1

2
3
4
5
6
7
Index 8
9
abstracts. See under research articles European Association for the 10
academic literacies, 20, 23, 245 Teaching of Academic Writing,
1
ACLITS movement, 20, 23–24 20–21, 32, 267
2
acknowledging European Association of Languages
authors’ editors, 5, 187–188 for Specific Purposes, 32, 133
3
non-author contributors, 230 European Association of Science 4
writers, 200, 230 Editors, 159–160, 267 5
See also naming; recognition European Medical Writers 6
Adams, Joyce, 86 Association, 267 7
Adelaide Text Analysis Tool. See of European universities, 262 8
AdTAT International Association of 9
AdTAT, 67–69 Teachers of English as a Foreign 20
adverbials, 101 Language, 34 1
AELFE. See European Association of International Federation of 2
Languages for Specific Purposes Translators, 267–268
3
agency, 97, 108, 110, 112 for language professionals, 258,
4
Alexander, David, 217–218 267
Alley, Michael, 146 Mediterranean Editors and
5
America, 103. See also USA Translators, xxv, 258, 261, 268 6
anglophone centre journals, 238–239, Society of English-Native-Speaking 7
241, 242, 245 Editors, 267 8
AntConc, 67, 69 Théodile (Théories Didactiques de 9
anthropology, 40, 110–111, 113 la Lecture-Ecriture), 21 30
applicability, 75, 76 Australia, 28, 56 1
argumentation, 4–5, 75, 148, 166, author editing, 159, 173–189, 210, 2
177, 179, 180, 214. See also 217, 218, 225 3
flow; paragraphing; staging author guidelines, 214, 253. See also 4
associations instructions for authors
5
British Association for International author-helpful policies, 169–170
6
and Comparative Education, 240 authority
British Association of Lecturers in of authors, 101, 108, 110, 202,
7
English for Academic Purposes, 243 8
30, 267 of language professionals, 11–12 9
Council of Science Editors, 149 in non-anglophone settings, 164 40
Editors’ Association of Canada, 153 See also credibility 41R

271
Supporting Research Writing
authors
authority, 101, 108, 110, 202,
243
autonomy, 60, 70, 202
control of content, 40, 43, 52, 83,
150, 184, 251
esteem for editors, 209
feeling marginalized, 50
independence, 202
novice, 49, 224, 225–230
ownership of texts, 44
recalcitrance, 209
responsibility, 192, 193, 201, 202,
267
See also authorship; co-authors;
writers
authors’ editors, 145, 151, 173–189,
218
and developmental editing, 226
as writing teachers, 33, 219
authorship
ghost, 224
guest, 200, 232
writing and, 192–193
See also authors; co-authors
authorship criteria
in biomedical sciences, 192, 224,
232, 233
for review papers, 232
Baethge, Christopher, 124
BAICE. See British Association for
International and Comparative
Education
BALEAP. See British Association of
Lecturers in English for Academic
Purposes
Batteux, Charles, 117
BAWE. See British Academic Written
English
Berkenkotter, Carol, 42, 44, 46
bibliographic research, 75, 80, 231,
232, 233
bilingual publication, 121–137
272
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Education, 86
Biomedical English Writing and
Communication (course),
217–218
biomedical sciences, 75, 85, 86, 124,
187, 191–204, 221–235
biomedicine, 108–110, 126
Björk, Lennart A., 25–26
Bologna agreement, 33, 34
Bologna Declaration, 24
boosters, 100
boundaries
between editing and peer reviewing,
165
between editing and teaching, 209
between language and disciplinary
knowledge, 243, 254
between writing support and
authorship, 266
blurring of, xxix, 209, 243, 254,
262
separating education, translation
and editing, xxvi
Brazilian journals, 123, 126
British Academic Written English
(corpus), 67
British Association for International
and Comparative Education, 240
British Association of Lecturers in
English for Academic Purposes,
30, 267
British Empire, 103
British historians, 100
brokers
information, 260
literacy, 243, 251
browsing, 76, 77, 80–81, 84, 85
Bruce, Ian, 28
calques, 160–162
Cambridge ESOL certificate, 30
Cambridge ESOL diploma, 30
Campbell, Stuart, 95
 Index

