Test Bank for Physical Examination and Health Assessment Jarvis 6th Edition

Test Bank for Physical Examination and

Health Assessment Jarvis 6th Edition

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Jarvis: Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 6th Edition

Chapter 01: Evidence-Based Assessment

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. After completing an initial assessment on a patient, the nurse has charted that his
respirations are eupneic and his pulse is 58. This type of data would be:
A) objective.
B) reflective.
C) subjective.
D) introspective.
ANS: A
Objective data are what the health professional observes by inspecting, percussing,
palpating, and auscultating during the physical exam. Subjective data is what the person
says about himself or herself during history taking. The terms “reflective” and
“introspective” are not used to describe data.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)

REF: Page: 2
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

2. A patient tells the nurse that he is very nervous, that he is nauseated, and that he “feels
hot.” This type of data would be:
A) objective.
B) reflective.
C) subjective.
D) introspective.
ANS: C

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 Test Bank 1-2

Subjective data are what the person says about himself or herself during history taking.
Objective data are what the health professional observes by inspecting, percussing,
palpating, and auscultating during the physical exam. The terms “reflective” and
“introspective” are not used to describe data.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)

REF: Page: 2
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

3. The patient’s record, laboratory studies, objective data, and subjective data combine to
form the:
A) data base.
B) admitting data.
C) financial statement.
D) discharge summary.
ANS: A
Together with the patient’s record and laboratory studies, the objective and subjective data
form the data base. The other items are not composed of the patient’s record, laboratory
studies, and data.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)

REF: Page: 2
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

4. When listening to a patient’s breath sounds, the nurse is unsure about a sound that is
heard. The nurse’s next action should be to:
A) notify the patient’s physician immediately.
B) document the sound exactly as it was heard.
C) validate the data by asking a coworker to listen to the breath sounds.
D) assess again in 20 minutes to note whether the sound is still present.
ANS: C
Validate any data that you need to make sure are accurate. If you have less experience in
an area, ask an expert to listen.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)

REF: Page: 2
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

5. The nurse is conducting a class for new graduate nurses. During the teaching session, the
nurse should keep in mind that novice nurses, without a background of skills and
experience to draw from, are more likely to make their decisions using:
A) intuition.
B) a set of rules.
C) articles in journals.
D) advice from supervisors.
ANS: B

Elsevier items and derived items © 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
 Test Bank 1-3

Novice nurses operate from a set of defined, structured rules. The expert practitioner uses
intuitive links.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)

REF: Page: 3 MSC: Client Needs: General

6. Expert nurses learn to attend to a pattern of assessment data and to act without consciously
labeling it. This is referred to as:
A) intuition.
B) the nursing process.
C) clinical knowledge.
D) diagnostic reasoning.
ANS: A
Intuition is characterized by pattern recognition—expert nurses learn to attend to a pattern
of assessment data and act without consciously labeling it. The other items are not correct.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)

REF: Page: 3 MSC: Client Needs: General

7. The nurse is reviewing information about evidence-based practice (EBP). Which

statement best reflects evidence-based practice?
A) EBP relies on tradition for support of best practices.
B) EBP is simply the use of best practice techniques for treatment of patients.
C) EBP emphasizes the use of best evidence with the clinician’s experience.
D) The patient’s own preferences are not important with EBP.
ANS: C
Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a systematic approach to practice that emphasizes the
use of best evidence in combination with the clinician’s experience, as well as patient
preferences and values, to make decisions about care and treatment. It is more than simply
the use of best practice techniques to treat patients, and it is important to question tradition
when no compelling research evidence exists to support it.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)

REF: Page: 7
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

8. The nurse is conducting a class on priority setting for a group of new graduate nurses.
Which is an example of a first-level priority problem?
A) A patient with postoperative pain
B) A newly diagnosed diabetic who needs diabetic teaching
C) An individual with a small laceration on the sole of the foot
D) An individual with shortness of breath and respiratory distress
ANS: D
First-level priority problems are those that are emergent, life threatening, and immediate
(e.g., establishing an airway, supporting breathing, maintaining circulation, and
monitoring abnormal vital signs). See Table 1-1.

