project. Murdered in Gaya, Bihar, 2003.
• Institutionalizing Ethics:
o Relevance.
o Application.
o Digress of consequences.
 Module III
• Science, Technology and Engineering:
• Rapid Industrial Growth and its Consequences: Industrialization is the process of
transforming the economy of a nation or region from a focus on agriculture to a reliance on
manufacturing.The positive characteristics of industrialization include economic growth, a more
efficient division of labour, and a growth spurt in technological innovation.
✓ The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in thelater half of the 18th
century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into
industrialized, urban ones.
The positive effects of industrialization are that it enabled efficient production of much-needed
goods like clothing and connected the world through rapid transportation methods. However,
industrialization also harmed the lives of millions of factory workers who became a new
working-class and harmed the colonies of European countries which were exploited for their
labour and resources.
• Renewable and Non- renewable Resources: Renewable energy is energy derived from natural
sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. Sunlight, tide,wind, for
example, are such sources that are constantly being replenished.
The resources which cannot be immediately replaced once they are depleted are called non-
renewable resources. Examples of non-renewable resources include fossil fuels, such as coal,
petroleum, natural gas.
• Energy Crisis: An energy crisis or energy shortage is any significant bottleneck in the supply of
energy resources to an economy.More specifically, the term is used to refer to a shortage of a
specific energy source at a specific time in a specific place.
• Industry and Industrialization:
• Man, and Machine interaction: Human–machine interaction (HMI) refers to the
communication and interaction between a human and a machine via a user interface.
•
❖ Two broad division:
a. Control of Machines in general.
b. Human Computer Interaction.
Marx’s theory of alienation-Class Division: In sociology, alienation is when humans feel
disconnected or estranged from some part of their nature or from society.
Purpose: Extract from the worker the maximum amount of surplus value, during business
competition among industrialists.
• Impact of assembly line and automation: The assembly line was one of the key components
of the Industrial Revolution. The principles of the assembly line allowed manufacturers to
produce greatly increased amounts of products at lower cost and indirectly made for easier
maintenance of products after their assembly. While the ideas behind assembly line
manufacturing are a vital part of the way products are made and assembled today, it is also
interesting to consider the disadvantages of these types of production systems.
• Industrial hazards and safety: Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by
industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Safety in
simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of risk or injury or loss. Industrial safety
refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial accidents.
Types of industrial hazards:
i. Procedural:
ii. Engineered:
 iii. Systemic:
Spice Jet technician dies in freak accident at Kolkata airport. The accident happened at 1.45 am,
according to an airport official. “Pandey was doing maintenance work in right hand main landing
gear wheel well area of a Q400 aircraft which was parked in Bay No 32 at Kolkata airport on July
10. “Inadvertently, the main landing gear hydraulic door closed and he got stuck in between the
hydraulic door flaps,” Spice Jet said. “The hydraulic doors were broken to rescue Pandey but he
was declared dead,” it added.
• Accidents/ Steps for reduction:
i. Actuarial Approach- studying the statistics to determine accidents based on actual data.
ii. Educational campaign.
iii. Safety Program:
a. Identify potential hazard.
b. Develop safety policies.
c. Train in safe method of working.
• Safety regulations and safety engineering:Safety is about avoiding harm that results from
accidents. To do that, we need to think about how accidents can be caused, and avoid the causes
if possible, or mitigate them if we cannot remove them.In safety engineering, we refer to things
or conditions which have the potential to cause accidents as hazards. Hazards can be external to
the system.
• Safety responsibilities and rights: Some of the topics related to safety responsibilities and
rights are:
i. Right to a safe and healthy environment: This includes protection from physical,
chemical, biological, and psychological hazards.
ii. Right to information and training: You have the right to be informed about potential
hazards and receive training on how to work safely.
iii. Right to refuse unsafe work: You have the right to refuse to do work that you believe is
unsafe or that poses a danger to yourself or others.
iv. Right to participate in safety decisions: You have the right to participate in the
development and implementation of safety policies and procedures.
v. Right to report unsafe conditions: You have the right to report unsafe conditions without
fear of reprisal.
vi. Take care of your own safety and health: This includes following safety rules and
procedures, using personal protective equipment, and reporting any unsafe conditions or
behaviours.
vii. Contribute to a safe and healthy work environment: This includes being aware of
potential hazards, reporting unsafe conditions, and participating in safety meetings and
training.
viii. Speak up if you see something unsafe: It is your responsibility to report unsafe
conditions and behaviours, even if it feels uncomfortable.
• Safety and risk: Safety is defined as freedom from risk and risk is the possibility of suffering
harm or loss. Both controllable and uncontrollable factors affect risk. Awareness of these factors
and a willingness to manage controllable risk by modifying driver behaviour is essential to any
safety and risk management goals.
• Risk benefit analysis:Risk/benefit assessments are a comparison between the risks of a
situation and its benefits.Knowing the different risks and benefits, one will be able to make an
informed decision that will likely lead to a desirable outcome.It is important as there can be
different risks from actions and some of the negative outcomes may not be easilycorrectable.For
 example, if a dangerous operation is conducted on a patient without a life-threatening disease, it
may not be the wisest decision as the risk is likely higher than the potential benefit.
• Technology Transfer:It is the process of sharing of skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of
manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments/other institutions to
ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users
who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes,
applications, materials or services.
➢ Types of Technological Transfer:
i. Vertical:When information is transmitted from basic research to applied research,
from applied research to development and from development to production. Such
transfer occurs in both directions.
ii. Horizontal: When technology used in one place, organization or context is
transferred and used in another place or organization.
