K-ECBC

2018
COMFORT SYSTEM & CONTROLS
--WEBINAR
Karnataka - Energy Conservation
Building Code 2018 - Timeline

ECBC 2007 notified by BEE ECBC 2017 notified by BEE

2007 2014 2017 2020

K-ECBC 2014 notified by Government of Karnataka K-ECBC 2018 notified by Government of Karnataka

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Comfort System & Controls
INTENT

The intent of this presentation is to briefly understand the active mechanisms and controls which
contribute to the energy efficiency of the building and strategies that can be employed to improve their
efficiency.

The second step in achieving energy efficiency is to use efficient cooling/heating equipment to provide
thermally comfortable environment to occupants. Beyond equipment efficiency, the interactions of the
overall system with all its components and their control mechanism is an important factor in achieving
energy reduction. Low energy comfort systems that are climate appropriate can further help in
improving energy efficiency.

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Applicability on Building
Components
BUILDING ENVELOPE

4%

LIGHTING
27%

COMFORT SYSTEM & AVERAGE

CONTROLS BUILDING ENERGY
CONSUMPTION 55%

SERVICE WATER
HEATING
14%

RENEWABLE ENERGY

HVAC LIGHTING ELECTRONICS OTHERS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

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 Mandatory Requirements
The Code contains mandatory requirements for the following elements of the HVAC system:

1. Natural Ventilation

2. Equipment Efficiency

3. Controls

4. Piping and Ductwork

5. System Balancing

6. Condensers

7. Hydronic Systems

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Ventilation
Ventilation in a building is essential for occupant comfort.

Indoor air pollution is especially gaining attention today since more and more buildings are being
designed as a sealed airtight unit due to air conditioning. This is particularly true of large buildings.

Diluting the concentration of pollutants with outside air is the most common method for controlling
indoor air quality. However, eliminating the pollutants by exhausting it from the space is a more
effective method.

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 What does K-ECBC say?
As per the Code,

(a) All habitable spaces shall be ventilated with outdoor air in accordance with the requirements of
§5.2.1 and guidelines specified in National Building Code 2016 (Part 8: Building Services, Section 1:
Lighting and Natural Ventilation, Subsection 5: Ventilation).

As per the Code, ventilation in the building can be provided by using one of the following methods

1. Natural ventilation

2. Mechanical ventilation

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Natural Ventilation Design
Requirements
Comply with guidelines provided for natural ventilation in NBC.

Have minimum BEE 3-star rated ceiling fans, if provided with ceiling fans.

Have exhaust fans complying with minimum efficiency requirements of fans in §5.3, if provided

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 Mechanical Ventilation Air
Quantity Design Requirements
Buildings that are ventilated using a mechanical ventilation system that are ventilated with a

mechanical system, either completely or in conjunction with natural ventilation systems,

shall:

1. Install mechanical ventilation systems that provide outdoor air change rate as per NBC.

2. Have a ventilation system controlled by CO sensors for basement carpark spaces with total car
park space greater than or equal to 600 m2.

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Boilers
Boilers are used for heating water to supply hot water or heat to a building. The heat is supplied by the
combustion of a fuel; usually oil or gas. Major heat loss in a boiler occurs because of the creation of
water vapor from burning hydrogen content of fuel. This enthalpy – or heat content in the form of
latent heat of vaporization escapes the system resulting in loss of energy.

The fuel utilization efficiency (FUE) is a unit that measures boiler’s efficiency of converting fuel to
energy. A higher FUE means higher energy efficiency.

As per code minimum FUE should be 80%

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 Controls
Controls are one of the most critical elements for improving efficiency of any HVAC system. Controls
determine how HVAC systems should operate to meet the design goals of comfort, efficiency, and
cost-effective operation. In this context, the Code specifies the use of:

1. Time clocks

2. Temperature controls/thermostats, and

3. Occupancy controls

4. Fan Controls

5. Dampers

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What does K-ECBC say?
Dampers:

All air supply and exhaust equipment, having a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), shall have dampers that automatically
close upon.

Dampers are devices that regulate the air flow in a air handling system. Modulating dampers on the fresh-air intake,
exhaust air and return-air ductwork minimizes the heating or cooling load of the unit, as it enables an AHU to control the
mixing ratio of air in order to achieve the optimum condition of air exiting the mixing section.

For instance, if a space requires 16°C supply air, and, the return air from the space is at 21°C and the outside air is at 10°C.
If the fixed fresh-air intake is kept at a rate of 10%, the temperature of the supply air exiting the mixing section of the unit
will be 19.9°C, indicating that there is a cooling requirement within the unit.

