Chapter 3 Top 100

DIVISION OF BASIC MECHANICS 1/5/2017
Chapter 3: SETTLEMENTS
AND CONSOLIDATION OF SOILS
1. COMPRESSIBILITY, SETTLEMENT
AND VOLUMETRIC STRAINS OF
SOIL
2. TYPES OF GROUND
MOVEMENTS AND CAUSES OF
SETTLEMENT
3. CONSOLIDATION
4. RATE OF CONSOLIDATION AND
CREEP
5. LAYERWISE SUMMATION
METHOD
TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 1
1. COMPRESSIBILITY, SETTLEMENT AND

VOLUMETRIC STRAINS
1.1. COMPRESSIBILITY:
o Soil particles are forced into a closer state of packing
 reduction in volume and the expulsion of air.
o Mechanical energy (self-weight loading or a surface
surcharge).
o Soil particles themselves are incompressible.
o Soil remains saturated throughout the consolidation
process.
o The decrease in volume is equal to the volume of
water squeezed out  the change in void ratio.
1

VOLUMETRIC STRAINS
1.2. SETTLEMENT:
The total settlement of a foundation: S  Si  Sc  S s
S = total settlement
Si = immediate or elastic settlement
Sc = consolidation settlement
Ss = secondary settlement Si 

qb 1   2 
.I p
E
q = intensity of contact pressure
B = least lateral dimension (breadth or diameter)
υ = Poisson ‘s ratio
E = modulus of elasticity
Ip= influence factor for vertical displacement

VOLUMETRIC STRAINS
Influence factors (Ip) for vertical displacement due to elastic
compression of a layer of semi-infinite thickness
Flexible Rigid +  Undrained
Shape Centre Corner Average conditions υ = υo =
0,5
Circle 1.00 0.64 0.85 0.79
 Homogeneous strata
Rec. (L/B)
Eu is considered to
1.0 1.122 0.561 0.946 0.82 be constant.
1.5 1.358 0.679 1.148 1.06
2.0 1.532 0.766 1.300 1.20
3.0 1.783 0.892 1.527 1.42
4.0 1.964 0.982 1.694 1.58
5.0 2.105 1.052 1.826 1.70
10.0 2.540 1.270 2.246 2.10
100.0 4.010 2.005 3.693 3.47
2

VOLUMETRIC STRAINS
1.3 VOLUMETRIC STRAINS:
o Consider a model soil sample subject to an increase in
effective stress.
o Assume: one-dimensional, no change in lateral
dimension, only a change in thickness
o An increase in Δσ’  the volumetric strains.
Δσ’
ΔH ΔV Δe
water e0
water e1
H0 V0
H1 V1
solid 1 solid 1
Before After loading Δσ’

VOLUMETRIC STRAINS
V H e
1.3 VOLUMETRIC STRAINS:  
V0 H 0 1  e0
The change in thickness of layer initially Ho thick is:

e
H  .H 0
1  e0
The volumetric strain is a function of the increase in stress, 
the amount of consolidation settlement:
sc  H  mv . '.H o
mv= coefficient of volume compressibility (the change in unit
volume per unit increase in effective stress).
The units of mv: m2/kN or m2/MN
3
2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

CAUSES OF SETTLEMENT
2.1. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS:
Natural earth slope

Unsupported
excavation or cut
Lateral Lateral
displacement displacement
Shear slip Shear slip
plane plane
Settlement due to loss of natural support

General shear failure
Local shear failure
4

Drag down
Punching shear failure

2.2 CAUSES OF SETTLEMENT:

o Compaction: The soil particles are forced into a closer
state of packing  reduction in volume and the
expulsion of air.
o Consolidation: in saturated cohesive soils the load 
squeeze out porewater, this process is called
consolidation.
o Elastic volumetric settlement:
• Overconsolidated clays: Δσ’<σ’y  elastic compression. As
the stress increase beyond the yield point, non-linear
(consolidation) settlement occurs.
• Heavily overconsolidated clays: elastic settlement
(parameters referred to effective stresses (E’, E’0, ’ etc).
5


