SCHOOL OF

ARCHITECTURE & BUILT

ENVIRONMENT
Master of Architecture

MEA 1063 Integrated Building System

Assignment 1
IBS Literature Studies & Research

NG ZHIANG HAN
100270964

Lecturer : Asst. Prof. Dr. Allen Lau Khin Kiet

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Table of Content

1.0 What is IBS & Sustainability

2.0 ACMV – Passive and Active Design

3.0 Access Point and Security System in a high-rise building

4.0 Green Building Index (GBI)

5.0 Vertical Transportation

6.0 Fire Prevention and Safety design requirements and compliances

7.0 Building Maintenance System

8.0 Drainage & Sewage Disposal System

9.0 Overall thermal transfer value (OTTV)

10.0 Water Supply & Storage

11.0 Case Study 01 – Subang Perade Mall, Subang Jaya

12.0 Case Study 02 – The Treez, Bukit Jalil

13.0 References

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1.0 What is IBS & Sustainability
What is Integrated Building System (IBS) ?
The concept of Integrated Building Systems(IBS) emphasizes the interconnectedness of the various
technical systems within a building. It aims to optimize their cooperation to create buildings that are
efficient, sustainable, adaptable and user-oriented. (Bachman, 2004b)

What is Sustainability?
Sustainability is the concept of using resources in a way that preserves and protects the environment while
ensuring that social and economic needs are met. In the context of buildings and construction,
sustainability means designing, constructing, and operating buildings in a way that minimizes negative
environmental impacts and makes a positive contribution to society. This can include various practices
such as energy efficiency, water conservation, use of renewable materials, waste reduction, and
consideration of the building's lifecycle impacts. (What Is Sustainability and Why Is It so Important?, n.d.)
Integrated Building Management Systems

Figure 1.1 Diagram of integrated building management systems

Sources : Building Management Systems Service. (n.d.). indiamart.com. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/building-
management-systems-service-25477553062.html

In the present era of rapid urbanization, the pace of building construction is very fast, and building
technology is constantly being improved and perfected. Energy consumption of buildings is one of the most
important energy consumptions in our country. The development of energy-saving building technologies is
also an important issue we are currently dealing with. The development of energy-saving technologies in
buildings will also be a trend of future development with far-reaching development prospects. Within the
concept of sustainable development, the integrated design of buildings can effectively promote the rapid
development of contemporary architecture

The most fundamental goal of integrated building systems design is the elimination of redundant resources,
usually achieved through strategic combinations of the systems, that are deployed in concert with their shared
mandates of space, image or function.

Sustainability,
Building Energy-
Building Systems efficiency ,
Services Technologies high performance
building

Figure 1.2 Diagram of understanding goals of integrated building systems with sustainability

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2.0 ACMV – Passive and Active Design
What is ACMV?
ACMV stands for air conditioning and mechanical ventilation. The purpose of an air conditioning and
mechanical ventilation system is to maintain comfort conditions in an air-conditioned space, regardless of
outdoor conditions. Comfort conditions usually refer to a certain range of temperature, relative humidity,
cleanliness and distribution of air to meet the comfort requirements of occupants in air-conditioned spaces.
(ACMV SYSTEM, n.d.)

In a tropical country like Malaysia, the outdoor temperature is generally higher than the comfort
temperature of the air-conditioned rooms. Therefore, air-conditioning chilled water systems need to operate
throughout the year to maintain comfort conditions in commercial buildings, hotels, hospitals, industrial
buildings, etc. Central air conditioning is the largest energy consumer, accounting for about 60% of the
total energy consumption of a typical commercial building.

Electricity is the main form of energy used to operate the ACMV systems. Non-renewable fossil fuels such
as oil, gas and coal are generally used to generate the electricity. These fossil fuels during combustion emit
carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming.

5 Major Components of ACMV system

Air conditioners in the ACMV system only have a cooling mode. They don’t have a heating mode like
Air-Conditioner most air conditioners in countries like the United States and Australia. The most common type of air
conditioner in the ACMV system is the wall-mounted split air conditioner followed by the ceiling
cassette split air conditioner. The ceiling ducted split air conditioner came in third as the ceiling
exposed split air conditioner came in last.

The smoke spill system is also known as the smoke extraction system by people living in the Europe
Smoke Spill Fan
and America. Smoke spill fans are used to extract smoke in the basement of a building in case of a fire.
They are fire-rated up to 2 hours most of the time. Usually, they are associated with several fire-rated
fresh air fans.

This system is very common for people who are using the term ACMV as well as people who are using
Pressurization Fans
the term HVAC. Usually, the pressurization system is separated into the staircase, lift lobby and
corridor pressurization system. They are often called fresh air fans since they pressurize using fresh air
or outdoor air.

Toilet Exhaust Fans In an ACMV construction project, toilet exhaust fans are inevitable. For the toilets in high-rise buildings
don’t have a window and thus, a toilet exhaust fan is needed. The fan is usually connected to the light
switch.