However, if the mixing ratio is modulated to 45% fresh-air intake, it will result in a supply air temperature of 16°C exiting
the mixing section of the unit; hence the system is able to avail 'free' cooling in place of a costly mechanical cooling.

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 What does K-ECBC say?
Piping for heating, space conditioning, and service hot water systems shall meet the insulation requirements listed in
Table 5-7 through Table 5-9. Insulation exposed to weather shall be protected by aluminum sheet metal, painted
canvas, or plastic cover. Cellular foam insulation shall be protected as above, or be painted with water retardant paint.

Exceptions to § 5.2.4.1:

1. Reduction in insulation R value by 0.2 (compared to values in Table 5-7, Table 5-8 and Table 5-9) to a minimum
insulation level of R-0.4 shall be permitted for any pipe located in partition within a conditioned space or buried.

2. Insulation R value shall be increased by 0.2 over and above the requirement stated in Table 5-7 through Table 5-9
for any pipe located in a partition outside a building with direct exposure to weather.

3. Reduction in insulation R value by 0.2 (compared to values in Table 5-7, Table 5-8 and Table 5-9) to a minimum
insulation level of R-0.4 shall be permitted for buildings in Temperate climate zone.

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Ductwork and Plenum Insulation
Ensuring proper design, construction and sealing of duct joints is an essential aspect of energy
conservation. Ductwork should be properly air sealed and also be protected from moisture absorption.
Condensing moisture can cause many types of insulation, such as fiberglass, to lose their insulating
properties or degrade. Duct sealing is critical to avoid air leaks that prevent the HVAC system from
functioning as designed and operated.

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System Balancing
System balancing is a process for maintaining the performance of an HVAC system, and for providing
the occupants with a comfortable conditioned space and reducing the cost of operation. Balancing is
achieved by optimizing the air/water distribution rates for the HVAC system.

As per the Code,

System balancing shall be done for systems serving zones with a total conditioned area exceeding 500
m2.

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 Service Hot Water Heating
For some building types such as large hotels and hospitals service water heating can be major energy
consumer. Inefficiency in water heating is caused primarily by inefficiency of the heating equipment,
and by heat loss from hot water storage tanks and distribution piping network.

Solar Water Heating: Solar Water heaters use energy from the sun’s rays to heat water for domestic &
commercial purpose. This appliance consists of a collector which collects solar energy and an insulated
water tank to store hot water.

Types of solar water heaters:

1. Flat plate collectors

2. Evacuated tube collectors

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 What does K-ECBC say?
Hotels and Hospitals in all climatic zones and all buildings in cold climate zone with a hot water
system, shall have solar water heating equipment installed to provide for:

1. at least 20% of the total hot water design capacity if above grade floor area of the building is less
than 20,000 m2

2. at least 40% of the total hot water design capacity if above grade floor area of the building is
greater than or equal to 20,000 m2

For compliance with ECBC+ and Super ECBC, Hotels and Hospitals in all climatic zones and all
buildings in cold climate zone with a hot water system, shall have solar water heating equipment
installed to provide at least 40% and 60% respectively of the total hot water design capacity.

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 Heating Equipment Efficiency
The mandatory requirements for the Code include minimum efficiencies presented in relevant Indian Standards for various water
heating equipment such as electric and gas heaters, instantaneous heaters, boilers and pool heaters.

As per the Code,

Service water heating equipment shall meet or exceed the performance and minimum efficiency requirements presented in
available Indian Standards

1. Solar water heater shall meet the performance/ minimum efficiency level mentioned in IS 13129 Part (1&2)

2. Gas Instantaneous water heaters shall meet the performance/minimum efficiency level mentioned in IS 15558 with above
80% Fuel utilization efficiency.

3. Electric water heater shall meet the performance/ minimum efficiency level mentioned in IS 2082.

4. For evacuated tube collector the storage tanks shall meet the IS 16542:2016, tubes shall meet IS 16543:2016 and IS
16544:2016 for the complete system

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 Other Water Heating System
As per the Code,

Supplementary heating system shall be designed to maximize the energy efficiency of the system and
shall incorporate the following design features in cascade:

1. Maximum heat recovery from hot discharge system like condensers of air conditioning units,

2. Use of gas fired heaters wherever gas is available, and

3. Electric heater as last resort.

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Swimming Pools
Heated swimming pools can be a source of considerable heat and water loss due to evaporation. Also,
the cost of the energy required to maintain the temperature of the water in the pool at a level
comfortable for swimming is a strong incentive to adopt measures which promote retention of heat in
the pool and reduction in heat loss,

As per the Code,

All heated pools shall be provided with a vapor retardant pool cover on or at the water surface. Pools
heated to more than 32°C shall have a pool cover with a minimum insulation value of R-4.1.