2.2 CAUSES OF SETTLEMENT:

Si 

q.B 1   2.I p
o Immediate or undrained settlement:
E
o Moisture movement: Some types of clays show marked
increase or decrease in volume as the water content is
respectively increased or decreased.
o Effects of vegetation: the effect of the roots of trees.
Distance away from the building of at least 1,5 times
the mature height of the tree.
o Effect of groundwater lowering: The soft soil clays or
peat beneath may be consolidated by the increase in
effective stress.
6


7

2.2 CAUSE OF SETTLEMENT:

o Effects of temperature change: shrinkage occurs in
clay soils as they dry out (furnaces, kilns, ovens and
boilers). Expansion can also take place in soils under
cold storage buildings.
o Effects of seepage and scouring: cause a form of
instability.
o Loss of lateral support: Lateral support is removed 
shear slip in the soil beneath the footing  taking the
footing into excavation  settlement.
o Effects of mining subsidence
3. CONSOLIDATION
3.1 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT:

In saturated cohesive soils, load  squeeze out some
of the pore-water, this process is called consolidation.
u  0  W u 
 u  p 
 '  p  W  A  '
 A  '  0     u  
Load P Valve
Piston W σ, u
Initialy Finally
Δu=Δσ Δu=0
Δσ’=0 Δσ=Δσ’
Pore
water
Δσ’
spring Δσ
Δu Time
Terzaghi’s model Stress/time curve
One-dimensional consolidation
8
3. CONSOLIDATION
Terzaghi’s model:
o Steel springs represent the soil.  W

u  p 
 A
o The springs and the cylinder filled with 
 '  0
water.
o The valve is opened  water flow out u 

 the pore-water pressure decrease,  '
the piston sinks  the springs are     u  
compressed.
o At the final stage: the increase in u  0


effective stress is equal to the  '  p  W
increase in total stress, and the excess  A
pore-water has been reduced to zero.
3. CONSOLIDATION
o In the natural process of deposition fine-grained soils

undergo a process of consolidation, the pore-water is
gradually squeezed out by the weight of the layer
deposited above.
o Fully consolidated soil: its volume remains constant
under a constant state of stress.
o Normally consolidated soil: at the present time in state
corresponding to its final consolidation pressure.
o Over-consolidated soil: at present-day overburden
pressure is less than its final consolidation pressure
was sometime in the past as.
9
3. CONSOLIDATION
The volumetric strain is a function of Δσ’, so that the

amount of consolidation settlement:
sc  mv . '.H o  ao . '.H o water e0

H0 V0
mv= ao= coefficient of volume
compressibility (m2/kN, m2/MN) solid 1
LOAD
water porous stones
The consolidation test:
determine the
compressibility
soil characteristics of a soil
Confining
ring OEDOMETER TEST
3. CONSOLIDATION
Δσ’
Δe
- Thickness at end of stage: H1
ΔH
water e1 - Thickness at start of stage: H0
H0 H1
1
- Void ratio at end of stage: e1
solid
- Change in thickness: ΔH
Δσ’
H
e - Change in void ratio: e  1  e1 
H1
- Void ratio at start of stage
e0 e0  e1  e
e1
p0 p1 e0  e1
p S c  H  .H o
1  e0
Void ratio/effective stress curve
10
3. CONSOLIDATION
Normal curve
Recompression
σ'
Swelling curve
Swelling and recompression
3. CONSOLIDATION
e e e
Compression Index (Cc): Cc   0 ' 1'
e

 lg  ' lg  1 /  0 
Deposition
eoc stars
Normally-consolidated soil
Soil now over-
consolidated
Normal
consolidation
σ'o σ‘v σ'

Present-day Pre-consolidation
overburden stress
stress
e/σ’ curve showing process of natural consolidation
11
3. CONSOLIDATION
Cc
e Sc 
1  e0
 
lg  1' /  0' .H o
Effect of historical
eoc overconsolidation
Normal consolidation line e  e oc  C c log  '
eo
recompression
Δe swelling
e1
e  eos  C s log  '
log σ’
σ’0 σ’1
Δ log σ’ Cc  0.009WL  10 
e/logσ’ curve and compression index
WL= percentage liquid limit
3. CONSOLIDATION
Swelling Index (Cs): e  eoc  Cc log  'p e  eos  C s log  'p