Canagarajah, A. Suresh, 242 language of, 159, 186, 226

Cargill and O’Connor, 57, 59
Writing scientific research articles:
strategies and steps, 85
Castilian, 116
CAT. See computer-assisted
translation
Catalan, 124
Catholics, 98, 99
CBE Life Sciences Education, 86
CELTA. See Cambridge ESOL
certificate
citation, 97, 100, 178, 215. See also
self-citation
Clifford, James, 115
CLIL. See content and language
integrated learning
clinicians, 50, 222. See also doctors;
physicians; practitioners
co-authoring, 40, 43, 52, 227
co-authors, 48, 49, 181, 193, 199,
211
COBUILD. See Collins Birmingham
University International
Language Database
coherence, 147, 177
cohesion, 148, 163, 169, 217
collaborations, 115, 118. See also
relationships
College Composition and
Communication, 22–23
Collins Birmingham University
International Language
Database, 67
colloquialisms, 213
colonization, 101–103
Comelles Josep M., 115, 116
Committee on Publication Ethics, 164
communicating
with authors, 6, 163, 165, 186
with clients, 264–265
communication
with authors, 117, 158, 175, 226
with editors-in-chief, 158
open, 165, 170, 264
between translators, 129
See also dialogue;
miscommunication
Compare: a Journal of Comparative
and International Education,
240, 243, 247, 253
composing, 47
composition studies, 22
computer-assisted translation (CAT),
129, 132
concordancers, 130
concordances, 56
concordancing software programs
AdTAT, 67–69
AntConc, 67, 69
conferences (over manuscripts), 40,
50, 52, 81. See also meetings
conflicts of interest, 82, 165, 182,
198, 200, 230, 253
Connor Ulla M., 29
content and language integrated
learning, 33
continuing professional development,
xxv, 8–11, 87, 122, 124, 262,
267
continuum
editing, 144, 146–148, 149, 158,
166, 173, 177
reading–research–writing, 73, 74,
84–87
writing support, xxvi, 262, 263
contributors, non-author, 223, 230
control
by authors, 40, 43, 52, 83, 150,
184, 251
by language professionals, 11–12
COPE. See Committee on Publication
Ethics
copy-editing, 146–147, 150, 152,
157–171, 177, 210
copy editors, 146, 147, 157–171
Cornell University, 76

273
Supporting Research Writing
corpora
BAWE, 67
COBUILD, 67
Longman’s Learner, 67
MICASE, 67
Springer Exemplar, 67, 69, 130
subspecialty, 130
corpus analysis, 56–57, 60
corpus linguistics, 56–57, 67–69
Council of Science Editors, 149
Counter-Reformation, 98, 99
courses
academic writing, presessional and
in-sessional, 21–22, 29–30, 34
Biomedical English Writing and
Communication, 217–218
distance, 35
Effective Biomedical Reading and
Writing, 76–86
publication skills, 57–69
scientific writing, 73–89
Writing in Neuroscience, 86–87
writing scientific English, 216–217
cover(ing) letter, 179, 198–199, 230
CPD. See continuing professional
development
credibility
of language professionals, 7–11
of scholar-authors, 99–100
of texts, 74, 76, 82, 84
criteria
authorship, 192, 224, 232, 233
peer review, 241
referees’, 58, 64–65
critical appraisal, 82, 232
critical debate, 78
critical discussion, 82, 85
critical literacy theory, 28
critical reading, 74–75, 81–83, 84
critical thinking, 26, 28, 78
critiquing, 75, 218
Croatian Medical Journal, 169–170
cross-cultural research, 47
CrossCheck, 163
274
cultural colonization, 103
culture
Catholic Romance-speaking, 94
Romance, 103
source/target, 94, 100
See also language culture; writing
culture
cut-and-pasted text, 163. See also
under writing
cycles
authoring, 52
draft-review, 198
editing and writing, 48
revising, 47
data vetting, 182, 223, 231
de-personalization, 110
Denmark, 21
development, writing, 31, 260
developmental editing, 148, 152, 169,
178–179, 183, 221–235
Developmental editing: a handbook
for freelancers, authors, and
publishers (Norton), 223
developmental editors, 12, 145, 223,
224, 226
developmental-stage hypothesis, 47
dialogue, 128, 174, 186, 202, 250,
251. See also communication
dictionaries, 143, 211, 212
didactic copy-editing, 169, 265
didactic editing, 207–220, 265
discourse
academic, English, 99, 100, 102
academic, non-English, 122
definition, 110
norms, 95
of modernity, 101
scientific, 102
traditional, 102
discourse analysis, 56
discourse community, 56, 99, 133
discourse community in focus, 27–28
discovery, 42, 45, 47, 48, 50