Kitchen Exhaust Fans For the ACMV system of the construction project for a high-rise project, kitchen exhaust fans are
common. They are needed to extract kitchen smoke out of the large commercial kitchen used by the
hotel. Smoke hogs which are sort of like oil filters are often associated with the kitchen exhaust system.

Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) systems play a crucial role in modern buildings and
indoor environments due to several important reasons :
1. Comfort
2. Health and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
3. Energy Efficiency
4. Humidity Control

Overall, the importance of ACMV systems lies in their ability to create and maintain indoor environments that
prioritize human comfort, health, and safety while optimizing energy use and minimizing environmental
impact.

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Type of Ventilations
1. Passive Design Ventilation
Passive natural ventilation is a building strategy that relies on natural air movement to regulate indoor air
quality, temperature and humidity without the need for mechanical systems. This approach uses natural
forces such as wind and temperature differences to provide fresh air and create a comfortable indoor
environment.
Key Principles :
a) Wind-driven ventilation b) Stack-driven ventilation
Wind-driven ventilation relies on the difference in Stack-driven ventilation relies on the difference in
air pressure between the windward and leeward air density between the warm air inside and the
sides of a building. To maximize this effect, cooler air outside of a building. To maximize this
orientation of building perpendicular to the effect, provide openings at the top and bottom of
prevailing wind direction and provide openings on the building, creating a vertical air shaft that acts
both sides of the facade. as a chimney.

Tall rooms Tall rooms at edge

Tall rooms within Stairs as stack

Figure 2.1 Diagram of wind-driven ventilation

Figure 2.2 Diagram of stack-driven ventilation
Sources : Natural ventilation.
Sources : Natural ventilation.
(n.d.). https://www.slideshare.net/roopachikkalgi/natural-
(n.d.). https://www.slideshare.net/roopachikkalgi/natural-ventilation-
ventilation-73526859
73526859

c) Hybrid ventilation
Hybrid ventilation combines wind-driven and stack-driven ventilation to create a more balanced and flexible
system. To achieve this, combination of horizontal and vertical openings that can be adjusted according to
the weather conditions and occupant preferences. Additionally, integrate passive cooling strategies, such as
shading, insulation, and evaporative cooling, to reduce the cooling load and enhance the natural ventilation
performance. (Hybrid Ventilation Optimization and Control Research and Development, n.d.-c)

Figure 2.3 Diagram of simple hybrid ventilation

Sources : Hybrid Ventilation Optimization and Control
research and development. (n.d.).
Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/article
s/hybrid-ventilation-optimization-and-control-research-
and-development
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Type of Ventilations
2. Active Design Ventilation
Active design involves the use of mechanical systems such as air conditioning, mechanical ventilation, and
heating systems to regulate the indoor environment. While these systems can provide precise control of
temperature and humidity, they often consume more energy and have a higher environmental impact
compared to passive strategies. (Air Conditioner - Energy Education, n.d.-b)
Key components :
a) Air-conditioners
Using mechanical systems to cool indoor spaces by removing heat and humidity from the air. This can
provide comfort in extremely hot or humid climates.

Figure 2.4 Diagram of air-conditioner system

Sources : Air conditioner - Energy Education.
(n.d.). https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Air_conditioner
b) Mechanical Ventilation
Employing fans and ductwork to circulate fresh air throughout the building, ensuring indoor air quality and
comfort.

Exhaust-Only Ventilation System

The principle of working of this system is based on depressurizing the
building. It often does not have any particular component to pull outside air
into the room. By decreasing the indoor air pressure below the outdoor air
pressure, the outside air will enter the room through leakages in walls and
windows.
The exhaust ventilation system is suitable for cold climates. (L. Team, 2022b)

Supply-Only Ventilation System

The supply ventilation system employs a fan to pressurize the inside air
and force outside air into the building. The polluted air in the rooms
escapes through exhaust fan ducts and possible leaks in the building
envelope. The supply ventilation system shows better performance in hot
and mixed climates since pressurizing the inside air may result in some
moisture difficulties in cold winters. (L. Team, 2022b)

Balanced Ventilation System

The properly designed balance ventilation system neither depressurizes
the indoor air, like exhaust ventilation nor pressurizes it, such as supply
ventilation. Even the ventilation system introduces fresh outside air and
exhaust polluted inside air in approximately equal quantities. Balanced
ventilation systems can be installed in all climates. (L. Team, 2022b)

Figure 2.5 Types of mechanical ventilation systems

Sources : Team, L. (2022, November 8). Mechanical Ventilation System, Types, Advantages and disadvantages | Linquip. Industrial 6
Manufacturing Blog | linquip. https://www.linquip.com/blog/mechanical-ventilation-system/
3.0 Access Point and Security System in a high-rise building
What is Access Point?
An access point in a high-rise building refers to a specific location or entrance where people can enter or
exit the building or its various areas. Access points are essential components of the building's security and
access control systems. They are strategically designed and equipped to control and monitor the flow of
people and ensure that only authorized individuals can enter restricted areas while maintaining overall
security. (Site Map, n.d.)