• Case Study: A council was having problems with slips. Over a four year period 317 slip
incidents had been recorded, 26 of which resulted in employees receiving a major injury or
being off work for over three days. In an attempt to reduce the number of accidents in the
kitchen and catering areas the council introduced various solutions over a five-year period:
a. Improved management of spillages and the cleaning regimes.
b. Enforcement of sensible shoe policy.
c. Improved housekeeping.
d. Effective training, supervision and induction.
e. Treatment of floor with a non slip screed where repeated slip incidents occurred.
 Environment and Eco-friendly Technology
• Human Development and Environment: Human development can be understood as
qualitative development of human life which includes various facets such as economic, social,
and psychological.Climate for a long has been influencing human development.It focuses upon
improving the lives of the people in all dimensions rather than simply assuming that economic
wellbeing determines the quality of life.
• Ecological Ethics/Environment ethics:Environmental ethics is a field of study that seeks to
understand humans’ moral responsibilityto protect and preserve the environment.It is a branch
of ethics that recognizes the intrinsic value of nature, the interconnection of all living things,
and the responsibility of humans to act in accordance with ethical principles.
• Importance of Environmental Ethics:
a. Environmental ethics is essential for protecting the environment, species, and resources.
b. It promotes sustainable practices and encourages people to become more aware of the
impact their actions have on the environment.
c. Environmental ethics helps to build better relationships with nature.
d. It encourages us to think beyond our immediate needs and consider the long-term
implications of our actions.
e. It teaches us responsibility towards our environment, advocating for environmentally
friendly practices that help protect natural resources.
f. Environmental ethics also promotes better public policies and laws, which help ensure
that our environment is properly cared for.
• Depletion of Natural Resources:Natural resources are found on the Earth and used for an array
of human needs. Renewable resources like air, water, and soil help us grow crops and keep us
hydrated. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and other extractable minerals are used to
make products and commodities which contribute to our day-to-day life.
While renewable resources can be replenished, there is a finite amount of non-renewable
resources.Due to a limited amount of non-renewable resources, there is a growing concern for
natural resource depletion. Because natural resources are essential for the world's economy and
the functioning of society, the rapid depletion of natural resources is highly concerning. Natural
resource depletion occurs when resources are taken from the environment quicker than they are
replenished.
• Eco-friendly Technology:Also known as clean tech, green tech and environmental tech, eco-
friendly technology can help preserve the environment through energy efficiency and reduction
of harmful waste.Green technology is still in the earliest stages of development, but many
exciting innovations have already been made in areas like renewable energy, water purification
and waste management, as well as in everyday consumer products like electronics and vehicles.
• Sustainable Development:Sustainable development, approach to social, economic, and
environmental planning that attempts to balance the social and economic needs of present and
future human generations with the imperative of preserving, or preventing undue damage to, the
natural environment.
Our moral responsibility is to meet the basic needs of every individual which necessitates the
distribution of resources. It becomes a moral application obligation to leave the planet in
excellent condition for future generations. However it is well known that if non renewable
resources are completely utilised they will deplete so quickly that they will not be sufficient for
the production capacity of future generations. The economic development attained today in this
way cannot be maintained for long as future generations’ capacity for production declines due to
lack of valuable resources.
 Sustainable development is the process of economic development that is sustained over time
without lowering the standard of living for future generations.
• Strategies for sustainable development:
i. Use of Environment Friendly Fuel:The growing use of fuel such as petrol and diesel
emits huge amount of carbon dioxide that adds to the Green House impact. In order to
control pollution, the use of CNG and LPG should be promoted.
ii. Use of Renewable Resources: India is well enriched with sunlight, water and wind
energy. These are the free gift of nature that are non–exhaustible and pollution free.
Thus, attempts should be made to harness solar and wind energy by employing different
technologies.
iii. Recycling: The industrial and household wastes should be accumulated on daily basis.
These wastes should be distinguished as bio-degradable and non-biodegradable
wastes.The bio-degradable wastes are those wastes that can be decomposed and can be
used as manure for organic farming.
iv. Use of the Input Efficient Technology:The input efficient methods and techniques
should be devised so that more production is possible at per unit of input.
• Sustainable Development-The Modern Trends:
a. Green economy:One of the key concepts of sustainable development is the green
economy, which means an economic system that reduces environmental risks and
ecological scarcities, while enhancing human well-being and social equity.
b. Digital transformation:Another major trend that can support sustainable development
is the digital transformation, which refers to the use of digital technologies to improve
the performance and reach of organizations, sectors, and societies.
c. Social innovation: A third trend that can support sustainable development is social
innovation, which means the development and implementation of new ideas that meet
social needs and create positive change.
d. Nature-based solutions: A fourth trend that can support sustainable development is
nature-based solutions, which means the use of natural or semi-natural ecosystems to
provide benefits for human and environmental health. Nature-based solutions can help
mitigate and adapt to climate change, conserve biodiversity, and improve the quality of
life.
• Appropriate technology movement by Schumacher and later development: Appropriate
technology is a movement focusing on the use of small-scale, energy efficient, environmentally
sustainable, people-cantered, and locally controlled technology.
o Appropriate technology projects:
a. Use local materials and people-power often taking the form of “earth building”.
b. Are culturally sensitive/ relevant.
c. Are used by locals to fill a self-identified need.
o Reports of Club of Rome: The Club of Rome is a non-profit, informal
organization founded in 1968 at the AccademiadeiLincei in Rome, Italy.The club
consists of one hundred full members, including current and former heads of state and
government, UN administrators, high-level politicians, diplomats, scientists, economists,
and business leaders from around the world.The Club of Rome gained significant
attention in 1972 with the publication of its first report, “The Limits to Growth”. Since
July 2008, the organization has been based in Winterthur, Switzerland.