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At this time the three religions had made great progress, and
their disintegrating influences on the old customs began to be
more and more apparent. This was especially the case with
regard to the Christians, who no longer regarded the king as
divine, nor his acts, however gross and cruel, as having a
divine sanction. They owned a Higher allegiance, though they
remained obedient subjects, and distinguished themselves by
bravery in war. Such an attitude was, of course, intolerable
to a cruel despot like Mwanga. … There was still a further
reason for suspicion and fear of the white men. … The Egyptian
flag had been hoisted at Mruli and Fauvera in Unyoro, only
just beyond the borders of Uganda, and Gordon's envoys—Colonel
Long and Emin—and his troops had penetrated to Mtesa's
capital. The Arabs also told of the doings of the Belgians on
the Congo. At a later period reports reached Mwanga of German
annexations in Usagara on the East Coast. Last, and most
disturbing of all, was the news of Mr. Thomson's arrival near
Usoga in the East—the route from the coast by which native
tradition said that the conquerors of Uganda would come.
Mwanga had succeeded his father in November 1884. Early in
1885 he determined to stamp out those dangerous religions,
Mohammedan and Christian alike, which were disintegrating his
country. The missionaries Mackay and Ashe, were seized, and
their followers persecuted. But the religion spread the more.
A plot to depose Mwanga was discovered and crushed. With
varying fortunes—sometimes treated leniently, sometimes the
victims of violent persecution—the missionaries held their own
till the autumn of 1885. Then came news of Bishop Hannington's
approach." Unhappily the Bishop came by the forbidden Usoga
route, and Mwanga ordered that he be killed, with all his men,
which was done in October, 1885. "After this the position of
the Europeans was very precarious, but not till the following
May (1886) did the storm burst. Mwanga then threw aside all
restraint, and butchered the Christian converts wholesale. …
But in spite of the martyrdom by torture and burning, the
religion grew. … The heroism inspired by religion in the early
history of our own Church was repeated here in the heart of
Africa." At length, in 1888, there was a revolt, in which
Christians and Mohammedans seem to have combined, and Mwanga
fled to an island at the south of the Lake. His brother Kiwewa
was made king, and for a time, the Christians were in control
of affairs. But the Mohammedans grew jealous, and by a sudden
rising drove the Christians out. Kiwewa refusing to accept the
creed of Islam, was deposed, and another brother, Karema, was
raised to the throne. The exiled Christians now made overtures
to Mwanga, and an alliance was concluded, which resulted in
the overthrow of the Mohammedan or Arab party, and the
restoration of Mwanga to the throne, in October, 1889. The two
Christian factions, Catholic and Protestant, or French and
English, divided the country and all the offices of government
between them, but were bitterly jealous of each other and
perpetually quarreled, while the defeated Mohammedans were
still strong and unsubdued. Affairs were in this state when
Dr. Peters, the explorer in command of the German "Emin Relief
Expedition," came to Uganda, having learned of the rescue of
Emin Pasha by Stanley. Dr. Peters, with the aid of the French
party, succeeded in arranging some kind of treaty with Mwanga,
and this alarmed the Imperial British East Africa Company (see
AFRICA: A. D. 1884-1891) when news of it had been received.
That alarm was soon increased by intelligence that Emin Pasha
had entered the German service and was about to conduct a
strong expedition to the south of Lake Victoria Nyanza. These
and other circumstances led to the despatching of Captain
Lugard with a small force to Uganda to represent the British
East Africa Company and establish its influence there. Captain
Lugard arrived at Mengo, the capital of Uganda, on the 18th of
December, 1890. Meantime Great Britain and Germany, by the
Anglo-German Agreement of July 1, 1890 (see AFRICA: A. D.
1884-1891) had settled all questions between them as to their
respective "spheres of influence," and Uganda had been
definitely placed within the British "sphere." This enabled
Captain Lugard to secure the signing of a treaty which
recognized the suzerainty of the Company, established its
protectorate over Uganda, and conceded to it many important
 commercial and political powers. He remained in the country
until June, 1892, during which time he was driven to take part
in a furious war that broke out between the Catholic and
Protestant parties. The war ended in a partition of territory
between the factions, and three small provinces were, at the
same time, assigned to the Mohammedans. After maintaining
Captain Lugard and his force in the country for eighteen
months, the Company found the cost so heavy and the prospect
of returns so distant, that it came to a resolution to
withdraw; but was induced by a subscription of £16,000 from
the Church Missionary Society to remain for another year in
the exercise of the control which it had acquired. At the end
of 1892 the Company renewed its resolution to evacuate the
region west of Lake Victoria, and the British Government was
urgently pressed to take upon itself the administration of the
country. It was only persuaded, however, to assume the cost of
a further occupation of Uganda for three months by the
Company's officers, in order to give more time for ensuring
the safety of missionaries and other Europeans. It consented,
moreover, to despatch a Commissioner to investigate the
situation and report upon it. The official selected for that
duty was Sir Gerald Porter, Consul-General at Zanzibar.
{3163}
Sir Gerald returned to England with his report in December,
1893, and died of typhoid fever in the month following. His
report urged the maintenance of an effective control over the
government of Uganda, to be exercised directly by the British
Government, in the form of a Protectorate, keeping the king on
his throne, with a Commissioner at his side to direct his
action in all important particulars. After much discussion,
the decision of the Government was announced at the beginning
of June, 1894. It determined to establish the proposed
Protectorate in Uganda, not extending to Unyoro, and to place
a Sub-Commissioner on duty between Lake Victoria and the sea,
for the purpose of watching over communications, and
apparently without political powers. The Government declined
to undertake the building of the railway from Mombassa on the
 coast to the Lake, for which the Imperial British East Africa
Company had made surveys.