How does it works?

Access points in high-rise buildings function by implementing access control systems to regulate and
manage the movement of people within the building. These systems use various technologies and security
measures to ensure that only authorized individuals can enter certain areas while maintaining a safe and
controlled environment.
A number of different accreditation systems can be used to validate authorization:
▪ Staff monitoring
▪ Access badges or tokens
▪ Fingerprints
▪ ID recognition
▪ Keys, key cards
▪ Passwords, codes or PINs
▪ Video verification
▪ Tickets
There are two main types of electronic access control systems:
• Standalone Systems – This system may be used to control access at one specific location.
• Networked Systems – This system can regulate one or more access points. It can help to manage a large
number of users and doors efficiently.

Integration Access Point and Security System

In a high-rise building, the integration of access points and security systems is crucial to ensure the safety,
security, and smooth operation of the premises. These systems work together to control access, monitor
activities, and respond effectively to security threats. (Rhee, 2022b)
Building Security System Building Security Network

Figure 3.0 Diagram of building security system Figure 3.1 Diagram of building security network
Sources : Building Security Systems | Renesas. Sources : Building Security Systems | Renesas.
(n.d.). https://www.renesas.com/sg/en/application/industrial/safety (n.d.). https://www.renesas.com/sg/en/application/industrial/safety
-surveillance-security/building-security-systems -surveillance-security/building-security-systems

The design and installation of an effective access control and security system raises a host of issues beyond
the technology itself, from the use of architectural barriers, to code compliance, to effective placement of
readers. The only way to address those issues is with communication during the design process. It takes
time and effort, but the result will be a system that serves the needs of the building owner, tenants and
visitors for years to come. 7
4.0 Green Building Index (GBI)
What is Green Building Index?
GBI stands for "Green Building Index," a certification and rating system used in Malaysia to assess and
recognize the sustainability and environmental performance of buildings. GBI is similar to other green
building rating systems around the world, such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design) in the United States.
The Green Building Index was developed by the Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) and the
Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM) in collaboration with various stakeholders. It was
introduced to promote sustainable building practices and reduce the environmental impact of the
construction and operation of buildings in Malaysia. (Admin-Gbi, n.d.-b)

How does it works?

The GBI certification process begins with an assessment of the building design by a Greenbuildingindex
Sdn Bhd appointed certifier. A provisional certification is then issued. Final certification is issued when the
completed building has been inspected in accordance with the design. To maintain certification, the
building is reassessed every three years. Points are awarded for performance above benchmarks and
current industry practice. Depending on the score achieved, buildings are awarded one of four types of
ratings: Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum. (Admin-Gbi, n.d.-b)

6 Main Criteria of GBI rating tool

Improve energy consumption by optimising building orientation, minimizing

Energy Efficiency
solar heat gain through the building envelope, harvesting natural lighting,
adopting the best practices in building services including use of renewable
energy, and ensuring proper testing, commissioning and regular maintenance

Indoor Environment Achieve good quality performance in indoor air quality, acoustics, visual
Quality and thermal comfort. These will involve the use of low volatile organic
compound materials, application of quality air filtration, proper control of
air temperature, movement and humidity.

Sustainable Site Planning Selecting appropriate sites with planned access to public transportation,
& Management community services, open spaces and landscaping. Avoiding and conserving
environmentally sensitive areas through the redevelopment of existing sites
and brownfields. Implementing proper construction management, storm
water management and reducing the strain on existing infrastructure
capacity.

Materials & Resources

Promote the use of environment-friendly materials sourced from sustainable
sources and recycling. Implement proper construction waste management
with storage, collection and re-use of recyclables and construction
formwork and wastet

The GBI encourages the efficient use of water through measures like
Water Efficiency
rainwater harvesting, efficient plumbing fixtures, and wastewater treatment.

Projects can earn additional points for innovative practices and technologies
Innovation
that go beyond standard green building practices.

Benefits of Living in a GBI building

▪ Reduced Utility Bills
▪ Better outdoor and indoor living environment
▪ Easy access to public transportation
▪ Better management of property
▪ Sustainable lifestyle
▪ Preferential rates for housing loans
▪ Rebate on assessment tax

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5.0 Vertical Transportation
What is Vertical Transportation?
Vertical transportation refers to the movement of people, goods, or materials between different levels or
floors of a building using various mechanical systems. These include lift (also known as elevators) and
escalators, which play a critical role in facilitating efficient and convenient movement within tall buildings
and structures. (Archi_Com & Archi_Com, 2023b)
Vertical transport system
▪ This is the most common and essential for vertical movement of people and goods.
Stairs ▪ It is also mandatory as it is an escape route in case of fire in buildings. In case of power
failure, lifts do not operate and hence staircase is the only alternative for vertical
movement.
▪ It must be fireproof so that guests can safely exit to upper and lower building floors.

