Introduction To Computer System

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Introduction To Computer System
What Is Computer System ?
In this introduction to computer system , we will discuss in detail
what is a computer system, basics of computer, technical features


https://www.learncomputerscienceonline.com/introduction-to-computer-system/#se2anchor2A 1/90
of the computer system, computer hardware, computer software,
computer system architecture and other important topics related to
the Computer system.
A computer system is defined as a digital electronic machine that
can programmed to perform some operations as per the computer
program instructions.
Introduction To Computer System Video Tutorial
The computer system consist of both hardware and the software
components. The computer hardware components are the physical


components mounted within the computer case and some are also
connected externally.
The computer system needs to be directed to perform various user
specified operations. And therefore , the computer system needs a
program which directs the computer hardware. The computer
program is also commonly referred to as software.
Computer System Block Diagram
The introduction to computer system includes computer system
organization and architecture and its technical features.
In this computer introduction you will also learn hardware
components such as mother board, hard disk drive ( Disk Memory ),
power unit, Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) also referred to as micro-
processor, Random Access Memory ( RAM ) , computer buses ,
cooling fans and other hardware components.
Table Of Contents
 Introduction To Computer System
 What Is Computer ?
 Features Of Computer System.
 Characteristics Of Computer.
 Components Of Computer.
 Functions Of Computer.

 Types Of Computer Systems.
 Computer. System Architecture.
 Computer. Block Diagram.
 Computer. Hardware.
 Computer. Software.
 Evolution Of Computer System.
What Is Computer System ?
Computer Definition
A Computer system is defined as a digital electronics device that
can be programmed to accept some inputs in terms of data,
then process this data as per the program instructions and


provide the Output in the desired format that can be used for
some meaningful work.
The computer user interacts with the system using an application
software and provides the input data. The data is processed by the
computer system with the help of application software.
The application software in turn interacts with the operating system
and the processed data ( or we can call program output ) is then
sent to the output device.


It is the application software that provides the instructions to the
processor CPU to operate on the data as per the program
instructions and produce the desired output.
The output device could be either a monitor, speaker, printer, storage
device or any other output device.
Features Of The Computer System

 Computer System Is Programmable.
 Computer Accepts Raw Data And Produces Information.
 Computer System Is A Digital Machine.
Computer System Is Programmable
The computer system consist of both software components and
hardware components. The hardware components are physical
parts that we can touch and interact. Whereas, the software is
essential to drive the hardware.
The computer program ( software ) is an essential component of
every computer system which directs the computer to performs
various tasks.
The Computer system is programmable. That means, the


computer will perform the task only as per the program instructions.
The accuracy of the output depends upon the accuracy of the
program instructions. The computer will produce wrong results if
either input data or the program instructions are inaccurate. This is
called garbage in and garbage out.
And therefore , the computer needs a program written in a
programming language to execute a particular task on the computer
system .
The Computer program directs the computer system through series
of instructions. Each program instruction performs a specific part of
the operation.
What Is Computer Program ?
The software components are computer programs. The program

consist of set of instructions that directs the computer system
hardware components to perform the desired operations.
The computer programs are generally written using high level ( human
readable ) programming language such as C , C++ , Java , Python and

many more.
However, a high level programs are first required to be converted into
low level ( machine code ) machine instructions in the binary. The 
machine instructions in binary at can be directly decoded and executed
by the computer. This conversion is called program compilation.
The computer system interprets these program instructions and then

performs the desired operations. The CPU executes the program
instructions one by one.
What Is Computer Program ?