Captain F. D. Lugard,
The Rise of our East African Empire.

ALSO IN:
Sir Gerald Porter,
The British Mission to Uganda in 1893.

P. L. McDermott,
British East Africa, or Ibea.
The Spectator, June 9, 1894.

See, also, AFRICAN EXPLORATION, &c., in Supplement.

UGRI.

See HUNGARIANS.

UGRO-FINNISH RACES.

See TURANIAN.

UHILCHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.

UIRINA, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

UKASE.

An edict of the Russian government, deriving the force of law

from the absolute authority of the Czar.
UKRAINE, The.

See RUSSIA, GREAT, &c.;

also COSSACKS.

ULADISLAUS I.,
King of Poland, A. D. 1083-1102.

Uladislaus II., King of Bohemia, 1471-1516.

Uladislaus II., Duke of Poland, 1138-1146.

Uladislaus III., Duke of Poland, 1296-1333.

Uladislaus IV. (Jagellon), King of Bohemia, 1471-1516;

V. of Hungary, 1490-1516.

Uladislaus V. (Jagellon), King of Poland

and Duke of Lithuania, 1385-1434.

Uladislaus VI., King of Poland, 1434-1444.

Uladislaus VII., King of Poland, 1632-1648.

ULCA, Battle of the (A. D. 488).

See Rom:: A. D. 488-526.

ULEMA.

See SUBLIME PORTE.

----------ULM: Start--------

ULM: A. D. 1620.
Treaty of the Evangelical Union with the Catholic League.
 See GERMANY: A. D. 1618-1620.

ULM: A. D. 1702-1704.
Taken by the Bavarians and French,
and recovered by Marlborough.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1702; and 1704.

ULM: A. D. 1805.
Mack's capitulation.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1805 (MARCH-DECEMBER).

----------ULM: End--------

ULMENES.

See CHILE: THE ARAUCANIANS.

ULSTER, The Plantation of.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1607-1611.

ULSTER TENANT-RIGHT.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1848-1852.

ULTIMA THULE.