▪ An elevator is a transportation device used to transport people and goods vertically.

Elevators / Lift
▪ Elevators are generally automatic safety units for up and down transport purpose. It
consists of a platform travelling in vertical guides in a shaft with hoisting and
lowering mechanism and a source of power.
▪ The enclosure moving up and down in the guides is known as car.
▪ There are two types of lift systems : Traction elevators and Hydraulic elevators

▪ The term escalator is a combination of elevator and “scala” the latin word for
Escalators
steps.
▪ Escalators are the moving step type lifts operating at constant speed between two
levels in an inclined course for moving large number of people in a short time.
▪ The direction of movement (up and down) can be permanently the same or can be
controlled by operators according to the requirement.
▪ Generally two units are required side-by-side at each level, one moving upward
and the other downward.

▪ A ramp is an inclined surface that provides a gradual or gentle slope to

Ramp
facilitate movement between different levels.
▪ Ramps are commonly used in buildings, outdoor spaces, and infrastructure
to provide accessibility for people with mobility challenges, as well as for
moving goods and equipment.
▪ Ramps serve as an alternative to stairs and are designed to accommodate
individuals using wheelchairs, walkers, strollers, and other mobility aids.

Each occupant of a high-rise commercial building needs to use an elevator at least four times a day, in the
morning, during lunch break and after office hours. In a high-rise building, the most common usage of
vertical transportation is elevators, here is the common types which apply in a building:
Hydraulic elevator Traction elevator
▪ Traction elevators are lifted
by ropes, which pass over a
wheel attached to an electric
motor above the elevator
shaft
▪ They are used for mid and
high-rise applications and
have much higher travel
speeds than hydraulic
elevators

Figure 5.0 Diagram of hydraulic elevator section

Sources : Archi_Com, & Archi_Com. (2023). VERTICAL
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM.
▪ Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom
of the elevator that pushes the elevator up.
▪ They mostly used for low-rise applications of 3-8 stories Figure 5.1 Diagram of traction elevator section
▪ The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the Sources : Archi_Com, & Archi_Com. (2023). VERTICAL
lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM.

Factors for selecting types of elevators

▪ Functionality
▪ Building Height
▪ Elevator location
▪ Building types 9
6.0 Fire Prevention and Safety design requirements and compliances
What is Fire Prevention?
The term fire prevention refers to the set of proactive measures, practices, and strategies taken to minimize
the risk of fires and reduce their potential impact on people, property, and the environment. The goal of fire
prevention is to eliminate or mitigate conditions that could lead to a fire outbreak, thereby increasing safety
and reducing the need for fire suppression and emergency response. (Malaysia. (2001). Fire Services Act 1988 (Act 341):
Incorporating All Amendments Up to 31 October 2001.)

Fire risk
Identify hazards
assessment

Regulations and Fire safety

Fire Prevention
standard education

Fire-resistant Emergency
materials usage Evacuation

Figure 6.0 Diagram of key aspects of fire prevention

Concept of Fire Safety Prevention and Safety Design

The concept of fire prevention and safety design in Malaysia focuses on creating a built environment that
minimizes fire risks, allows for safe evacuation, and provides effective fire suppression capabilities.
Architects, engineers, building owners and occupants all play a role in ensuring that buildings are
designed, constructed and maintained to meet stringent fire safety standards and codes. (Fire Prevention, n.d.)
Basic Fire Safe Design Requirement
a) By-Law Part VII (Fire Requirements)
b) By-Law Part VIII (Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting access)
c) Malaysia Standards : fire safety in the design, management and use of building-code of practice
d) Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia
e) Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia (Bomba) Guidelines
Requirements in Malaysia
Fire safety is a critical consideration in building design, construction, and operation to ensure the safety
of occupants and the protection of property. Here's an overview of the concept of fire prevention and
safety design in Malaysia: (“DESIGNING FOR FIRE SAFETY Ar Chong Lee Siong APAM MIFireE MMIArbs PAM CPD
SEMINAR Selangor Uniform Building (Amendment)(No2) By-Laws 2012 and Malaysian Standards MS 1183:2015,” n.d.)

1. Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL)

The UBBL outlines the fire safety requirements that buildings in Malaysia must adhere to. It covers
aspects such as fire resistance of materials, means of escape, fire protection systems, firefighting
equipment, and emergency evacuation procedures.

2. Fire Services Act 1988 and Fire Services (Compounding of Offences) Regulations 2004
The Fire Services Act establishes the roles and responsibilities of the fire department in Malaysia. It
also addresses issues related to fire safety, including fire prevention measures, building inspections, and
penalties for non-compliance. The Fire Services (Compounding of Offences) Regulations provide a
framework for compounding offenses related to fire safety.

3. Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia (Bomba) Guidelines

The Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia (Bomba) issues guidelines and circulars that provide
detailed requirements for fire safety measures, firefighting equipment, fire alarm systems, and other
aspects of fire prevention and safety.

4. Malaysian Standards (MS) and International Standards (ISO)

Various Malaysian Standards and international standards, including ISO standards, provide guidelines
for fire safety design and equipment. These standards cover aspects such as fire extinguishers, fire
alarm systems, emergency lighting, and fire-resistant materials.

5. Local Authorities' Requirements

Local authorities, such as city councils and municipal councils, may have specific fire safety
requirements that must be adhered to during the design and construction of buildings. These
requirements can vary based on local conditions and considerations. 10
7.0 Building Maintenance System
What is Building Maintenance System?
Building management system (BMS) is an overarching control system that is responsible for the
automatic regulation and control of non-GMP facility subsystems, maintaining predefined parameters (or
set points) and the control of their functionality. The major aim of the BMS is to guarantee the safety of
facility operation, while also monitoring and optimizing the use and efficiency of its supervised
subsystems to allow more efficient operation. (Industry-leading Computer-based System - ADF Technologies SDN BhD, 2022c)

Figure 7.0 Diagram of Building Maintenance Systems

Sources : Industry-leading Computer-based System - ADF Technologies SDN BhD. (2022, March 28). ADF
Technologies. https://www.adftech.com.my/solution/bms-building-management-
system/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwoeemBhCfARIsADR2QCvYg3tQ_SaL_9qfHrjMJ1XDr60fuYLYlpiC5vag6hnllw1l7Qz-1qsaAj5zEALw_wcB

Why do we need Building Maintenance System?

Building Management System is a fundamental tool for optimizing building performance, reducing
operational costs, enhancing occupant experience, and contributing to environmental sustainability. Its
comprehensive capabilities make it an essential component of modern building management and facility
operations.

What Are the Types of Building Maintenance Services?

1. Routine Maintenance
Preventive maintenance is routine maintenance performed
on a regular basis to proactively address maintenance
problems before they occur. It includes inspections,
treatments, replacement of parts, and other tasks that
prevent damage to the building’s internal and external Figure 7.1 Diagram of Routine Maintenance
Sources : types-of-building-maintenance. (n.d.).
structures. Preventive maintenance is scheduled and https://www.getmaintainx.com/learning-center/building-
performed at appropriate intervals based on dates or usage. maintenance/#types-of-building-maintenance.

2. Corrective Maintenance
Corrective maintenance involves restoring a building to its
optimal condition once damage is detected. The nature of
these tasks depends on the type of building and the needs
of its occupants. Unlike preventive maintenance, which is
planned, corrective maintenance is performed in response Figure 7.2 Diagram of Corrective Maintenance
to a problem reported, for example, through service Sources : types-of-building-maintenance. (n.d.).
https://www.getmaintainx.com/learning-center/building-
requests. maintenance/#types-of-building-maintenance.

3. Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance activities prevent damage to the
building and maintain its structural integrity. They improve
the durability of the building. This includes the application
of protective coatings, sealants, coatings, and films to
exposed surfaces such as pillars, awnings, and other
architectural surfaces. Depending on the climate, these
Figure 7.3 Diagram of Preventive Maintenance
areas of the building may need protection from ice, snow, Sources : types-of-building-maintenance. (n.d.).
salt, heat, moisture, and extreme weather. https://www.getmaintainx.com/learning-center/building-
maintenance/#types-of-building-maintenance.
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Key Components of a Building Maintenance System

1. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) Control

A BMS can monitor and control HVAC systems to maintain optimal indoor temperature, humidity, and air
quality. It can adjust settings based on occupancy patterns and external conditions to conserve energy.

2. Plumbing Systems
When people think of plumbing, the first thing that typically comes to mind is bathroom fixtures such as sinks
and toilets – but it’s much more than that. Building maintenance management professionals are also responsible
for maintaining hot water heating systems, storm pipes, roof drainage, and fire sprinkler systems.

3. Electrical Systems
A building’s electrical system includes lighting, safety systems, electrical equipment, and power distribution.
Regular maintenance of electrical systems ensures that spaces are adequately lit, electric systems are installed
correctly, and that the building can handle the electrical load without causing safety issues.

4. Water and Wastewater Treatment

Building maintenance management also requires the maintenance of water and wastewater treatment systems.
Maintenance teams must ensure there is a reliable source of safe, potable water for cleaning, drinking, and other
uses. Wastewater and sewage systems must also be maintained to ensure safe and sanitary disposal of human
waste, chemical runoff, and other hazardous materials.

5. Energy Management
Energy management is an important aspect of building maintenance management, especially in aging structures.
Proper energy management leads to greater enjoyment of building spaces, better health and living conditions for
occupants, and lower energy bills. Therefore, building maintenance teams must inspect and track the condition of
roofs, insulation, doors and windows, and other areas that might contribute to the loss of heat or cold.