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 Prescriptive Requirements
The Code contains prescriptive requirements for •Unitary, Split and Packaged Air-Conditioners
the following elements of the HVAC system:
•Controls for ECBC+ and Super ECBC buildings
•Chillers
•Controls for Super ECBC Buildings
•Pumps
•Energy Recovery
•Cooling Towers
•Service Water Heating
•Boilers
•Total System Efficiency – Alternate Compliance
•Economizers Approach
•Variable Flow Hydronic Systems •Low-energy Comfort Systems

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Economizers
Economizers allow the use of outdoor air to cool the building when the outside temperature is cooler
than that inside. An economizer consists of dampers, sensors, actuators, and logic devices that together
decide how much outside air to bring into a building. Under the right conditions, sensors and controls
shut down the compressor and bring in the outside air through the economizer louvers. A properly
operating economizer can cut energy costs by as much as 10% of a building’s total energy
consumption, depending mostly on local climate and internal cooling loads.

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66
 What does K-ECBC say?
As per the Code,

Each cooling fan system in buildings with built up area greater than 20,000 m2, shall include at least
one of the following:

1. An air economizer capable of modulating outside-air and return-air dampers to supply 50% of the
design supply air quantity as outside-air.

2. A water economizer capable of providing 50% of the expected system cooling load at outside air
temperatures of 10°C dry bulb/7.2°C wet-bulb and below.

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Variable Fluid Flow
As per the Code,

HVAC pumping systems having a total pump system power exceeding 7.5 kW shall be designed for
variable fluid flow and shall be capable of reducing pump flow rates to an extent which is lesser or
equal to the limit, where the limit is set by the larger of:

(a) 50% of the design flow rate, or

(b) the minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for proper operation of the chillers or
boilers.

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Isolation Valves
Two-way automatic isolation valves serve as a means of varying flow rate in a hydronic system.

As per the Code,

Water cooled air-conditioning or heat pump units with a circulation pump motor greater than or equal
to 3.7 kW shall have two-way automatic isolation valves on each water cooled air-conditioning or heat
pump unit that are interlocked with the compressor to shut off condenser water flow when the
compressor is not operating.

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Total System Efficiency –
Alternate Compliance Approach
A chilled water plant is a complex collection of individual components (chiller, pumps, cooling tower
etc.) that have been designed to work together as a system. Energy efficiency requirements for each
component of this system have been specified in this Code under various sections. However, Chillers,
Pumps and Cooling towers shall be efficient not just individually but also when working together
under various operating conditions. Therefore, the Chilled water plant efficiency as a whole is an
important parameter to consider before Chilled water plant equipment selection.

Just like the Building Envelope Trade-off method, this alternative compliance method gives engineers
the flexibility to show compliance for the entire Chilled water plant as one instead of meeting the
individual equipment prescriptive requirements.

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What does K-ECBC say?
As per the Code,

This alternate compliance approach is applicable for central chilled water plant side system in all
building types. The total installed capacity per kilo-watt refrigeration load shall be less than or equal to
maximum threshold requirements as specified in Table 5-23 Equipment that can be included in central
chilled water plant side system for this alternate approach are chillers, chilled water pumps, condenser
water pumps, and cooling tower fan. Compliance check will be based on annual hourly simulation.

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 Exceptions
1. Exceptions to § 5.2.1.3: Demand Control Ventilation

2. Exceptions to §5.2.3.1: Time clock

3. Exceptions to § 5.2.4.1: Piping Insulation

4. Exception to § 5.2.7.1: Solar Water Heating

5. Exceptions to § 5.3.2: Pumps

6. Exception to §5.3.5.1: Economizer for ECBC, ECBC+ and Super ECBC Building

7. Exception to §5.3.5.4: Economizer Testing

8. Exception to § 5.3.8.2: Supply Air Temperature Reset

9. Exceptions to §5.3.8.3: Chilled Water Temperature Reset

10. Exception to §5.3.11: Service Water Heating

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Compliance Forms
K-ECBC 2018 – COMFORT SYSTEM & CONTROL

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K-ECBC
2018
ELECTRICAL & RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEMS- WEBINAR
Electrical & Renewable Energy
Systems
INTENT

After optimizing the loads in the buildings, the final step is to ensure that the electrical systems are
designed efficiently to ensure that the overall system is minimizing distribution losses and supplies
electricity efficiently to the building. Further, renewable energy can be used a potential source of
electricity (clean energy). Hence requirements to ensure buildings are ready to integrate renewable
system in the future have been covered in this chapter. This will prepare the building industry to move
towards self sufficiency and clean energy.
 Mandatory Requirements
1. Transformers

2. Energy Efficient Motors

3. Diesel Generator Sets

4. Check Metering and Monitoring

5. Power Factor Correction

6. Power Distribution System

7. Uninterruptible Power Supply

8. Renewable Energy System

 Transformers
Transformer has made long range electric power distribution practical. Transformer is an equipment
that steps the voltage up or down. It only works with AC supply and not with DC. Transformers can
be pole-mounted or pad mounted on the ground. It is common practice to install transformer outside
the building, but it can be installed inside as well.