See THULE.

ULTRA VIRES.

See LAW, COMMON: A. D. 1846.

ULTRAMONTANE.
ULTRAMONTANISM.
 The term ultramontane (beyond the mountain) has been used for
so long a time in France and Germany to indicate the extreme
doctrines of Papal supremacy maintained beyond the Alps—that
is, in Italy, and especially at Rome—that it has come to have
no other meaning. The ultramontanists in each country are
those who make themselves partisans of these doctrines, in
opposition to the more independent division of the Roman
Catholic Church.

UMBRIANS, The.

"The Umbrians at one time possessed dominion over great part

of central Italy. Inscriptions in their language also remain,
and manifestly show that they spoke a tongue not alien to the
Latin. The irruption of the Sabellian and of the Etruscan
nations was probably the cause which broke the power of the
Umbrians, and drove them back to a scanty territory between
the Æsis, the Rubicon, and the Tiber."

H. G. Liddell,
History of Rome,
introduction, section 2.

See, also, ITALY: ANCIENT.

UNALACHTIGOS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: DELAWARES, and ALGONQUIAN

FAMILY.

UNAMIS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: DELAWARES, and ALGONQUIAN

FAMILY.

UNCIA, The.
 See As;
also, FOOT, THE ROMAN.

UNCTION.

See CORONATION.

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.

See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D, 1840-1860.

UNELLI, The.

The Unelli were one of the Armorican tribes of ancient Gaul.

Their country was "the Cotantin of the ante-revolutionary
period, the present department of Manche."

G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 4, chapter 6.

UNIFORMITY, Acts of.

Two Acts of Uniformity were passed by the English Parliament

in the reign of Edward VI. (1548 and 1552), both of which were
repealed under Mary. In 1559, the second year of Elizabeth, a
more thorough-going law of the same nature was enacted, by the
provisions of which, "
(1) the revised Book of Common Prayer as established by Edward
VI. in 1552, was, with a few alterations and additions,
revised and confirmed.
(2) Any parson, vicar, or other minister, whether beneficed or
not, wilfully using any but the established liturgy, was to
suffer, for the first offence, six months' imprisonment, and,
if beneficed, forfeit the profits of his benefice for a year;
for the second offence, a year's imprisonment; for the third,
 imprisonment for life.
(3) All persons absenting themselves, without lawful
or reasonable excuse, from the service at their parish church
on Sundays and holydays, were to be punished by ecclesiastical
censures and a fine of one shilling for the use of the poor."

T. P. Taswell-Langmead,
English Constitutional History,
chapter 12.

See, also, ENGLAND: A. D. 1559.

In 1662 soon after the Restoration, another Act of Uniformity

was passed, the immediate effect of which was to eject about
2,000 ministers from the established Church.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1662-1665.

UNIGENITUS, The Bull.

See PORT ROYAL, AND THE JANSENISTS: A. D.1702-1715.

UNION, The German Protestant (17th Century).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1608-1618.

UNION JACK.

The national flag of Great Britain and Ireland, uniting the

red cross of St. George and the diagonal crosses of St. Andrew
and St. Patrick, on a blue ground.

{3164}

UNION LEAGUE, The.

A secret political society formed in the United States soon

 after the outbreak of the American Civil War, having for its
object a closer and more effective organization of the
supporters of the national government. It was very large in
numbers for a time, but declined as the need of such an
organization disappeared.

UNION OF BRUSSELS.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1577-1581.

UNION OF CALMAR, The.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1018-1397; and 1397-1527.

UNION OF HEILBRONN, The.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1632-1634.

UNION OF UTRECHT, The.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1577-1581.

UNITARIANISM.

