Chapter 10 Wild Species and Biodiversity Value of Wild Species 1.

What is the estimated worth of the goods and services provided by wild species? ___________ trillion Biological Wealth 2. We presently know of the existence of ________ million species of plants, animals, and microbes. 3. How many plant and animal species have become extinct in the United States? __________ Two Kinds of Values 4. ________________ value exists if an organisms existence or use benefits some other entity. 5. ________________ value considers the organisms value for its own sake. 6. List the four values of natural species a. ___________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________________________ Sources for Agriculture, Forestry, Aquaculture, and Animal Husbandry 7. Indicate whether the following statements pertain to [a] wild populations of plants or animals or [b] cultivated (cultivar) populations of plants or animals. [ ] highly adaptive to changing environmental conditions [ ] highly nonadaptable to changing environmental conditions [ ] have numerous traits for resistance to parasites [ ] lack genetic vigor [ ] can only survive under high controlled environmental conditions [ ] have a high degree of genetic diversity in the gene pool of the population [ ] represents a reservoir of genetic material commonly called genetic bank 8. Of the estimated 7,000 plant species existing in nature, how many have been used in agriculture? ____________ 9. What is the significance of the winged bean in regard to your answer to question 8 _________________________________________________________________ _ Sources of Medicine 10. Of what value is the chemical called vincristine? _________________________________________________________________ _ 11. Vincristine is an extract from the _________________________________________________________________ _ 12. Of what value is the chemical called capoten? _________________________________________________________________ _

13. Capoten is an extract from the _________________________________________________________________ _ 14. There is the potential of discovering innumerable drugs in natural plants, animals, and microbes. (true, false) Recreational, Aesthetic, and Scientific Value 15. One of the largest income-generating enterprises in many developing countries is ___________________________. 16. As leisure time increases, (larger, smaller) portions of the economy become connected to supporting activities related to the natural environment. 17. Pollution (increases, decreases) the commercial benefits of the natural environment. 18. The process of visiting a place in order to observe wild species or unique ecological sites is called ___________________________. 19. Indicate whether the following are [a] recreational, [b] aesthetic, [c] scientific, or [d] intrinsic values of the biota of natural ecosystems. [ ] hunting [ ] sport fishing [ ] hiking [ ] camping [ ] being in a forest rather than a city dump [ ] study of ecology [ ] just knowing that certain plant and animal species are alive Value for Their Own Sake 20. Intrinsic value arguments center on _____________________ rights and ______________________. Saving Wild Species Game Animals in the United States 21. (Commercial or Regulated) hunting caused the extinction or near extinction of some game animals. 22. Restrictions on hunting that represent wildlife management are a. Requiring a hunting license (true, false) b. Limiting the type of weapon used in the harvest (true, false) c. Hunting within specified seasons (true, false) d. Setting size and/or sex limits on harvested animals (true, false) e. Limiting the number that can be harvested (true, false) f. Prohibiting commercial hunting (true, false) 23. Which of the following do [+] and do not [-] represent contemporary wildlife management issues? [ ] near extinction of the wild turkey [ ] road killed animals [ ] urban wildlife, e.g., opossums, skunks, raccoons [ ] lack of natural predators [ ] wildlife as vectors for certain diseases [ ] cougar predation on humans [ ] urban Canada geese populations

[ ] pets predation by coyotes Acts Protecting Endangered Species 24. Snowy egrets were heavily exploited in the 1800s for their (a. meat, b. eggs, c. nests, d. feathers) that were used in (a. fancy restaurants, b. ladies hats, c. curiosity shops, d. grocery stores). 25. The two states that were first to pass laws protecting plumed birds were _____________________ and ________________________. 26. The law that forbids interstate commerce in illegally killed wildlife is called the __________________________ Act. 27. The law that protects species from extinction is called the __________________________ Act of __________________________. 28. Indicate whether the following provisions are strengths [+] or weaknesses [-] of the Endangered Species Act. [ ] the need for official recognition [ ] stiff fines for the killing, trapping, uprooting, or commerce of endangered species [ ] controls on government development projects in critical habitats [ ] enforcement of the act [ ] recovery programs [ ] taxonomic status of some animals protected by the act 29. List the three crucial elements in the process of designating a species as endangered or threatened. a. _________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________ 30. What environmental or commercial factors led to the decline of the Peregrine falcon: _____________________________________________________ Whooping crane: _____________________________________________________ Spotted owl: _________________________________________________________ Coho salmon: ________________________________________________________ 31. What are two major concerns of opponents of the ESA that surfaced in the spotted owl and coho salmon controversy? a. ____________________________ b. _____________________________ Biodiversity and Its Decline 32. Over geological time, the net balance between ___________________ and _________________ has favored the gradual (accumulation, loss) of species. 33. The number of plant and animal species on Earth today is estimated at ________ million, with the greatest species richness found in _______________ plants and ____________________. 34. Which country has at least 5 percent of all living species? _______________________________________________________ The Decline of Biodiversity 35. How many species, native to the United States, have become extinct since the early days of colonization? ____________________ 36. Globally, _________ species of animals and _________ species of plants have become extinct. 37. List four sources of evidence that a decline of biodiversity is occurring

