poe ama
Youhave reid hat nearly al ofthe ney
incellular respiration mek wed by living el comes to them
(lyons
cgi etothe bate ee aR
oeeatcundcaae ooeoPbe ere e aTe
prokaryotic and eub Poti cells. Glucose enters cytoplasm of both
sways: One method is through, secondary acti reterotrophic cells in two
transport takes place against the ‘Blucose conce ot transport in which the
mechanism uses a group of i ntrat
also known as z
facilitated diffusion of glucose, These transporters,
{ntaabeow EEF STEER, ly
The second pr of gyoly
oars
thereduced form of NAD, and NADH,
First Half of Glycolysis
(Gnergy-Requiring Steps)
Stepl. The frst step in glyolysis Figure 72) is catalyzed by hexoki
sect eek,
carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATs the source
ofthe phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, amore restive fog
of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose moleule
ffom continuing o interact withthe GLUT proteins and itcannolonger
leave the cell because the negatively charged phosphate will notallowitto ATP moleies inte phasphoyioten
of hucose,whehis then pitino ono,
«ross the hydrophobic interior ofthe plasma membrane, thveecerton meleaies
@ ® @ whofe
Begs
whofe 7 HOF” nyse
phosphate
a Sheers
reseisptestae * ieoHg
oucose Glucresorphte cmeesromnan mcretestemaae FOP Si
Cellar Respiration 163
$$$166 chapter?
ies into one of its isomers, fructose-6- phosphate, An
Step
cose-6-phosphate i
“The thd step isthe phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate,
tuayzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule
fonatesa high-energy phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing
fructose. 1,6-bisphosphate, In this pathway, phosphofructokinase is a
rate-limiting enzyme. Its active when the concentration of ADP is high;
itis less active when ADP levels are low and the concentration of ATP is
high. Thus if there is “sufficient” ATP in the system, the pathway slows
ia type of end product inhibition, since ATP is the end product
Step 3.
down. This
‘of glucose catabolism.
‘Step 4. The nevly added high-energy phosphates Further destabilize fruc-
tose-1,6-bisphosphate, The fourth step in glycolysis employs an enzyme,
aldolase, to cleave 1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon isomers: dihy-