"In its restricted sense Unitarianism means belief in the

personal unity of God instead of in a community of divine
persons. … Among the articles of Unitarian faith so
understood, besides the doctrine of one supreme divine person,
may be enumerated belief in human nature, in moral freedom, in
human reason, in character as of more worth than ritual or
creed, in the equal justice not to say mercy of God, in the
unreality of a devil, not to say of evil, and in the ultimate
salvation, or evolution into something better, of all souls.
Without being in any sense the first article of the faith,
either in the historical order as having been the
starting-point, or in the logical order as underlying the
whole system, or in the order of importance as being with us
the doctrine of doctrines, it has happened in spite of a
thousand protests that belief in God's personal unity has
given its name to the entire confession. The movement first
called Socinian, then Arminian, and finally Unitarian, began
as a protest of the 'natural man' against two particularly
hateful doctrines of Calvinism, that of total depravity and
that of predestination."

S. C. Beach,
Unitarianism and the Reformation
(Unitarianism: its Origin and History).

"The establishment of distinct Unitarian churches in England

dates back to 1774, when Theophilus Lindsey left the Church of
England and went up to London to start the first avowedly
Unitarian place of worship in the country. But that was not
the beginning of Unitarianism. Centuries before this,
Unitarianism began in England as an individual opinion, had
first its martyr-age, then a period when it was a great
ferment of controversy, and finally the distinct development
of it which stands today in our English Unitarian body. The
names of some of the Unitarian martyrs on the continent of
Europe are comparatively well known,—Servetus, burned by
Calvin; Valentine Gentilis the Italian; and other isolated
students here and there, who had been stirred up by the
Reformation spirit to read the Bible for themselves, and who
could not stop where Luther and Calvin stopped. … What is
called the 'era of toleration' began immediately after the
overthrow of the Stuarts in 1688. The sects were now at
liberty to go quietly on in their own way. On the one hand
there was the great established Episcopal Church,—at a pretty
low ebb in religious life, for its most earnest life had gone
out of it on that 'black Bartholomew's Day, 1662,' when the
two thousand Puritan clergy were ejected.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1662-1665.

On the other hand were these Puritans,—'Dissenters' they began
now to be called,—divided into three great sects, Baptists,
Independents, and English Presbyterians. Now, these were all
free. They could build churches, and they did. From 1693 to
1720 was the great 'chapel'-building time. … But now, in this
great development of chapel-building by these three
denominations, a curious thing took place, which unexpectedly
affected their after history. That curious thing was, that
while the Baptists and Independents (or Congregationalists)
tied down all these new chapels to perpetual orthodox uses by
rigid doctrinal trust-deeds, … the English Presbyterians left
theirs free. It seems strange that they should do so; for the
Presbyterians had begun by being the narrowest sect of the
Puritans, and the Scotch Presbyterians always remained so. But
the English Presbyterians had very little to do with the
Scotch ones, and through all the changes and sufferings they
had had to go through they had become broadened; and so it
carne to pass that now, when they were building their churches
or chapels up and down the country, they left them free. … The
English Presbyterians, thus left free, began to grow more
liberal. … A general reverence for Christ took the place of
the old distinct belief in his deity. … They opened the
communion to all; they no longer insisted on the old
professions of 'church-membership,' but counted all who
worshipped with them 'the church.' Thus things were going on
all through the middle of the last century. Of course it was
not the same everywhere; some still held the old views. … One
man among them, … Dr. Joseph Priestley, … was one of the
leading scientists of his time,—a restless investigator, and
at the same time an earnest religious thinker and student,
just as eager to make out the truth about religion as to
investigate the properties of oxygen or electricity. So he
investigated Christianity, studied the creeds of the churches,
came to the conclusion that they were a long way from the
Christianity of Christ, and gradually came to be a
thoroughgoing Unitarian. When he came to this conclusion he
did not hide it; he proclaimed it and preached it. … The
 upshot of it was, that at length he aroused a large part of
the body to the consciousness that they were really
Unitarians. They still did not take the name; they disliked
sect-names altogether. … And so, though they mostly continued
to call themselves English Presbyterians, or simply
Presbyterians, all the world began to call them Unitarians;
and more and more the Baptists and Independents, or
Congregationalists, who had formerly fellowshipped and worked
with them, drew apart, and left them, as they are to-day, in
the reluctant isolation of a separate Unitarian body. Two
other movements of thought of a somewhat similar kind
increased and strengthened this development of a separate
Unitarian body,—one among the General Baptists, the other in
the great Episcopal Church itself."