The Computer Accepts Input And Provides Output
The Computer Converts Raw Data Into Information
The Computer Systems are versatile machines and can be used to
perform number of operations. The data processing is one of most
common application of the computer.
For example, a company might use the computer system for
managing employee records stored into the database, customer
database, inventory management, billing, record keeping, payroll
processing, accounting and many such applications.
In order to use the computer system for any database operations, a
DBMS ( Database Management System ) software is required.
The computer system is also used to process the raw data and
produce the information that can be used for some meaningful
purpose.
The processed data is called information. And the information can
be used for some meaningful work such as decision making within
an organization.
Computer System Is A Digital Machine

The computer is a digital electronic machine. Which means, a
computer can understand and execute instructions on in binary
which consist of only two numbers that is zero 0 and one 1. The
binary code is also referred as machine code or machine
language.
The computers central processing unit ( CPU ) is the brain of the
computer system. The CPU is responsible to perform both
arithmetical and logical operations.
However , the computer’s micro-processor ( CPU ) can decode and
execute instructions only in the machine code in Binary.
So, it doesn’t really matter in which programming language you
write the program code because eventually, all high level computer
programs must be first converted into low level machine code in
binary . The machine instructions consist of only binary 0 and 1.
And therefore, all programs in high level are converted into low level
machine instructions that can be directly executed by the
microprocessor.
The conversion process to translate the high level program into low
level machine code is called program compilation.
Why Computer Use Binary ?
Why Computer Understands Binary 0 And 1 ?
Characteristics Of Computer System
The computers characteristics include automatic working, operating
speed, accuracy of calculations, versatility, diligence, memory,
program dependence and reliability of operational performance.
 Automatic Working.
 Operating Speed.
 Accuracy Of Calculation.

 Computer Is Versatile.
 Computer Is Diligent.
 Computer Has Memory.
 Computer Needs Program.
 Computer Is Reliable.
Automatic Working
The computers are extensively being used for automatic operations.
The computer once programmed to perform some task can continue
without any human intervention.
The artificial intelligence has further enhanced this capability for the
computers. The computer can repetitively perform many operations
in the automatic mode.
Operating Speed
The modern computers are armed with the latest microprocessor
can execute billions of instructions within a fraction of a second.
That gives huge processing power to the computer.
And therefore, the computer can be effectively used for performing
complex operations with very high operating speed.

Accuracy Of Calculations
The computer can perform millions of complex calculations and
take the logical decisions as per the program instructions with
remarkable accuracy.
However, the accuracy also depends upon the accuracy of the
program instructions and the input data. The computer will produce
wrong result if there are any mistakes into the program instructions.
This is often referred to as “Garbage In Garbage Out” ( GIGO ).
Computer Is Versatile
The computer is a truly versatile machine that can be used for many
applications. The use of computer is now an essential part of every
industry and profession we can possibly think of.
Apart from its applications in academics , the computers are
everywhere. The computers are used by the students , teachers ,
musicians , doctors , engineers , accountants , police , armed forces
and architects.
Both large scale and small scale companies are dependent upon the
computers to manage their business operations.
Computer Is Reliable
The computers are the most reliable machines to perform multiple
tasks without any mistake with the lightening speed.
And therefore , the computerized operations are the backbone of all
top business corporations , global ecommerce giants such as
Amazon , Reliance and for other companies.
The computer system can also be programmed to enforce set of
rules to ensure safety of the user and data security.
Computer Is Diligent
There are many business corporations and manufacturing
companies that work day and night without any break. Such
operations and production lines can be very well managed by the
use of computers.
Depending upon the use, the computer hardware is specially tailor
made to handle such prolonged operations.
Computer Has Memory
The computer system needs memory to store data and program
instructions. The system memory consists of both short term ( RAM
) and long term memory. The business corporations need to handle
large volumes of data. The data needs to be stored into the
permanent storage devices for the future use.
The computer system with front end application software , a
database management system ( DBMS ) and the database is
essential to manage such large volumes of data.
For example, tech giants like Google, Facebook handle large
volumes of data related of the millions of users across the globe.
Computer Needs Program
The program dependence is another important characteristics of the
computer. The computer is often said to be a dumb machine without
any IQ. And therefore, the computer needs a set of instructions
called a program.
A computer program is an essential component of every computer
system. Each task and operation performed by the computer is
completed as per the program. The program consists of set of
instructions that directs the computer.
The computer is not going to perform any task on its own unless it is
directed by the computer program.
Components Of Computer System
The Computer system consist of four basic components Or
functional Units. In terms of functionality, the computer system can
be grouped in to four units.
The Computer System Components are :
1. Input Devices ( Input Unit ) .
2. CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) .
3. System Memory ( Memory Unit ) .
4. Output Devices ( Output Unit ) .
Input And Output Devises
Computer System Input Unit
The term “Input Unit ” ( Input Devises ) refers to the input provided
by the user by using any input device such as keyboard,
mouse, mike, camera or any storage device in the form of input data.
The input data is operated and processed by the Central Processing
Unit ( CPU ) as per the program and sent to the output unit for
further action.
Computer System Output Unit
The term “Output Unit ” refers to the output provided by the
computer CPU after processing the user data inputs .
This output is then sent to the output device such as monitor ,
printer , speaker to provide desired output to the user. The output