At the intersection of two lines, e has value:
e e  eoc  Cc log 'p  eos  Cs log 'p
Swelling line
eoc
Cc – the slope of the normal
eos  consolidation line (called
the compression index)
Overconsolidated Cs – the slope of the

soil swelling-recompression line
(called the swelling index)
σ’p log σ’
eoc  eosc
Ideal compression curve of soil log  'p 
Cc  C s
12
3. CONSOLIDATION
The one-dimensional confined 

E 'o  (1  e)
elastic modulus: Cs
Soil types Plasticity Range of Cc An approximate
(BS 5930) value for Cc may
NC CLAYS Extremely >0.72 be taken from
And high 0.54-0.72 table next to and
Very high 0.36-0.54 then Cs is
High 0.22-0.36 assumed to be
Intermediate Cs=0.20Cs
<0.22
Sandy Low
Then, if e = 0,5, E’0
CLAYS
≈ 30σ’
And SILTS Low <0.10
Or if e = 0,8, E’0 ≈
36σ’
3. CONSOLIDATION
Determination of compression Index Cc and swelling Index Cs

1.00 e 200  e 400
Cc 
0.90
400
log
e0.4 200
0.80
Heäsogroing e
Void Ratio
en 1  en
0.70 Cc 
0.60
log p n  log p n 1
0.50
0.40
e4.0
0.30
0.20
0.4 4.0
0.1 1.0 2
10.0
AÙ
p lö u
c neùn P (kG/cm )
Pressure
er ( n 1)  er ( n ) er ( 200 )  er ( 400 )

Cs  Cs 
log p n  log p n 1 log 400  log 200
13
3. CONSOLIDATION
e pc
Tangent at P OCR 
A
 'v
Q
S pc: Pre-consolidation
P stress
α
R
B α σ’v = σ’bt effective
overburden pressure
T
e-log p curve
Pc log p
3. CONSOLIDATION
ΔH
H
H1
Hs
1 1
Settlement Calculation from e-log p curve:

e e e
S c   H  0 1 .H o  .H
1  e0 1  e0
C P  P
 OCR  1 P0  Pc St  H1. c . log 0
1  e0 P0
14
3. CONSOLIDATION
OCR  1 Cs  p0  p 
Sc  H . log 
P0 P0  P  Pc 1  e0  p0 
Cs
Pc
ΔP P0  P  Pc
p0  p  pc
 p  p  Cs' p 
Sc  Cs .H . log 0  Sc  H . log c  
1  e0  p0 
 p0 
ΔP Cc'  p  p 
H . log 0 
1  e0  p0 
Pc Cc
P0+ΔP
p   p  p 
Cs H . log c  Cc H . log 0 
 p0   pc 
 p   p  p 
p 0   p  p c ; S c  C s H . log  c   C c H . log  0 
 p0   pc 
3. CONSOLIDATION
e e e
tan   a  = slope of the e/p cure
p p
e0
a = the coefficient of compressibility
e1
S c  H  mv . '.H  mv .p.H
α H H
e2 mv  
 '.H p.H
H e0  e1 e
p1 p2 p  
H 1  e0 1  e0
Void ratio/effective stress curve
e 1 a
1 mv  .   a0
mv  p 1  e0 1  e0
E '0
15
4. RATE OF CONSOLIDATION AND CREEP

Load
4.1. RATE OF CONSOLIDATION: valve
Primary consolidation: change in piston
volume due to the seepage of

pore-water from a saturated soil.
Secondary consolidation:
Pore
resulting from creep, slippage water
between particles… spring
4.1.1 Terzaghi’ s theory of consolidation