6. Interior and Exterior of building

Interior building structures include floors, walls, stairwells, basements, and ceilings. Maintenance for these areas
includes tasks such as cleaning common areas, regular trash removal, repainting walls, repairing drywall,
refinishing flooring, and carpet replacement. Maintaining building exteriors is important for building owners
because it gives the first impression of the residence or business. Exterior structures that require building
maintenance include the foundation, roof, exterior walls and doors, and windows.
Smart Building Management Systems

Figure 7.4 Diagram of Smart Building Maintenance Systems

Sources : Industry-leading Computer-based System - ADF Technologies SDN BhD. (2022b, March 28)

In this new technology era, a Smart Building Management System (BMS) is an advanced technological solution
that integrates various building systems and components to enhance the overall management, efficiency, and
sustainability of a building. It utilizes data-driven insights, automation, and connectivity to optimize building
operations, improve occupant experiences, and reduce energy consumption.
12
8.0 Drainage & Sewage Disposal System
What is Drainage & Sewage Disposal system?
A Drainage and Sewage Disposal System is an important part of the urban infrastructure that regulates the
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of wastewater and stormwater in a systematic and controlled
manner. It includes a network of pipes, sewers, and treatment plants designed to ensure the proper disposal
of domestic and industrial wastewater while preventing pollution, health hazards, and flooding. (Admin, 2011b)
Drainage System
The drainage system is responsible for managing stormwater, rainwater, and surface runoff to prevent
flooding and erosion in urban areas. Generally, drainage system is used to run off the excess water to sea
or reservoirs or any other suitable place

Stormwater Drains
A network of pipes, culverts, and open channels
designed to collect rainwater and runoff from
streets, roads, and other surfaces. These drains
prevent water accumulation and flooding during
heavy rainfall.

Surface Gratings and Inlets

Openings in the ground that allow water to enter

the stormwater drainage system from streets and
other surfaces.

Retention Pond

Ponds store stormwater for a longer period,

Figure 8.0 Diagram of Housing drainage Systems allowing gradual release and reducing the
Sources : Mishra, G. (2017). Drains and Sewers Terms Definitions. The impact on downstream areas.
Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/environmental-engg/drains-and-sewers-terms-
definitions/6976/
Sewage Disposal System
A sewerage system, also known as a wastewater collection system, is a network of pipelines, pumping
stations, and appurtenances that transport sewage from its source to a point of treatment and disposal. Foul
water and surface water are the two main types of waste water. Foul water includes water from sinks, toilets,
kitchen, showers, etc. Surface water includes water from the roof down pipes, rain water. (D. Team, 2023d)

Sanitary Sewers
A network of underground pipes that transport
wastewater from toilets, sinks, showers, and other
sources in homes and buildings to wastewater
treatment plants.

Wastewater Treatment Plants

Facilities that treat sewage and wastewater to

remove contaminants and pollutants before
discharging the treated water into natural water
bodies or reusing it for non-potable purposes.

Septic Systems
Figure 8.1 Diagram of Housing Sewerage disposal Systems This systems treat household sewage on-site
Sources : Team, D. (2023). Sewerage system – types, & Advantages | What is sewerage using a septic tank and a drain field. The tank
system? DAILY CIVIL. https://dailycivil.com/sewerage-system-types-advantages-what-
separates solids from liquids, and the liquids
is-sewerage-system/
are then dispersed into the ground.
Importance and Function of the system
▪ Public Health Protection:
Proper drainage and sewage disposal prevent the spread of waterborne diseases by containing and treating
wastewater.
▪ Water Pollution Prevention
Effective systems treat wastewater to remove harmful pollutants and prevent contamination of natural water bodies.
▪ Flood Prevention
Stormwater drainage systems manage heavy rainfall, reducing the risk of flooding and water damage in urban areas.
13
9.0 Overall thermal transfer value (OTTV)
What is Overall thermal transfer value (OTTV)?
In Malaysia, the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) is a metric used to assess the energy
performance and thermal efficiency of building envelopes, particularly in the context of the country's
tropical climate. Malaysia experiences high solar radiation and temperatures, making it important to design
buildings that effectively minimize heat gain and reduce the need for excessive cooling.

The Malaysian Standard MS 1525:2007 "Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable
Energy for Non-residential Buildings" provides guidelines and regulations for energy-efficient building
design, including limits for the OTTV. The standard sets maximum allowable OTTV values based on the
building's usage, orientation, and the type of building materials used. (Chan & Chow, 2013)

OTTV FORMULA
(STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2007 - All Rights Reserved MS 1525:2007 CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (FIRST REVISION), n.d.)