can also be stored on any storage device for future use.
Computer System Memory Unit
The memory unit is an essential part of every computer system. The
computer system needs memory to store the program instructions
and the data before and after the processing.
The computer system memory unit consist of both temporary and
permanent memory. The Random Access Memory ( RAM ) is the
main memory where the operating loads the program for its
execution.
The temporary memory RAM can store the data till the time the
system is powered on . Whereas, the permanent memory ( disk
memory ) can store the data even after the the system power is
switched off.
Memory Hierarchy
The computer system makes the use of different types of
memories organized in a hierarchical manner and together they are
referred as memory unit. The arrangement of different types of
memories is referred as memory hierarchy.
The computer memory unit consist of different types of memories
which differ in capacity, access speed, physical size and the
cost of the memory.
Memory Hierarchy
Primary Memory
Each of the memory is optimally used in the computer system
depending upon its access speed , size and proximity to the CPU
The computer system makes use of different types memory
depending upon the functional requirements .
The computer memory is mainly divided in to two types based
on the data retention by the computer memory when power is
switched off to the computer system.
Computer Memory Unit
Computer System Memory
Temporary And Permanent Memory
The computer memories can be grouped into two basic types
depending upon the data retention by memory when system power
supply is switched off .
If the memory retains the data without power supply, then it is
referred as permanent memory . For example hard disk , pen drive
are permanent memory ( Also referred as secondary memory ) .
The Random Access Memory ( RAM ) is the main system memory
for a computer system . The RAM is a temporary memory because it
retains the data only till the time , the system power supply is on.
The data in the RAM is lost once the system is switched off . And
therefore main memory RAM is referred as temporary memory ( also
referred as primary memory ).
Computer System Memory 
Functions Of Computer
 Program Execution.
 Accept Data From Input Device.
 Store Data And Program In Memory.
 Data Processing.
 Send Output To Output Device. 
 Control All Operations.
Program Execution
The program execution is the main function of the computer system.
The computer system makes use of its hardware and software
components to execute the program.
Various components such as memory ( RAM ) , CPU , input devices ,
output devices performs different functions together during the
program execution.
Accept The Data From Input Devices
The computer system operates on the data as per the program
instructions. The computer accepts the data through different types
of input devices such as mouse , keyboard scanner and other input
devices.
Store Data And Program In Memory 
The computer stores the data and the program into its main memory
RAM. The program is stored into the memory as set of instructions.
The CPU starts the program execution by fetching the data and
instructions from the memory . The CPU sends the processed data
back to the memory for the output devices.
Data Processing
The computers are extensively used for data processing jobs. The
process converting the raw data into useful information is defined as
data processing.
The data is processed as per the program instructions. For example ,
the monthly attendance data is converted into salary statements at
the end of the month by using a payroll application software.
Send Output To Output Device
The output devices are used to send the result that can used by the

user. The program output can either be sent to the monitor , printer ,
storage disks or any other output device.
Control All Operations
The computer system controls the operations of the software and
hardware components. The control unit of the CPU ( central
processing unit ) controls the operations of the entire computer
system .
Types Of Computer Systems
Different types of computer systems are used for various
applications in many fields. The system configuration can differ in
terms of processor architecture, number of processor, memory size,
motherboard design and other factors.
Learn More
Types Of Computer Systems
 Desktop Computer.
 Palmtop Computer.
 Workstation Computer.
 Web Server Computer.
 Mini Computer.
 Mainframe Computer.