B. Herford,
Unitarianism in England
(Unitarianism: its Origin and History).

{3165}

"It is hard to trace the early history of Unitarianism in New

England. The name was seldom used, yet not omitted with any
view to concealment; for we have abundant proof that the
ministers to whom it belonged preached what they believed
clearly and fully. … But a marvellous change had taken place
in the last century, at the beginning of which the denial of
the Trinity would have seemed no better than blasphemy; while
at its close nearly all the clergy of Boston and its vicinity
and many others in Massachusetts were known to dissent from
the ancestral creed, to have ceased to use Trinitarian
doxologies, and to preach what was then known as Arianism,
regarding Jesus Christ as the greatest and oldest of created
beings, but in no proper sense as God. At the same time, so
little stress was laid on the Trinity by its professed
believers that, with two or three exceptions, these Arians
remained in full church fellowship with those of the orthodox
 faith. In the territory now within the limits of Boston there
were, a century ago, but two professedly Trinitarian
ministers, one of them being Dr. Thacher, of the liberal
Brattle Square Church, while Dr. Eckley, of the Old South
Church, was known to entertain doubts as to the deity of
Christ."

A. P. Peabody,
Early New England Unitarians
(Unitarianism: its Origin and History).

UNITED BRETHREN (Unitas Fratrum).

See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1434-1457, and 1621-1648;

also MORAVIAN OR BOHEMIAN BRETHREN.

UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS.

See TORIES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

UNITED IRISHMEN, The Society of.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1793-1798.

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN, Formation of the.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1707.

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, Creation of

the.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1798-1800.

UNITED NETHERLANDS,
or United Provinces, or United States of the Netherlands.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1577-1581, 1581-1584,

 1584-1585, and after.

UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, The.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1843.

----------UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Start--------

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1492-1620.

Discovery and exploration of the Atlantic coast.

See AMERICA.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1607-1752.

First settlement and organization of the
thirteen original English colonies.

The earliest attempts at European settlement (as distinct from

exploration) within the present limits of the United States
were made by French Huguenots, under the patronage of Admiral
Coligny; first at Port Royal, on Beaufort River, Florida,
where Jean Ribaut, in 1562, placed a few colonists who soon
abandoned the spot, and, two years later, at Fort Caroline, on
St. John's River, in the same peninsula. The second colony,
commanded by René de Laudonnière, was considerable in numbers
but unpromising in character, and not likely to gain a footing
in the country, even if it had been left in peace. It was
tragically extinguished, however, by the Spaniards in
September, 1565. The Spaniards had then established themselves
in a fortified settlement at St. Augustine. It was surprised
and destroyed in 1567 by an avenging Huguenot, but was
promptly restored, and has survived to the present day,—the
oldest city in the United States. (See FLORIDA.)—The first
undertakings at colonization from England were inspired and
led by Sir Walter Raleigh. After unsuccessful attempts, in
conjunction with his elder half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert,
to establish settlements in Newfoundland, Raleigh obtained a
grant from Queen Elizabeth, in 1584, under which he planted a
colony of 108 settlers, commanded by Ralph Lane, on Roanoke
Island, within the boundaries of the present State of North
Carolina. In honor of the virgin queen of England, the name
Virginia was given to the region at large. Lane's colonists
had expected to find gold, silver and pearls, and lost
interest in the country when none could be discovered. In
June, 1586, they persuaded Sir Francis Drake, who had touched
at Roanoke with his fleet, to carry them home. Soon
afterwards, several ships, sent out by Raleigh with
reinforcements and supplies, arrived at the island, to find it
deserted. They left fifteen men to hold the ground; but a year
passed before another expedition reached the place. The fort
was then found in ruins; the fifteen men had disappeared, and
nothing of their fate could be learned. The new colony
perished in the same way—its fate an impenetrable secret of
the savage land. This was Raleigh's last venture in
colonization. His means were exhausted; England was absorbed
in watching and preparing for the Spanish Armada; the time had
not come to "plant an English nation in America." Sir Walter
assigned his rights and interests in Virginia to a company of
merchant adventurers, which accomplished nothing permanently.
Twenty years passed before another vigorous effort of English
colonization was made. In 1606 King James issued a royal
charter to a company singularly formed in two branches or
divisions, one having its headquarters at London, and known as
the London Company, the other established at Plymouth and
known as the Plymouth Company. Between them they were given
authority to occupy territory in America from the 34th to the
45th degree of latitude; but the two grants overlapped in the
middle, with the intention of giving the greater domain to the
company which secured it by the earliest actual occupation.
The London Company, holding the southward grant, despatched to
Virginia a company of 105 emigrants, who established at
Jamestown, on the northerly bank of James River (May 13,
1607), the first permanent English settlement in America, and
founded there the colony and the subsequent State of Virginia.
 The colony survived many hardships and trials, owing its
existence largely to the energy and courage of the famous
Captain John Smith, who was one of its chief men from the
beginning. Its prosperity was secured after a few years by the
systematic cultivation of tobacco, for which the demand in
England grew fast. In 1619, negro slavery was introduced; and
by that time the white inhabitants of Virginia had increased
to nearly 4,000 in number, divided between eleven settlements.