Discussion sections. See under
research articles
disimprovements, 188
dissonance, 47–48, 49, 50, 51
doctors, 83, 131. See also clinicians;
physicians; practitioners
domain loss, 102
domesticating, 95, 96, 116
duplicate publication, 165
Dutch, 180, 181
Dutch scientists, 209
Dutch universities, 215
EAD. See English academic discourse
EAL. See English as an additional
language
EAP. See English for academic
purposes
EASE. See European Association of
Science Editors
EATAW. See European Association for
the Teaching of Academic
Writing
Eco, Umberto, 147, 151
editing
analytical, 151
chronology, 144–146
companies, online, 186, 264
comprehensive, 148, 152
continuum, 144, 146–148, 149,
158, 173
definition, 144
as economic activity, 259
etymology, 142–144
evaluating a request for, 181–183
for form, 146
glossary of terms, 151–153
levels, 148–150, 175-179
in pairs, 186
on paper, 218
by peers, 52, 216–217
proactive, 209–211, 213, 265
rounds of, 184, 185, 225, 231
sentence-level, 176
Index
services, online, 186
showing amendments, 184
strategic, 179
structural, 148, 153
for style, 147, 152, 213
stylistic, 147, 152
technical, 152, 178, 182
See also author editing; copy-
editing; developmental editing;
language editing; post-editing;
self-editing; substantive editing
editing language, for typesetting, 159
editorial boards, 123, 134, 238, 240,
252, 253
editorial policies, 99, 134, 169–170
editors
acquisitions, 151
book or content, 145, 152
in-chief, 152, 158, 169
commissioning, 152
as educators, 166–169
journal, 124, 152, 241–242, 254
statistical, 169
substantive, 52
See also authors’ editors; copy
editors; developmental editors;
language editors
Editors’ Association of Canada, 153
Effective Biomedical Reading and
Writing (course), 76–86
efficiency, language, 177
efficiency of text, 148
EIL. See English as an international
language
Elbow, Peter, 40, 43, 112
eliciting action from authors, 174
eliciting responses from colleagues, 49
eliciting revision from authors, 40,
185
ELT. See English language teaching
employer appreciation, 166
EMWA. See European Medical
Writers Association
EN-15038 standard, 128
275
Supporting Research Writing
England, 96, 97. See also UK
English
hegemony, 95, 102, 107
international or global, 159
international standard of, 34
as lingua franca, 95, 103, 122
pre-eminence of, 20
spelling, 146, 177, 211
English academic discourse (EAD),
99, 100, 102
English as an additional language
(EAL), 7, 20, 57, 59, 75, 261
EAL writers, 21, 27
English as an international language
(EIL), 20, 21, 27
English for academic purposes
EAP courses, 22, 30
EAP programmes, 22, 31
EAP teachers, 30–31, 34
EAP units, 31, 34. See also language
service departments; writing
centres
teaching of, 20, 24, 30, 34, 102
English for special purposes, 208
English language teaching (ELT),
30, 34
English scientists, 101
entrepreneurial spirit, 260
epistemicide, 95
epistemology, 108–111, 112
equivalences between languages,
243
Erasmus MC, 217–218
ethics
of publication, 85, 165–166, 261,
266
of research, 266
of supporting research writing,
266–267
of working as a professional writer,
200–202
ethnocentrism, 116
ethnographers, 110, 111, 115
ethnography, 112–115, 242
276
Europe
continental, 32, 34
mainland, 22–25
non-anglophone, 257–269
northern and central, 24
southern, 94, 103
European Association for the
Teaching of Academic Writing,
20–21, 32, 267
European Association of Languages
for Specific Purposes, 32, 133
European Association of Science
Editors, 159–160, 267
European institutions
Directorate General for Translation,
259
European Commission’s Translation
Services, 143
European Medical Writers Association
(EMWA), 267
European standard EN-15038, 128
European Union, 124
expectations
of clients vs. language professionals,
2, 3–7
of journal editors and reviewers, 60,
214, 253
of readers, 42, 177, 178, 181,
223
of target culture, 94, 95
of writers and writing groups, 194,
195
false cognates, 180, 212, 213
false friends, 161–162, 164
feedback sheets/forms, 248,
249–251
Finland, 210, 216–217
flow, 177, 196, 209, 217. See also
argumentation
Flower, Linda, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50
foreignizing, 116
Foucault, Michel, 96
France, 21, 96
 Index