 Super Computer.
 Embedded Computer.
Computer System Architecture
What is Computer System Architecture ?
In computer engineering, the computer system architecture is the
conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a
computer system.
It is the technical drawings and functional description of all design
components and requirements . The system architecture defines
the system performance parameters such as speed and
interconnections .
The System architecture can also be defined as the science and art
of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create
computer system that meet functional , performance and cost
goals.
And therefore , better system architecture will produce a better
design and system performance.
Learn More
Computer Organization And Architecture ( COA ) 
Computer System Block Diagram
The Computer system consist of four basic components Or Units . In
terms of functionality , the computer system can be grouped in to
four basic units .
The Computer System Components are :
1. Input Unit ( Input Devices ).
2. Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) .
3. System Memory Unit .
4. Output Unit ( Output Devices ) .
Computer Hardware
The computer system mainly consist of hardware components
and the software components . All the physical components
inside the computer cabinet and the input / output gadgets
attached to the computer are referred as hardware components
The hardware components inside the computer cabinet are
referred as internal components such as motherboard .The
external hardware components attached to the computer system
are also referred as peripheral devices such as keyboard , mouse ,
monitor .
Computer Hardware Components
 Computer Cabinet ( Casing ).
 Power Supply Unit ( SMPS ). 
 Motherboard .
 Connection Cables ( Buses ).
 Hard Disk ( Disk Memory ) .
 RAM Modules
 Sound Card.
 Microprocessor ( CPU ).
 CPU Heat Sink
 CPU Cooling Fan.
 CD ROM Drive.
 Graphics Card.
 Computer Monitor ( Display ).
 Keyboard And Mouse.
Computer System Motherboard
The motherboard is the main printed circuit board ( PCB ) that is
mounted inside a computer cabinet. The motherboard is a junction
for connecting some important internal components .
The components that are directly placed on the motherboard include
microprocessor ( CPU ) , main memory RAM , Graphic card , sound
card , north bridge and south bridge.
Computer System Microprocessor
The central process ring unit ( CPU ) effectively functions as a brain
of the computer system. The CPU performs arithmetic and logical
operations and provides processing power of the computer system.
The CPU is mounted on the motherboard inside a processor socket
which is a special slot present on the motherboard. The processor
chip is firmly mounted inside CPU socket with help of liver locking
mechanism.
A heat sink and a cooling miniature fan is placed on the top of the
processor chip to protect the processor chip from excessive heat
generated by the processor chip.
What Is Microprocessor ?
What Is CPU ?
How CPU Works ?
CPU Functions
The central processing unit ( CPU ) is also alternately referred to as
microprocessor or processor . The processor provides the
processing power to the computer system .
The CPU performs number of vital functions . One of the the main
function of the CPU is to execute the computer program.


The control unit of the CPU is responsible to decode the machine
instructions. The control unit decodes the program instructions as
specified in the instruction format.
The CPU executes the computer program by repetitively performing
a machine cycle which is a basic operation of the processor . The
machine cycle consist of four steps . These machine cycle steps are
What Is Central Processing Unit ?
Introduction To Computer System 
What Is CPU Machine Cycle ?
The operating system loads the program instructions and
associated data into the main system memory RAM . The CPU
fetches the data and program instructions ( machine instructions )
from the main memory RAM .
The CPU executes the computer program by repetitively performing
a machine cycle which is a basic operation of the processor . The
machine cycle consist of four steps . These machine cycle steps are
 FETCH  DECODE  EXECUTE  STORE
Main System Memory
Random Access Memory ( RAM )
The computer system makes use of different types of memories .
These different types of memories are organized into the system in
order to optimize the CPU performance.
The main system memory RAM ( Random Access Memory )
modules are mounted inside special RAM slots on the motherboard .
Each motherboard has fixed number of RAM slots .
The maximum permissible RAM size ( 4 GB , 8GB , 16 GB )
supported by the system depends upon the system configuration
and the type operating system ( 32 Bit OR 64 Bit OS ).
READ MORE 
Random Access Memory ( RAM )
System - Power Supply Unit
The computer system has a centralized power supply unit that
provides electrical power supply to various internal components .
The desktop computer system power system is referred as SMPS
which stands for Switched Mode Power Supply . The SMPS provides
different voltage of power supply to different components through
set of electric wires.
Computer Software