Where A is the gross exterior wall area for orientation1; OTTV1 is the OTTV value
for orientation 1; and OTTV for the while building ≤ 50W/m2

In Clause 5.2, the OTTV of the building envelope for a building, having a total air-conditioned area
exceeding 4000m2 and above should not exceed 50W/m2 and should meet the requirement
specified in Clause 5.4.2. OTTV<50W/m2 (STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2007 - All Rights Reserved MS
1525:2007 CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS (FIRST REVISION), n.d.)

Assumption
The concept of OTTV is based on the assumption that the envelope of the building is completely enclosed
(STANDARDS MALAYSIA 2007 - All Rights Reserved MS 1525:2007 CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (FIRST REVISION), n.d.)

In the OTTV formulation, the following items are not considered:

1. Internal shading devices eg. curtains
2. Solar reflection or shading from adjacent buildings
3. Green walls

MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2 says the formula for the OTTV of any given wall orientation is as follows

(Malaysia Green Building Council - ePortal, 2023)

14
10.0 Water Supply & Storage
Water is a vital natural resource essential for life, ecosystems, and various human activities. Freshwater,
which is suitable for drinking and other uses, constitutes only a small fraction of the total water on Earth.
Water supply in Malaysia is managed by various state water supply agencies and utilities, with oversight
from the National Water Services Commission (SPAN).
Water Sources
Malaysia's water sources include 3 main sources
1. Rainwater
▪ Atmospheric Water Generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by
extracting water from the air by cooling the air to condense the water vapour.
▪ Rainwater harvesting & Fog collection is the collection and storage of rainwater from rooftops or from
a surface catchment for later use. It can be used for lawn or garden irrigation.
2. Underground Water
▪ It is located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of geologic formations
▪ There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of this water to make it drinkable
and can be use for cooking and laundry.
▪ Disinfection is also required where groundwater recharge is practiced, it is equivalent to low land
surface water for treatment purposes.
3. Surface Water
▪ Surface water Is water on the ground or in a stream, river, lake,sea or ocean
▪ Sea water (salt water) need to be converted to fresh water by desalinization processes(distillation and
reverse osmosis).
Water Supply Treatment Process
Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment

Collecting and Removal of fine Polishing, pH adjustment,

screening from rivers solids and majority carbon treatment to
and initial storage contaminants remove taste, smell and
disinfection to consumer
Water supply – reticulation
Water reticulation is divided into several categories:
1. Internal Reticulation ( Architects & M&E engineers)
Internal reticulation refers to area within boundary of a building, it covers area from water intake, water meter,
piping, water tank and supply to individual utilities. Architects are responsible to provide information and
liaise with local authorities to get approval. (Wong, 2016)

2. External Reticulation ( C&S , M&E engineers)

External reticulation refers to area outside boundary of a building, it covers area from water reservoir, external
meter, external distribution piping and supply to individual buildings. Architects are responsible to coordinate
with other consultants and provide information. (Wong, 2016)

Type of Water Storage

In Malaysia, various types of water reservoirs are used to provide a reliable and continuous supply of water for
different purposes, such as domestic consumption, industrial activities and emergency situations. (Robinson, 2023)
1. Reserved lake or pond
Malaysia has numerous reservoirs created by damming rivers. These reservoirs serve various purposes,
including water supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, flood control, and recreation. (Robinson, 2023)
2. Water Storage Tank
Water storage tanks are used in both urban and rural areas to store treated water for various purposes.
They are widely used in residential, commercial and industrial areas to store potable and non-potable water.
3. Water Tower
High water towers are designed to store water at a higher level so that gravity can provide adequate water
pressure in distribution systems. (Libretexts, 2020)
4. Rainwater Harvesting System
Malaysia promotes rainwater harvesting systems, especially in residential buildings and housing
developments, as a sustainable approach to supplement water supply. Rainwater is collected from rooftops and
stored for non-potable uses, such as irrigation and flushing toilets. (Libretexts, 2020)
15
11.0 Case Study 01 – Subang Perade Mall, Subang Jaya
Subang Perade Mall
Subang Parade is a prominent shopping mall located in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. The mall's renovation and
design exemplify the integration of various building concepts to create a modern, sustainable, and efficient
facility.

Figure 11.0 Subang Perade Mall

Sources : More info | Subang Parade Shopping Centre. (n.d.). https://www.subangparade.com.my/about-us/more-info.php

1.0 IBS and Sustainability

The Integrated Building System (IBS) concept was used in the renovation of the shopping center. Precast
concrete and modular construction methods were used, reducing construction time and minimizing waste.
Energy-efficient lighting systems, optimized insulation, and efficient air conditioning systems were
installed to reduce energy consumption.