freelances guidelines
authors’ editors, 174, 175, 182, for authors, 214, 253
186, 218, 263 ethical, 198
copy editors, 158–159, 163, 166, on medical writers, 200, 202
170 on misconduct, 165
translators, 126, 129, 130, 263 publications, 198
French, 100, 180, 181 publishing, 159
funding, 84, 200, 230, 252 reporting, 178–179
See also instructions for authors
gatekeepers, 94, 145, 162, 242,
253 Halliday, Michael K., 101
gatekeeping, 239, 252 harmony, 115, 264
Geertz, Clifford, 110–111, 113–115 Hayes, John R., 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50
generalizability, 75, 110 hedgers, 100
genre hegemony, 95, 102, 107
academic, 178 Helsinki University Faculty of
cognitive, 28 Medicine, 216–217
definition, 56 heuristics, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48,
familiarity, 74, 86, 176, 178 50, 52
fidelity, 214 Higher Education Research and
formation, 110 Development, 65
literary, 109, 192 house style, 146, 177
narrative, 109 How I wrote ‘Fat Chance’ (Wright),
of research articles, 74, 214, 216 43, 49
scientific, 178 humanities, 46, 52, 63, 101, 147,
sensitivity, 118 178
social, 28 Hyland, Kenneth L., 99
sub-genres, 35, 56
genre analysis, 27–28, 29, 55–71, 214 IATEFL. See International Association
genre-centred approach to teaching, of Teachers of English as a
27 Foreign Language
German, 123, 180 Ibérica, 102, 133
German editors, 134 ICMJE. See International Committee
German journals, 123 of Medical Journal Editors
German physicians, 124 identity, 96, 98, 99–101, 110
Germany, 24 ideological dimensions, 95, 96–99
ghostwriting, 148, 200, 224, 267 ideology, 100
ghostwritten article, 193 impact factor (IF), 108, 123, 124,
glossing, 148, 180 125, 133–134, 239
Good, Byron J., 109 imperialism, 95, 102
Gothenburg University, 25 IMRaD, xxx
Grabe, William, 27 format and variants, 61–63
Graddol, David, 34 guide to reading, 84
Grossman, Edith, 115 origins, 80