The computer software is a set program instructions designed to
perform a specific tasks . A computer program is written in
computer programming language such as C , C++ , Java , python
and so many other languages .
The computer system makes use of two types of software .
1. System Software.
2. Application Software .
The System software is used by the system itself manage and
control the system hardware components. The operating system
communicates with the hardware components through system
software .
The System software includes Operating System ( OS ) ,device
drivers and other system utility programs . The application software
are used by the computer user to perform various tasks on the
system. The commonly used application software includes MS
Word , Excel .
System Software
What Is System Software ?
In computer system architecture , the System Software is a
collection of programs designed to operate , control and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer system and the other
hardware devices connected to the computer system.


The system software is also designed and developed by the
computer manufacturer to communicate with specific hardware
components connected to the computer system.
For example when we connect a new device to the system , we need
to first install the device driver to operate the device such as camera
, printer , scanner and other such devices .
Both application programs and the operating system needs a

special software called device driver to communicate and to drive
the various hardware components connected to the computer
system .
The device driver is a system software which functions as an
interface between the computer hardware and the operating


system .
The system software programs are generally written in a low level

programming language such as assembly language .
Application Software
The application software provides an interface to the computer user
to perform a specific job on the computer system . For example ,
writing document , making presentation or managing accounts .
Application software are installed on the system to provide specific
functionality to the system . The Application software is designed
and developed to satisfy a specific need of the computer user .
For example MS Office , accounting software ( Tally ) , engineering
drawing software ( AutoCAD ) are some of commonly used
application software.

Application software can be single program application or a
group of programs bundled together such as MS Office. Each of

these program in a bundle has been designed to provide specific
functionality to the user .
Evolution Of Computers
The Computers are today integral part of the human world and
human world today critically depends upon the computing power
of today’s modern computers .
The applications of computers are indispensable part of every
industry we can possibly think of .
The Computer Science and technology has also evolved over
period of last few decades both in the hardware technology and also
in the software domain.
However , The history of computer science began , long before our
today’s modern discipline of computer science.
In the past seventy years , the computers have evolved from room-
size mega boxes to the desktops computers. And now, computers
are in our pockets with far more computing power and mobility.
But the modern computing-machine era began with Alan Turing’s
conception of the Turing Machine, and the invention of the
transistor by three Bell Labs scientists.
The invention of transistor was a major breakthrough in the field of
digital electronics . The transistor is tiny electronic component that
used as a micro-switch in digital electronics .
The transistors soon replaced the bulky voles valves used in the
second generation of computers. The transistors are fundamental


building block of all modern processor chips .
Turing Machine
The turing machine is an important mathematical computation
model in the theory of computing . Although this model was first
proposed and invented by Alan Turing in year 1936 .
The turing machine model is still considered to be a standard of
computational model to verify a particular problem can be solved
using a computer system .
Turing machine is still relevant despite the passage of time and the
advancements in the various fields of computer science . Despite
the simplicity of the model , the turing machine can simulate both
simple and a very complex algorithm.
Computer Architecture
The CPU is the brain of the computer system which performs all the
mathematical calculations and logical operations . The CPU consist
of millions of tiny components called the transistor.
The transistor functions as a micro switch that can be simulate the
two binary states ( 0 and 1 ) .
The transistors are made-up of semiconductor material silicon. The
transistor can easily functions as micro-switch to represent the two
states ( ON – 1 And OFF – 0 ) in binary . The transistor is a
fundamental building block for all digital electronic devices
including computers .
The invention of tiny electronic component transistor was a major
technological leap forward that has made the modern-style
computing possible today .
The invention of transistor was an important milestone in field of
digital electronics which rewarded the three Bell lab scientists 
with the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics . The Microprocessor consist
of millions of these transistors.
FAQ
Introduction To Computer FAQ
 What Is Computer ? 
 What Is Computer Software And Hardware ? 
 What Is Computer Program ? 
 What Is Application Program ? 
 What Is System Software ? 
 What is the main function of the computer ? 
 What Is Operating System ? 
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Course Contents
SECTION – 1
Introduction To Computer Science
SECTION – 2
How Computer Works ?
Types Of Computers
SECTION – 3
CS And Binary Number System
SECTION – 4
Computer System Memory
What Is Virtual Memory ?
Random Access Memory ( RAM ).