 The soil is fully saturated and homogeneous
 Both the water and the soil particles are incompressible
 Darcy’s law of water flow
 The change in volume is one-dimensional = direction of stress
 The coefficient of permeability remains constant
 The change in volume  the change in void ratio and
e remains constant
 '
uniform loading
dh t1
t3 t5 t6 t
````````````
h t2 t4
water table
sand Δσ uo=Δσ’z
a b
d=H/2 dz Δσ’z uz
dx
clay H
d=H/2
sand c d
Sectional elevation Excess pore pressure distribution
Distribution of excess pore pressure in a clay layer subject

to a uniform increase in vertical stress
16
4.1. RATE OF CONSOLIDATION:
 h   h  e 1 1
Flow out = k     dy.dx mv  .  a.  a0
 z z  z   ' 1  e 1 e
The coefficient of k
cv 
consolidation: mv . w
dz dy eo  e uo  u
Degree of
consolidation:
Uz  
dx e1  e uo
cv .t
 h  Time factor: Tv 
Flow in = k   dy.dx d2
 z 
Drainage path ratio:
z
One-dimensional flow Z 
through a prismatic element d

eo= initial void ratio

At depth z
et= void ratio after time t
e
ef = final void ratio when and
 '
uo= initial excess pore-water
pressure = Δσ1 σ1 remain constant
u = excess pore-water after time t
t = time
d = length of drainage path
Tv=0; Z=0 u=0
The boundary conditions:
Tv=0; Z= d u=Δσ1
St Tv=; Z=0 to d u= 0
U 
S St : consolidation settlement at time
S  : final consolidation settlement
17


2 2
Average degree of consolidation: U t  1  M 2
eM .Tv
n 0
 2
M  2 n  1. 8 
4
Tv
2 or U t  1  e

 Terzaghi suggest the approximate the values:

2
  Ut % 
For U t  0  53% : Tv   
4  100 

For U t  53  100 % : Tv  1.781  0.933log100  U t % 
4
 Sivaram and Swamee (1977):

0 .5
Ut %

4Tv /  
100 
1  4Tv /  
2 .8

0 .179
 / 4 U t % / 100 2
or Tv 
1  U t % / 1005.6 0.357
Non – Homogeneous soil condition:
cv .t 1  etb ktb k
Tv  Cv.tb  .  tb
d2 atb  w a0.tb . w
Cvtb: coefficient average of consolidation
18
etb 
e h i i
the average void ratio
2hs
ktb 
h i ktb = coefficient of permeability (in the
h vertical direction)
k i
ktb 
 h .k
i i ktb = coefficient of permeability (in the
2hs horizontal direction)
atb: the average coefficient of

atb  ao.tb 1  etb  compressibility

Effect of drainage and initial stress conditions:
permeable permeable
Flow path, d
H H Flow path, d
Flow path, d
permeable
impermeable
Open layer: d=H/2 Half-closed layer: d=H
Open and half-closed layers
19
Uniform loading = q q
z
d=H/2 z
Δσz = q d=H/2 Δσz = q(1-z/H)
H constant
d=H/2 d=H/2
a) uniform
b) Linearly decreasing with depth
Uniform loading = q
d=H/2 z
Δσz = γ.Z z
d=H/2 Δσz = q
d=H
constant
c) Linearly increasing with depth d): uniform

Haft closed layers
z
d=H
Δσz = q(1-z/H)
e) Linearly decreasing with depth
z
d=H
Δσz = γ.Z
f) Linearly increasing with depth
20

 Case O: Linear distribution in open layers and to uniform
distribution in a half-closed as shown in Fig (a), (b), (c) and (d)
8    2 / 4 .Tv 1  9. 2 / 4 .Tv 1  25. 2 / 4 .Tv  8
 ...   1  2 .e   / 4 .Tv
2
Uo  1 2 
e  .e  .e
  9 25  
 Case 1: Applies to a stress distribution in a half-closed layer
which increase linearly with depth as shown in Fig (e)
32    2 / 4 .Tv 1  9. 2 / 4 .Tv 1  25. 2 / 4 .Tv  32
 ...   1  3 .e  / 4 .Tv
2
U1  1  3 
e  .e  .e
  27 125  
 Case 2: Applies to a stress distribution in a half-closed layer
which decrease linearly with depth as shown in Fig (f)
16     1 .3  2 .e 9 .
  2 / 4 .Tv 2
  1 .e 25. 2
  ...  1  16 .e  2

U2  1   2e / 4 .Tv / 4 .Tv / 4 .Tv
 3  27 125 
 3