277
Supporting Research Writing

in-house work Brazilian, 123, 126

authors’ editors, 145, 174, 175–177, categories, 238
181–186, 215, 216 German, 123
copy editors, 159, 163, 166 mainstream, 100
language editors, 169 national, 123, 124, 125, 158
project managers, 126 produced in non-anglophone
incubation, 42, 45, 46, 50 environments, 157–171
inequalities, 239 quality, 239
information professional, 260 Spanish, 123, 133–134
instructions to authors, 159, 169, on the global periphery, 239
170, 177, 228. See also author See also editorial boards; editorial
guidelines policies; impact factor; and
integrity, 100, 266 individual journal names
intellectual property, 266
interactive writing, 227, 228 Kamler, Barbara, 60
intercultural transactions, 95–103 Kaplan, Robert B., 27, 28–29
interference, 147, 151, 179, 180, 181, knowledge
210. See also transfers active, 208
International Association of advancement of, 267
Teachers of English as a Foreign anthropological, 111
Language, 34 attitude to, 99, 164
International Committee of creation, 108–111
Medical Journal Editors, 192, cultural, 99, 111
224 discipline-specific, 86
International Federation of domain, 100
Translators, 267–268 encoding, 94, 95
interpretation, 259 exchange, 238, 240
Introduction sections. See under gap, 229
research articles paradigm, 99, 103
isolation, 13, 124, 158, 170, 196, passive, 208
267. See also periphery scientific, 109, 254
Italian, 147, 161–162, 164 sharing, 129, 268
Italian students, 78, 84 tacit, 245
Italy, 76, 98, 224, 263 Knight, Paul, 34
Koch, Kenneth, 40
Jesuits, 98
Joshi, Yateendra, 160 Lang, Tom, 149–150, 151
Journal Citation Reports, 133 language culture, 20, 28–29
journal clubs, 75 language editing, 147, 150, 152,
journals 176–178, 183
anglophone centre, 238–239, 241, language editors, 169–170
242, 245 language efficiency, 177
choice of, 193, 195 language industry, 102, 259
bilingual, 121–137 language profession, 258–261

278

language professionals, xxv–xxvi,
1–15, 122, 187, 258–269
language service departments, 32. See
also EAP units; writing centres
languages
European, 102
formal/informal, 178
Romance, 101
source and target, 95, 118
See also individual languages
learners (of English language), 42,
147, 149, 178, 180, 212
learning
literature-based, 86
peer-discussion-based, 76
through reading, 208
situated, 40, 128
small-group, 78, 85
levels of edit, 148–150, 175–179
Levels of edit (Vanburen and Buehler),
149
lexicography, 57
lexis, 100
limitations of a study, 194, 229
lingua franca, 95, 103, 122
linguistic colonization, 101
linguistic curtailment, 102
linguistic imperialism, 95, 102
linguistic realism, 94, 97
linguistics
applied, 30, 31, 124
corpus, 56–57, 67–69
systemic functional, 27
linguists
applied, 56, 65
critical, 96
links, in writing, 85, 148, 177, 217,
250
literacy
academic, 20, 23, 245
programmes, 226, 227
scientific, 74, 85, 86
literary criticism, 111
literature analysis, 86
Index
logic
in argumentation, 150
gaps in, 142, 162
lack of, 222
of manuscripts, 169, 176, 196
Longman Learner’s Corpus, 67
machine translation, 144
manuscripts
development, 40, 41, 194, 195,
196, 201, 202
evaluation of, for editing, 181–183
multi-authored, 192
rejected, 176, 182–183, 222, 225,
230–231, 233
See also conferences over
manuscripts; meetings over
manuscripts; research articles
Martin, James R., 101
Matsuda Paul K., 23
mediation, 99, 264. See also
negotiation
mediators, 93–106, 264
medical writing, 191–204, 224, 225
Mediterranean Editors and
Translators (MET), xxv, 258,
261, 268
MEDLINE, 81, 122, 134
meetings (over manuscripts), 175,
185, 194–196, 215, 224, 226,
227, 231. See also conferences
mentoring, 70, 76, 202, 222, 237–
255, 267
mentors, 222, 227, 245–254, 262
MET. See Mediterranean Editors and
Translators
META: Translators’ Journal, 133
metalanguage, 6
metalinguistic devices, 51
metaphors, 47, 111, 113, 115, 225
Methods sections. See under research
articles
MICASE. See Michigan Corpus of
Academic Spoken English
279
Supporting Research Writing
Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken
English, 67
miscommunication, 142, 144
misconduct, 164, 165
modality, 29, 97, 101
Moreno Ana I., 25
Mouse or rat? Translation as
negotiation (Eco), 147, 151
moves, 56, 59, 65
multiculturalism, 263
multilingualism, 263
Murray, Donald, 40, 42, 44, 46
NACE. See Statistical Classification of
Economic Activities
NAICS. See North American Industry
Classification System
naming, 128. See also acknowledging,
recognition
narrative, 44, 100, 109, 162
natural sciences, 112, 178. See
also biomedicine; biological
sciences
negotiating, 94, 99, 227
negotiation, 96, 195. See also
mediation
Netherlands, 24, 208, 210, 216,
267
New Zealand, 28
nominalizations, 97
non-author contributors, 223, 230
Norris, Carol, 216–217
North American Industry
Classification System, 259
Norton, Scott, 148, 223, 225
Norway, 210
Nottingham University, Ningbo
campus, 34
objectivity, 97, 110, 112
originality, 52
outlines, 196–198, 226, 229
ownership of texts, 44. See also under
control
280
paragraphing, 181, 229
paragraphs, 29, 85, 99, 226, 228
paraphrasing, 51, 81, 147
pedagogy, 27, 28, 42
peer editing, 52, 216–217
peer mentoring, 267
peer review
anonymous, 253
by classmates, 82–83
constructive, 179
criteria, 58, 64–65, 241
external, 169
internal, 43, 49
process, 162
respectful, 51, 174, 202, 258
support for, 179
peer reviewers, 74, 163. See also
referees; reviewers
peers
discussion with, 59, 78, 85
feedback from, 26
Pennycook, Alastair, 102
periphery, 59, 124, 169, 239. See also
isolation
Perl, Sondra, 45
pharmaceutical companies, 193, 201,
202
Phillipson, Robert, 102
physicians, 75, 76, 83, 84, 124.
See also clinicians; doctors;
practitioners
plagiarism, 60, 163–164, 165, 215
plagiarism detection software, 51.
See also CrossCheck
Portugal, 24, 98
Portuguese, 102, 123
Portuguese researchers, 102
Portuguese social historians, 100
post-editing, 144, 152
poststructuralists, 96
power, 95, 96, 101, 103
practitioners, 123, 124. See also
clinicians; doctors; physicians
Principles of translation (Batteux), 117
 Index