TRANSFORMERS ARE USED TO STEP THE VOLTAGE UP OR DOWN !!

There are two types of transformers based on the cooling medium.

1. Oil type Transformer

2. Dry type Transformer

Maximum Allowable Power
Transformer Losses
Majority of the energy loss in the transformer occurs due to the heat generated in the core. In
distribution system, major losses occur due to long distance between the transformer and load. There
will be frictional losses depending on the length and thickness of the electrical wire. Hence,
transformer is placed near the loads to reduce the length of wire and minimizing losses.

Transformer efficiency also depends on the operating load. Transformer losses consist of two parts:
No-load Loss and Load Loss

No-load Loss (also called core loss) is the power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in the
transformer's steel core. Core loss occurs whenever the transformer is energized; and it does not vary
with load. Core losses are caused by two factors: hysteresis and eddy current losses.
Maximum Allowable Power
Transformer Losses
Load Loss (also called copper loss) is associated with full-load current flow in the transformer
windings. Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer due to the
ohmic resistance of the windings. Copper loss varies with the square of the load current. (P=I2R).

By considering both the losses, total transformer losses can be computed with the help of following
formula:

PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD + (% Load/100)2 x PLOAD

% Load= (kVA Load/ Rated kVA)

 What does K-ECBC say?
Power transformers of the proper ratings and design must be selected to satisfy the minimum acceptable
efficiency at 50% and full load rating. The permissible loss shall not exceed to values listed in Table 7-1 for
dry type transformers and Table 7-2 for oil type transformers.

The BEE star rating for dry type transformer shall take precedence over this table once notified by BEE under
BEE Standards and Labelling Program. For oil type transformer BEE star rated transformer (BEE Standards
and Labelling Program) shall be used in all compliant buildings. Power transformers to meet compliance shall
have:

1. minimum 3 stars rating in ECBC Buildings

2. minimum 4 stars rating in ECBC+ Buildings

3. 5 stars rating in Super ECBC Building

Energy Efficient Motors
Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. In a commercial building, motors find diverse
applications such as fans, blowers, condensers, cooling towers and many others.

Energy efficiency of motors

Motor Efficiency is the ratio of the useful mechanical power output to the total electric power input to
the motor. Like all electromechanical equipment, motors consume some “extra” energy in order to make
the conversion. Efficiency reflects how much total energy a motor uses in relation to the rated power
delivered to the shaft.

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed the International Efficiency (IE)
classes for motors. This is an international standard that stipulates the energy efficiency of low voltage
AC motors. IS (Indian Standard) uses same standards to classify the motor efficiency.
 What does K-ECBC say?
Motors shall comply with the following:
• Three phase induction motors shall conform to Indian Standard (IS) 12615 and shall fulfil the following efficiency
requirements:

1. ECBC Buildings shall have motors of IE 2 (high efficiency) class or a higher class

2. ECBC+ Buildings shall have IE 3 (premium efficiency) class motors or higher class

3. Super ECBC Buildings shall have IE 4 (super premium efficiency)class motors

• Motors of horsepower differing from those listed in the table shall have efficiency greater than that of the next listed kW
motor.
• Motor horse power ratings shall not exceed 20% of the calculated maximum load being served.

• Motor nameplates shall list the nominal full-load motor efficiencies and the full- load power factor.
Diesel Generator (DG)sets:
DG sets are used for power backup in buildings. Additionally, it could also be used to generate power
for peak load application. Using diesel as the fuel, the generator converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. DG sets can be located inside the building or outside.

The DG set as a system consists of the diesel engine, AC alternator, control system and switchgear,
foundation and corresponding civil works, exhaust facilities and fuel storage. Some of the
disadvantages of the DG set are noise, vibration and pollution due to the exhaust.

Selection criteria for a DG set: The two most important factors are: power and speed of the engine.
Energy efficiency in a DG set
The Star Labeling program of the Bureau of energy
efficiency (BEE) determines the energy performance
for various appliances and equipment. The Star Label
provides consumer the information about energy saving
and thereby cost saving potential of the relevant
marketed product. With the display of the information
on the product, consumer can make the right choice.