See VIRGINIA.

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Meantime, the Plymouth Company had done nothing effectively in

the northward region assigned to it. Bartholomew Gosnold, in
1602, had examined the coast from Maine to Cape Cod, and built
a lonely house on the island of Cuttyhunk; Martin Pring, in 1603,
had loaded two ships with sassafras in Massachusetts Bay; a
colony named in honor of the chief justice of England, Sir
John Popham, had shivered through the winter of 1607-8 near
the mouth of Kennebec River and then gone home; Captain John
Smith, in 1614, had made a voyage to the country, in the
interest of London merchants, and had named it New England;
but no lasting English settlement had been made anywhere
within the bounds of King James' grant to the Plymouth
Company, at the waning of the year 1620, when Virginia was
well grown. It was then by chance, rather than by design, that
the small ship Mayflower landed a little company of religious
exiles on the Massachusetts coast, at Plymouth (December 21,
1620), instead of bearing them farther south. Driven from
England into Holland by persecutions, twelve years before,
this congregation of Independents, or Separatists, now sought
liberty of conscience in the New World. They came with a
patent from the London, or South Virginia Company, and
expected to plant their settlement within that company's
territorial bounds. But circumstances which seemed adverse at
the time bent their course to the New England shore, and they
accepted it for a home, not doubting that the proprietors of
the land, who desired colonists, would permit them to stay.
The next year they received a patent from the Council for New
England, which had succeeded to the rights of the Plymouth
Company. Of the hardships which these Pilgrim Fathers endured
in the first years of their Plymouth Plantation, who does not
know the story! Of the courage, the constancy and the prudence
with which they overcame their difficulties, who has not
admired the spectacle! For eight years they remained the only
successful colony in New England. Then came the memorable
movement of Puritans out of Old England into New England,
beginning with the little settlement at Salem, under John
Endicott; expanding next year into the "Governor and Company
of Massachusetts Bay"; founding Dorchester, Roxbury,
Charlestown, Watertown, and Boston, in 1630, and rapidly
possessing and putting the stamp of the stern, strong Puritan
character on the whole section of America which it planted
with towns. In the Puritan colony of Massachusetts Bay a
cleavage soon occurred, on lines between democratic and
aristocratic or theocratic opinion, and democratic seceders
pushed southwestwards into the Connecticut Valley, where Dutch
and English were disputing possession of the country. There
they settled the question decisively, in 1635 and 1636, by
founding the towns of Hartford, Windsor, Wethersfield and
Springfield. Three years later the three towns first named
confederated themselves in a little republic, with a frame of
government which is the first known written constitution, and
so gave birth to the future State of Connecticut. In 1638 New
Haven was founded by a company of wealthy nonconformists from
England, under the lead of their minister, John Davenport, and
was a distinct colony until 1662, when it was annexed to
Connecticut by a royal charter. Another State, the smallest of
the New England commonwealths, was taking form at this same
time, in a little wedge of territory on Narragansett Bay,
between Connecticut and Massachusetts. Roger Williams, the
great apostle of a tolerant Christianity, driven from Salem by
the intolerant Puritanism of the Bay, went forth with a few
followers into the wilderness, bought land from the
Narragansett Indians, and laid the foundations (1636) of the
town of Providence. In that same year another small company of
people, banished from Boston for receiving the teachings of
Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, bought the island of Aquidneck or
Aquetnet from the Indians and settled at its northern end.
This community was soon divided, and part of it removed to the
southern end of the island, beginning a settlement which grew
to be the town of Newport. The island as a whole received the
name of the Isle of Rhodes, or Rhode Island; and in 1644 its
two settlements were united with Providence, under a charter
procured in England by Roger Williams, forming the colony of
Providence Plantations. In 1643 the colonies of Massachusetts,
Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven, entered into a
confederation, from which Rhode Island was excluded, calling
themselves "The United Colonies of New England." The object of
the confederation was common action in defence against the
Indians and the Dutch on the Hudson. It was the beginning of
the cementing of New England. Before this time, small
settlements had been planted here and there in northern New
England, within territory covered by grants made to Sir
Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason. The province claimed
by Gorges was subsequently called Maine, and that of Mason,
New Hampshire; but Maine never rose to an independent colonial
existence. After years of dispute and litigation, between
1651, and 1677, the jurisdiction of Massachusetts was extended
over the province, and it remained the "District of Maine"
until 1820, when Massachusetts yielded the separation which
made it a sovereign state in the American Union. The New
Hampshire settlements were also annexed to Massachusetts, in
1641, after Captain Mason's death; were separated in 1679, to
be organized as a royal province; were temporarily reclaimed
without royal authority in 1685; but finally parted from
Massachusetts in 1692, from which time until the Revolution
they remained a distinct colony.