2.0 ACMV – Passive and Active Design

Passive design principles were prioritized in the renovation of Subang Parade. The orientation of the
shopping center was optimized to reduce solar heat gain. Shading devices such as awnings and blinds were
strategically placed to minimize direct solar gain and enhance natural ventilation.
Active ACMV systems were upgraded with energy-efficient HVAC units equipped with advanced control
systems. The Subang Parade utilizes a combination of centralized air-conditioning system and exhaust
ventilation system. The former is used mainly for the office and the mall while the latter is used only for
basement, carpark and service rooms.
Centralized A/C system

Cooling Tower Chilled Water Plant Air-handling Unit (AHU)

Figure 11.1 Componenta of a centralized air-conditioning system

3.0 Vertical Transportation

The Subang Perade consists of 4 floors. The building is installed 2 types of Elevators which is Gear
traction elevators and conventional hydraulic elevator. It also provided escalator and fire staircases for
safety requirement.

Figure 11.2 Standard lift core of Subang Perade

Source : (Building Services Report (Subang Parade), 2015) 16
4.0 Fire Prevention and Safety Design Requirements and Compliances
Subang Parade ensured compliance with fire prevention and safety regulations. Fire-resistant materials,
updated fire exits, and emergency evacuation plans were integrated to enhance safety for occupants..
The Subang Perade provided both active and passive fire safety systems to ensure the safety of people
which included fire extinguisher, fire hydrant system, sprinkler system, and fire detection system.

5.0 Building Maintenance System

The mall implemented a building maintenance system to streamline maintenance tasks. Computerized
maintenance management systems (CMMS) were employed to schedule and track maintenance tasks for
various building systems. (Infinity, 2022)

Figure 11.3 Diagram of function CMMS

Source : Infinity, A. (2022, August 9). Use of CMMS mobile maintenance software in routine maintenance
operations. Asset Infinity. https://www.assetinfinity.com/blog/cmms-mobile-maintenance-software

6.0 Drainage & Sewage Disposal System

Subang Parade achieves standards and requirements such as UBBL 1984 by designing each washroom to
meet the dimensional requirements. Besides that, Subang Parade also adheres to guidelines such as the
Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines (MSIG) and standard such as MS 1228 "Code of Practice for
Design and Installation of Sewage Systems". This helps them a lot in maintaining ideal washrooms for
their users. They also perform accurate and consistent drainage, sanitation and drainage system
maintenance works that help them to manage and control water treatment well. (Subang Parade B.Service, n.d.)

7.0 Water Supply & Storage

Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd. (SYABAS) will supply water for the Subang parade. The tap
water is transported to the connection pipe by a shut-off valve that ends within the property boundary with
a network distribution of pipelines for the use of the building owner. The water board is responsible for the
communication pipeline, while the maintenance pipe is the owner of the building.
Subang Parade uses two storage compartments:
▪ The underground Storage
used for the collection of water from the city mains during hours of supply if pressure does not meet the
point of supply.
▪ Overhead Storage
used for flushing toilets and providing water in the sink.

17
12.0 Case Study 02 – The Treez, Bukit Jalil
The Treez, Bukit Jalil
Located in the vibrant area of ​Bukit Jalil, Malaysia, The Treez is a remarkable display of contemporary
architectural innovation, sustainable design and commitment to creating a harmonious living environment.
This prestigious condominium is a blend of luxurious comfort, advanced technology and environmental
responsibility, redefining the concept of urban living in Malaysia.

Figure 12.1 The Treez, Bukit Jalil

Sources : Admin-Gbi. (n.d.-e). THE TREEZ @ BUKIT JALIL – Green Building Index. https://www.greenbuildingindex.org/portfolio/the-treez-
bukit-jalil/

1.0 IBS & Sustainability

The Treez is a high-rise residential development that integrated the Integrated Building System (IBS)
approach. At the core of The Treez's ethos is a commitment to sustainability. Embracing the principles of
green living, the development incorporates energy-efficient systems, green spaces, and sustainable
construction materials. These elements not only reduce the environmental impact but also provide a
healthier and more comfortable living environment for residents.

2.0 ACMV – Passive and Active Design

Building orientation, window placement, and shading devices were optimized to reduce solar heat gain and
enhance natural ventilation. The Treez fully enhanced the natural ventilation in terms of vent blocks design
and greenery design. The building employed energy-efficient AC systems with smart controls to regulate
indoor temperature and airflow based on occupancy and external conditions.

3.0 Green Building Index (GBI)

The Treez aimed for Green Building Index (GBI) certification to showcase its sustainable practices and got
silver Certification. The development incorporated energy-efficient systems, indoor environmental quality
enhancements, and sustainable materials to meet GBI requirements. (Admin-Gbi, n.d.-d)

Figure 12.2 Table of GBI Certification

Source : Admin-Gbi. (n.d.-e). THE TREEZ @ BUKIT JALIL – Green Building
Index. https://www.greenbuildingindex.org/portfolio/the-treez-bukit-jalil/ assetinfinity.com/blog/cmms-mobile-
maintenance-software

4.0 Overall thermal transfer value (OTTV)

The goal of Treez was to achieve a low total heat transfer value (OTTV) with an energy efficient design.
Insulated windows, efficient insulation and shading devices were used to minimize heat transfer and reduce
the need for cooling.
18
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19