proactive editing, 209–211, 213, 265 reasoning, 78

proactive nature, 194
proactive stance, 96, 265
proactive strategies, 209
professionalism, 32, 261
profile, 187, 260. See also reputation;
status
proofreading, 130, 143, 153, 259
prose, 42, 50–51, 97. See also writing
Protestants, 98–99
publication
bilingual, 121–137
duplicate, 165
publishers, 143, 145, 158, 261
publishing industry, 142, 143
quality
of journals, 239
of reporting, 164–165
in translation, 126–131
of writing, 175
quality control, 126
queries, to authors, 130, 158, 159,
165
querying an author, 181, 184, 210
re-visioning, 42
readability, 127, 147, 149
readers, 51, 80, 84
readership, 58, 94, 101, 123
reading
abstract-only, 80, 84
aloud, 44, 52, 84, 228
critical, 74–75, 81–83, 84
habits, 123
learning through, 208
linear, 74
patterns, 81
strategic, 74–75, 81–83
teaching writing through, 73–89
whole-text, 50
See also browsing; rereading
reading comprehension, 75
realism, 94, 97
recognition
of journals, 123
of language professionals, 187–188,
260, 267
of researchers, 107, 125, 258
reconceiving, 44
recursion, 41, 42, 50
recursive model. See under writing
redaction, 143
redundancy, 99, 134, 142, 147, 163,
178
referees, 51, 64, 242. See also peer
reviewers; reviewers
Reformation, 98, 99
register, 102, 250
rejections, 95, 179, 222–223, 231. See
also under manuscripts
relationships (with clients), 3–12, 175,
186–187, 210. See also
collaborations
reporting
conventions, 76, 82
errors, 85, 86
guidelines, 178–179
standards, 165, 169, 261
reputation, 95, 96, 99, 202, 265. See
also profile; status
rereading, whole-text, 48
research
on academic writing, 21, 238,
242–243
bibliographic, 75, 80, 231, 232, 233
cross-cultural, 47
on writing processes, 39–54
research articles
abstracts, 76, 80, 179, 230
conclusions, 197, 198, 229
credibility of, 74, 76, 82, 84
Discussion sections, 62, 196, 229,
231
genre, 56, 74, 214, 216
Introduction sections: drafting,
196–197, 214, 229, 231; patterns