See NEW ENGLAND;

 also MASSACHUSETTS, CONNECTICUT, RHODE ISLAND,
NEW HAMPSHIRE, and MAINE.

While the English were thus colonizing New England at the

north and Virginia at the south, the Dutch, not recognizing
their claims to the country between, had taken possession of
the important valley of the Hudson River and the region around
its mouth, and had named the country "New Netherland." The
river had been discovered in 1609 by Henry Hudson, an English
sailor, but exploring in the service of the Dutch. Trading
with the Indians for furs was begun the next year; the coast
and the rivers of the region were actively explored; a New
Netherland Company was chartered; a trading-house, called Fort
Nassau, was built on the Hudson as far to the north, or nearly
so, as Albany; but no real colonization was undertaken until
1623. The New Netherland Company had then been superseded by
the Dutch West India Company, with rights and powers extending
to Africa as well as the West Indies and the North American
coasts. It bought Manhattan Island and large tracts of land
from the Indians, but had little success for several years in
settling them. In 1629 it introduced a strange experiment,
creating a kind of feudal system in the New World, by
conveying great estates to individuals, called Patroons, or
Patrons, who would undertake to colonize them, and who
received with their territorial grant much of the powers and
many of the characteristics of a feudal lord.
{3167}
Several Patroon colonies were established on a baronial scale;
but, generally, the system did not produce satisfactory
results, and in 1640 the Company tried the better experiment
of making the trade of New Netherland free to all comers,
offering small independent grants of land to settlers, and
limiting the Patroons in their appropriation of territory. The
Company government, however, as administered by the directors
or governors whom it sent out, was too arbitrary to permit a
colonial growth at all comparable with that of New England.
Collisions with the English in Connecticut arose, over