Star rating or star level means the grade of energy

efficiency based on specific fuel consumption (SFC) in
g/kWh (electrical unit), displayed on the label of the
generating set. More stars are equivalent to better
energy performance.
 What does K-ECBC say?
As per the Code, BEE star rated DG sets shall be used in all compliant buildings. DG sets in buildings
greater than 20,000 m2 BUA shall have:

1. minimum 3 stars rating in ECBC Buildings

2. minimum 4 stars rating in ECBC+ Buildings

3. minimum 5 stars rating in Super ECBC Buildings

Check-Metering and monitoring
A significant barrier to achieving energy efficiency during the operation of a building is inadequate
metering systems and monitoring plans. Building operators cannot be expected to manage energy if they
cannot measure energy use. To improve a building’s energy performance over its operating life, and
optimize the energy efficient requirements, the Code requires that the building’s performance be measured.

Metering is about having information that allows energy managers to analyze and track changes in energy
demand and, therefore, to manage their energy use more effectively. Energy metering is not a new concept
and has been used by large energy-intensive building for many years to monitor energy consumption.

Meters are commonly used in buildings, but submeters might not be. Submeters help monitor energy end
uses such as air conditioning, lighting, plug loads and renewables. Such data helps in optimizing energy use
during operations and troubleshoot issues effectively when necessary.
 Submetering
Some of the benefits of submetering are listed
below

1. Provide actual data of energy consumption

by an end-use (no estimates)

2. Opportunity for the energy manager to

make informed decision for performance
improvement

3. Check the wastage of energy

4. Better maintenance of equipment

 What does K-ECBC say?
It is mandatory to provide sub-meters in

1. Services exceeding 1000 kVA shall have permanently installed electrical metering to record demand (kVA),
energy (kWh), and total power factor. The metering shall also display current (in each phase and the neutral),
voltage (between phases and between each phase and neutral), and total harmonic distortion (THD) as a
percentage of total current.

2. Services not exceeding 1000 kVA but over 65 kVA shall have permanently installed electric metering to
record demand (kW), energy (kWh), and total power factor (or kVARh).

3. Services not exceeding 65 kVA shall have permanently installed electrical metering to record energy (kWh).

4. In case of tenant based building, metering should be provided at a location from where each tenant could
attach the services.
 Power Factor Correction
As per the Code, All 3 phases shall maintain Benefits of improved power factor
their power factor at the point of connection as 1. Reduction of power consumption due to improved
follows: energy efficiency

1. 0.97 for ECBC Building 2. Reduction of electricity bills

3. Extra kVA available from the existing supply

2. 0.98 for ECBC+ building
4. Reduction of I2R losses in transformers and
3. 0.99 for Super ECBC building distribution equipment

5. Reduction of voltage drop in long cables.

6. Extended equipment life – Reduced electrical

burden on cables and electrical components.
 What does K-ECBC say?
The power cabling shall be sized so that the distribution losses do not exceed

1. 3% of the total power usage in ECBC Buildings

2. 2% of the total power usage in ECBC+ Buildings

3. 1% of total power usage in Super ECBC Buildings

Record of design calculation for the losses shall be maintained. Load calculation shall be calculated up
to the panel level.
 What does K-ECBC say?
As per the Code,

•A dedicated REGZ equivalent to at least 25 % of roof area or area required for generation of energy equivalent to
1% of total peak demand or connected load of the building, whichever is less, shall be provided in all buildings.

Connected load will include all systems that use electricity such as lighting, comfort systems and receptacles.

•The REGZ shall be free of any obstructions within its boundaries and from shadows cast by objects adjacent to the
zone.

Obstruction free solar access is important for the solar-based renewable systems to work effectively. Any future
additions should be planned to provide solar access.

•ECBC+ and Super ECBC building shall fulfil the additional requirements listed in Table 7-5 and Table 7-6
respectively.
Micro Wind Turbines
Micro wind turbines are emerging as a promising renewable energy option for rooftop installations.
Micro wind turbines of 5kW capacity can easily be installed in about two square meters area. These
systems could be more appropriate for buildings that are very tall or have large open spaces which
allows good wind speeds. Micro wind turbines can be combined with rooftop solar PV power plants.

The Code mandates the “provision of space” for renewable system which is called as the Renewable
Energy Generating Zone (REGZ). The REGZ is a dedicated area on the building rooftop where the
renewable system can be installed in the future.
Compliance Forms
K-ECBC 2018 – ELECTRICAL & RENEWABLE SYSTEMS

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