It can also be shown that: U 2  2U 0  U 1

 Trapezoidal case:
• Case 0-1: Tv  Tv ( 0 )  Tv ( 0 )  Tv (1) .I 01
• Case 0-2: Tv  Tv ( 0 )  Tv ( 0 )  Tv ( 2 ) .I 02
Where the values of Tv(0), Tv(1), and Tv(2), correspond to

case 0, 1 and 2, respectively and the value of coefficient
I01, I01 are obtained from table follow
21

Tv Case 0-1 Case 0-2
Case 0 Case 1 Case 2
Uv
0,1 0,008 0,047 0,003 Δσ0/ Δσd I 0-1 Δσ0/ Δσd I 0-2
0,2 0,031 0,100 0,009 0 1 1,0 1
0,3 0,071 0,158 0,024 0,1 0,84 1,5 0,83
0,4 0,126 0,221 0,048 0,2 0,69 2,0 0,71
0,5 0,197 0,294 0,092 0,3 0,56 2,5 0,62
0,6 0,287 0,383 0,160 0,4 0,46 3,0 0,55
0,7 0,403 0,500 0,271 0,5 0,36 3,5 0,50
0,8 0,567 0,665 0,440 0,6 0,27 4,0 0,45
0,9 0,848 0,940 0,720 0,7 0,19 5,0 0,39
0,993 2 0,8 0,12 6,0 0,30
0,994 2 0,9 0,06 8,0 0,20
0,996 2 1 0 9 0,17
1 ∞ ∞ ∞ 12 0,13
d Δσ d Δσ d Δσ
Case 0 Case 1 Case 2
Δσo Δσo
d
d
Δσd Δσd
Case 0-1 Case 0-2
22

0 T90 Root time (min .)
Tv 0
1
Sample thickness (mm)

4
 corrected
theoretical
curve
A B C

0 .9  0 . 7976 U  0.9
4 A C Experimental
curve
100 unit
U 0.848  0.9209
15 unit
U
Theoretical primary
consolidation cure Square root of time method

4.1. RATE OF CONSOLIDATION: (time)
0
cv .t c .t U 0
Initial
Tv  T90  v 290 F compression
d2 d
T90 .d 2
compression
cv 
t 90
Primary
Compression ratio:
OF U  0.9
a. Initial compression ri  A C
OR U  1.0 E
D
FD Secondary
b. Primary compression rP 
OG final compression compression
G
DG
c. Second compression rS  U
OG
23
Taylor’s method
14.8
Deformation dial reading (mm)

2
D 0,848 h90
14.4 0 Cv 
t90
Số đọc biến dạng [mm] 14
13.6
13.2 D90
12.8
2
t90 6 1 8
12.4
0 2 x 4 10 12 14 16
Căn t [ph] t
Determination of Cv , t method
t 4t t50 Log time

0
Initial
T50 .d 2 F
compression
cv  P
t 50
primary compression
d: drainage path (average) H U  0 .5
c .t Tv .d 2
Tv  v 2 t D U  1 .0
d cv E
secondary
compression
final compression
G
ΔH
24
Coefficient of consolidation Cv
Method logt (Casagrande’s method)
0.80
Deformation dial reading (mm)

D0 2
Soá ñoï c bieá n daï ng (mm)
0,197 hdr
1.20 Cv 
D50 t50
1.60
2.00 D100
2.40
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
t50
Thôø i gian (phuù t)
Time (min)
Determination of Cv from Log-time method
Relationship:
Tv t A t
 2  B2
cv d A d B cv .t
Tv 
tA: settlement time in sample A d2
tB: settlement time in sample B
dA: drainage path in sample A Tv d 2
t
dB: drainage path in sample B cv
25

SECONDARY COMPRESSION OR CREEP:
C
Ss  .H  log t 
1  ep
e
Coefficient of secondary compression C 
 log t
Over-consolidated clays: Cα ≤ 0.005
Normally consolidated clays: Cα = 0.005 – 0.05
Organic soils: Cα =0.05 – 0.5
ep= void ratio at the star of the linear portion of the e-log(t) curve
(at approximately U 0) C
C  
1 ep
SECONDARY COMPRESSION OR CREEP:
e
e
C 
t
log 2
t1
Δe
ep
t1 t2 Log
time
Variation of e with log time under a given load increment and
definition of secondary consolidation index
26
5. LAYERWISE SUMMATION METHOD
Df
p
h1
h2
P13
H h3 σz3=ΔP3
ha
h4 P23=P13+ΔP3
h5
h6 γ.h
Overburden pressure and vertical stress distribution
1. Divide the zone the significant stress in to layers of

thickness not exceeding 1/5b
2. Determine the effective overburden pressure σ’bt at
the center of each layer
3. Determine the increase in vertical stress ΔP due to
foundation pressure P at the center of each layer
along the center line of the footing by the theory of
elasticity.
4. Determine the average modulus of elasticity and