a. _______________________________ b. _______________________________ c. _______________________________ d. _______________________________ 38. In what type of ecosystem can one find the greatest biodiversity? ____________________________ 39. For which two groups of organisms are estimates of the actual numbers of species good a. _________________________________ and b. _________________________________ Reasons for the Decline 40. List five factors that represent evidence of or contribute to the decline in biodiversity. a. ________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________________ 41. Match examples with the factors that represent evidence of or contribute to the decline in biodiversity. Examples Fragmentation Clear-cut logging Expansion of the human population over the globe The brown tree snake The greenhouse effect Prospects of huge immediate profits The growing fad for exotic pets, fish, reptiles, birds, and house plants Simplification Endocrine disrupters Black bear gallbladders Factors a. habitat alterations b. human population growth c. pollution d. exotic introductions e. overuse

42. Indicate whether the following examples of habitat alteration represent (a conversion, b. fragmentation, c. simplification, or d. intrusion). [ ] stream channelization [ ] shopping malls [ ] highway development [ ] telecommunications towers 43. Africa and Asia have lost more than __________ of their original natural habitat. 44. As human population increases, species survival worldwide will (increase, decrease). 45. The greatest catastrophe to hit natural biota will be

a. Acid rain b. human population growth c. global warming d. urbanization 46. Species adapt very (quickly, slowly) to environmental change. 47. The two greatest causes of species extinctions are ______________________ and __________________________. 48. Exotic species are responsible for ________ percent of all animal extinctions since 1600. 49. Usually, the introduction of exotic species into a country (increases, decreases) biodiversity. 50. Usually, an exotic species is a (more, less) effective competitor for resources. 51. Give three examples of exotic species introduced into the United States. a. __________________________ b. __________________________ c. __________________________ 52. As certain plants and animals become increasingly rare, the price people are willing to pay will (increase, decrease). 53. Exploiters of natural biota will (encourage, discourage) public education on poaching and black market trade. 54. Below is a chain of events that perpetuates overuse of natural biota. Which link in the chain needs to be removed to most effectively curtail overuse? a. hunter b. trading post c. taxidermist d. tourist shop e. consumer tourist 55. Give an example of human use of the following wildlife or plant species or their parts. a. Small songbirds: _____________________________________________ b. Tropical hardwoods: __________________________________________ c. Bear gallbladders: ____________________________________________ d. Parrots: ____________________________________________________ Consequences of Losing Biodiversity 56. Explain why keystone species are such an important group to consider as a consequence of losing biodiversity _________________________________________________________________ _ Protecting Biodiversity International Developments 57. List two international steps that have been taken to protect biodiversity. a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ 58. Which of the above steps a. Focuses on trade in wildlife and wildlife parts? _____________________ b. Focuses on conserving biological diversity worldwide? ___________________________ c. Does not yet have political support in the United States? _____________________________ Stewardship Concerns 59. List four steps that must be taken to protect our biological wealth. a. ________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________ 60. The intrinsic value of wild species is rooted in ___________________ right and _______________ beliefs. 61. Biodiversity is measured by the _____________________ of different species in an ecosystem. 62. Which of the following types of ecosystems has the greatest biodiversity? a. Grassland b. Tropical rain forest c. Urban development d. Cornfield 63. Indicate whether the following activities conserve [+] or destroy [-] biodiversity. [ ] conversion of habitat [ ] pollution [ ] introduction of exotics [ ] expansion of human population globally [ ] overuse [ ] regulated hunting [ ] recovery plans [ ] ecosystem management Complete statements 7 and 8 using the terms MORE or LESS 64. More expansion of the human population leads to _______________ pollution, _______________ use of wildlife species, and _________________ biodiversity. 65. More introduction of exotics leads to _________________ competition for resources, _____________ predation on endemic prey species, and ______________ biodiversity. 66. The consequence(s) of species extinctions is (are) a. Cascading loss of other species b. Loss of natures services c. Loss of genetic banks d. All of the above 67. It was (commercial, regulated) hunting that caused the extinction or near extinction of some wild animals. Indicate whether the following statements pertain to [a] ESA, [b] CITES, [c] Convention on Biological Diversity or [d] more than one of these. [ ] focuses on the trade of wildlife or their parts [ ] uses recovery plans to re-establish species numbers [ ] emphasizes sovereignty of a nation over its biodiversity