281
Supporting Research Writing
for, 59; rhetorical structure, 97;
shape, trapezoid or pyramidal,
60–62, 229; staging, 65–66;
structure, 27, 56, 65–66
Methods sections, 196–197, 228,
231
quality of, 76, 82
Results sections, 58, 196, 228
structures, 60, 61, 112
See also IMRaD; manuscripts;
submissions
responsibility
of authors, 192, 193, 201, 202,
266, 267
of professional writers, 199,
200
review, by authors, 195, 197–198
review papers, 63, 215, 232, 233
reviewers, 60, 64–65. See also peer
reviewers; referees
revising, 44
revision
in translation, 128, 132, 143
in writing, 47–48, 49, 75
revision edit, 149
rewriting, 48, 51, 96, 147, 176,
178, 202
rhetoric, 28, 29, 47, 98, 243
rhetorical manoeuvring, 97
rhetorical maps, 66
rhetorical patterns, non-English, 95
rhetorical practices, 125, 239, 241,
243, 251
rhetorical structures, 29, 97
rhetorical styles, 97, 243
Romance cultures, 103
Romance languages, 94, 101. See also
individual languages
rush edit, 149
Rymer, Jone, 46, 52
Scandinavian contexts, 102
Scandinavian countries, 24
Scandinavian practitioners, 124
282
scanning, 44, 76
scholarship, educating authors about,
213–215
Scholasticism, 98
Scholastics, 101
Science Citation Index (SCI), 124,
125, 133
Science Editors’ Handbook (EASE),
159
science education, 85
sciences, 52, 94, 101, 109, 124, 210,
266. See also biomedical sciences;
natural sciences; social sciences
scientific method, 76, 80
Scientific Revolution, 97
self-citation, 133
self-criticism, 75
self-editing, 83, 145, 146, 153, 218
SENSE. See Society of English-Native-
Speaking Editors
sentence templates, 59–60
shared writing, 227, 228, 233
signature, 110, 116
situated learning, 40, 128
skills
critical thinking, 28, 78
language teaching, 33, 86, 87
mediation, 99
reading, 75, 82
social, 6, 264
skimming, 182
social sciences, 63, 147, 178
Society of English-Native-Speaking
Editors, 267
software
computer-assisted translation, 129
concordancing, 56, 67–69, 130
plagiarism-detection, 51
reference-management, 197
word processing, 184–185, 211,
214
See also CrossCheck
Sommers, Nancy, 47–48
Spain, 25, 49, 98, 123
 Index

Spanish, 123, 180 style guides, 142, 146

Spanish academics, 33 style manuals, 101, 146
Spanish authors, 133 subjectivity, 110, 112
Spanish journals, 123, 133–134 submission process, 193, 198
specialists submissions, 125, 134, 158, 163, 176,
language, 8, 86 239, 241
subject, 8, 33, 86 submitting, 230, 242
spelling substantive editing, 147–148, 150,
American/US vs. British/UK, 146, 153, 173, 178–179, 183, 223,
177, 211, 214 231
sign of plagiarism, 163 Swales, John M., 27, 56, 97, 102
sponsors, 182, 193, 194, 199, 200, 201 Sweden, 210
sponsorship, 165
Spratt, Thomas, 97 tact, 199, 264
Springer Exemplar, 67, 69, 130 tautology, 147
St. John, Maggie J., 49 teachers
stages, 65–66 of academic writing, 29–32
staging, 57 of English for academic purposes
stance (EAP), 30–31, 34
in linguistics, 100–101 of English for special purposes,
proactive, 96, 265 208
reader-oriented, 133 teaching
Statistical Classification of Economic academic writing, 19–38, 56–57
Activities in the European English for academic purposes
Community, 259 (EAP), 20, 30, 102
status, 11–12, 32. See also profile; English for specific purposes, 35
reputation scientific English, 216
strategic editing, 179 scientific writing, 73–89
strategic reading, 74–75, 81–83 See also English language teaching
students teaching English as a foreign
doctoral, 75, 84, 86, 207–220 language, 30
graduate, 76 teaching English to speakers of other
of medicine, 108–109 languages, 30
postgraduate, 57 teaching via editing, 217–218, 260.
style See also didactic copy-editing;
conversationalized, 178 didactic editing
educating authors about, 213 TEFL. See teaching English as a
formal vs. informal, 178 foreign language
house, 146, 177 TESOL. See teaching English to
literary, 115 speakers of other languages
modern, 102 text development, 85, 224, 227. See
narrative, 116 also manuscript development
rhetorical, 97, 243 text histories, 243, 247
Romance, 99 text in focus, 25–26