SECTION – 5
Central Processing Unit ( CPU )
What Is CPU ?
CPU Machine Cycle.
Instruction Cycle Explained.
Intel 8085 Architecture
Instruction Set Architecture
SECTION – 6
Computer Bus System
SECTION – 7
Computer BIOS And CMOS
SECTION – 8
Computer Operating System
SECTION – 9
Data Structures And Algorithms
SECTION – 10
Computer Programming Fundamentals
Object Oriented Programming ( OOP )
Procedural Programming
Programming Paradigms
Program Compilation
SECTION – 11 
Software Engineering
Application Software
System Software
SECTION – 12
Web Design And Development
SECTION – 14
Database Management Systems ( DBMS )
Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD )
SECTION – 15
Relational Database Management System ( RDBMS )
How To Design Database ?
Database Normalization
Database Keys
SECTION – 16
Computer Engineering
SECTION – 17
MySQL RDBMS
SECTION – 18
Android Development
SECTION – 19
Java Programming Basics 
SECTION – 20
What Is Computer Motherboard ?
How To Select The Best Laptop ?
SECTION – 21
Computer Organization And Architecture
What Is CPU ?
What Is Control Unit ?
What Are CPU Registers ?
What Is Instruction Format ?
What Is Machine Instruction ?
Instruction Set Architecture
What Is Arithmetic Logic Unit ( ALU ) ?
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7/28/23, 5:31 PM Introduction To Computer System | Computer System Hardware , Software

Learn Computer Science

What Is Computer System ?

In this introduction to computer system , we will discuss in detail

what is a computer system, basics of computer, technical features

of the computer system, computer hardware, computer software,

computer system architecture and other important topics related to

the Computer system.

A computer system is defined as a digital electronic machine that

can programmed to perform some operations as per the computer

Introduction To Computer System Video Tutorial

The computer system consist of both hardware and the software

components. The computer hardware components are the physical

The computer system needs to be directed to perform various user

specified operations. And therefore , the computer system needs a

program which directs the computer hardware. The computer

program is also commonly referred to as software.

Computer System Block Diagram

The introduction to computer system includes computer system

organization and architecture and its technical features.

In this computer introduction you will also learn hardware

components such as mother board, hard disk drive ( Disk Memory ),

power unit, Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) also referred to as micro-

processor, Random Access Memory ( RAM ) , computer buses ,

cooling fans and other hardware components.

Introduction To Computer System

 Introduction To Computer System

 Features Of Computer System.

 Types Of Computer Systems.

 Computer. System Architecture.

 Computer. Block Diagram.

 Evolution Of Computer System.

What Is Computer System ?

A Computer system is defined as a digital electronics device that

can be programmed to accept some inputs in terms of data,

then process this data as per the program instructions and

some meaningful work.

The computer user interacts with the system using an application

computer system with the help of application software.

The application software in turn interacts with the operating system

and the processed data ( or we can call program output ) is then

sent to the output device.

It is the application software that provides the instructions to the

processor CPU to operate on the data as per the program

instructions and produce the desired output.

The output device could be either a monitor, speaker, printer, storage

device or any other output device.

Features Of The Computer System

 Computer Accepts Raw Data And Produces Information.

 Computer System Is A Digital Machine.

Computer System Is Programmable

The computer system consist of both software components and

hardware components. The hardware components are physical

parts that we can touch and interact. Whereas, the software is

essential to drive the hardware.

The computer program ( software ) is an essential component of

every computer system which directs the computer to performs

The Computer system is programmable. That means, the

The accuracy of the output depends upon the accuracy of the

program instructions. The computer will produce wrong results if

either input data or the program instructions are inaccurate. This is