other soil parameters for each of the layers.
27
p
 N   .D
f
F
Step 1:
pz 
 N     .D
f
F
Step 2: Overburden pressure line P’0: P0'    i .hi
Step 3: The increase vertical stress Δp = σpz
l z
 zp  k o . p z ko   ; 
b b
Step 4: Determine of ha P0'  5. zp P0'  10 . zp
Step 5: Determine the effective overburden P’0 , vertical stress Δp at

the center of each layer by the theory of elasticity
P1i  P0' From consolidation test  e1
P2i  P1i  p From consolidation test  e2
Step 6: Determine consolidated settlement

n n n n
e1i  e2 i i
S   Si   hi S   Si   .pi .hi
i 1 i 1 1  e1i i 1 i 1 Ei
n n
S   S i   a0 i .pi .hi S   Si
i 1 i 1
28

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DIVISION OF BASIC MECHANICS 1/5/2017

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 1

1. COMPRESSIBILITY, SETTLEMENT AND

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 2

1. COMPRESSIBILITY, SETTLEMENT AND

1. COMPRESSIBILITY, SETTLEMENT AND

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 4

1. COMPRESSIBILITY, SETTLEMENT AND

Before After loading Δσ’

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 5

1. COMPRESSIBILITY, SETTLEMENT AND

The change in thickness of layer initially Ho thick is:

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

2.1. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS:

Natural earth slope

Settlement due to loss of natural support

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 7

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

General shear failure

Local shear failure

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 8

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

Punching shear failure

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 9

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

2.2 CAUSES OF SETTLEMENT:

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 11

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

2.2 CAUSES OF SETTLEMENT:

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 13

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 14

2. TYPES OF GROUND MOVEMENTS AND

2.2 CAUSE OF SETTLEMENT:

3.1 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT:

o Steel springs represent the soil.  W

o The valve is opened  water flow out u 

o At the final stage: the increase in u  0

o In the natural process of deposition fine-grained soils

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 18

The volumetric strain is a function of Δσ’, so that the

sc  mv . '.H o  ao . '.H o water e0

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 19

Swelling and recompression

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 21

σ'o σ‘v σ'

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 23

Swelling Index (Cs): e  eoc  Cc log  'p e  eos  C s log  'p

Overconsolidated Cs – the slope of the

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 24

The one-dimensional confined 

Determination of compression Index Cc and swelling Index Cs

er ( n 1)  er ( n ) er ( 200 )  er ( 400 )

TRAN MINH TUNG PhD. SOIL MECHANICS 800052 27

Settlement Calculation from e-log p curve:

4. RATE OF CONSOLIDATION AND CREEP

volume due to the seepage of

4.1.1 Terzaghi’ s theory of consolidation

4. RATE OF CONSOLIDATION AND CREEP

Sectional elevation Excess pore pressure distribution

Distribution of excess pore pressure in a clay layer subject

4. RATE OF CONSOLIDATION AND CREEP