283
Supporting Research Writing
Théodile (Théories Didactiques de la
Lecture-Ecriture), 21
theses
compilation, 210, 216
doctoral, 178, 208, 210
think-aloud protocols, 40, 46
thinking aloud, 44, 227
tone, 101, 116
track changes, 184–185, 218
transfers, 149, 159, 160–162, 164,
180–181
translation
accuracy, 127
cultural, 115
as cultural mediation, 93–106
on demand, 132
as economic activity, 259
of journals, 121–137
literal, 10, 95, 117
machine, 144
as metaphor, 111
quality control, 126
selective, 132
target culture approach, 94
of voice, 107–119
translation memories, 129
translation project management, 126
translation review, 128
translation revision, 128, 132, 143
translation teams, 126, 128, 129, 132,
134
translators
access to authors, 130
as cultural mediators, 93–106
insider/outsider, 112
management of, 126
as writers, 118
truth, 97, 98, 103, 112
UK, 20, 23, 29–32, 226, 239, 244
Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts Submitted to
Biomedical Journals (ICMJE),
192
284
universalism, 94
universality, 97
universities
Cornell University, 76
Erasmus MC, 217–218
Gothenburg University, 25
Helsinki University Faculty of
Medicine, 216–217
mainland European, 22–25
Nottingham University, Ningbo
campus, 34
in the US, 23, 75
in the UK, 21–22, 34
university associations, 262
USA, 20, 23, 31, 85, 226, 239
vetting data, 182, 223, 231
visibility
of language professionals, 260
of researchers, 133, 258
voice
active, 178, 217
authors, 60, 179
avoidance of, 112
biomedical, 108–110
credible, 180, 188
as literary style, 115
passive, 97, 217
personal, 83, 96, 187
as sign of plagiarism, 163
students, 28
in translation, 107–119
translators, 112, 116
writers, 26
WAC. See writing across the
curriculum
Why translation matters (Grossman),
115
WID. See writing in the disciplines
word processing software
comments option, 184
English proofing option, 211,
214

spellchecker, 214
track changes, 184, 185, 218
wordface work, 237–255
work environment, 175
working conditions, 182
working context, 158, 170
workshop approach to teaching, 40
workshops
process-oriented, 52
reading, 76, 83
writing, 26, 41, 242, 246, 247
Wright, Barbara, 43-45
How I wrote ‘Fat chance’ (Wright),
43, 49
writers
developmental stage, 47
medical, 193, 200, 201, 222, 225
novice, 47, 207–220
professional, 12, 174, 191–204,
224
skilled, 42, 47, 48
socially grounded, 42
See also authors
writers’ block, 26, 40, 51
writers in focus, 26–27
writing
and authorship, 192–193
collaborative, 226–227, 231–232
copy–paste, 49, 51, 224, 266
creative, 46
cut-and-paste, 163
cyclical process, 26
Index
data-driven, 52
deductive, 181
independent, 227
inductive, 180
linear model of, 41–42, 44, 47, 49
mechanical task of, 194
patch, 51
recursive, 26, 41–46
recursive model of, 41, 46–52
results-focused approach, 85
See also ghostwriting; interactive
writing; medical writing; prose;
shared writing
writing across the curriculum, 20,
23–24
writing algorithm, 85
writing centres, 26, 31, 260, 262, 263.
See also EAP units; language
service departments
writing culture, 29, 149, 160, 179,
180
writing development, 31, 260
writing groups, 194–195, 201, 227
Writing in Neuroscience (course),
86–87
writing in the disciplines, 23
writing process, 39–54, 224, 226–230
Writing scientific research articles:
strategies and steps (Cargill and
O’Connor), 85
Zamel, Vivian, 46
285