Agriculture

1a) A_______________________ is a domestic animal.

b) Explain the importance of agriculture to the community

____________________

c) What are the importance of agriculture to the nation?

____________________

d) ______is a fuel obtained from sugarcane.

e) Name one crop and one animal provide fibre for making clothes.

___________________

___________________

f) Give two companies in Zimbabwe that process agricultural produce.

____________________

___________________

g) Chemicals used to kill weeds are called_____________

2 Tools are grouped according to their uses.

Tools are used for:

a)digging

b)______________

c)______________

d)_______________

1
b) The following tools are used for:

i] garden trowel

ii] slasher

iii] secateur

iv] hosepipe

c) Tools are kept in a _______________

3a) Four elements of weather are:

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

b) Complete the table below:

Weather elements Instruments

humidity ------------------------------

------------------------------------- raingauge

Temperature --------------------------------

Wind speed -------------------------------

--------------------------------- Wind vane

Choose the correct answer

drought/ humidity/ bacterial bright/ cob rots/moving air/ pollination/ state of the atmosphere at any
given time.

Ci) What is weather?

2
__________________

ii) Shortage of rainfall causes _____________

iii) The amount of moisture in the air is called___________

iv) What is wind?

____________________

v) List two fungal diseases caused by high humidity

__________________

__________________

vi) Plants need wind for ______________

4a) What is soil erosion?

b) Four agents of soil erosion are:

__________________

__________________

__________________

__________________

c) Four types of soil erosion are:

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

4a) What is soil erosion?

__________________________________________

b) Agents of soil erosion are

3
___________________

____________________

___________________
______________________

c) Four types of soil erosion are

_______________________

_______________________

_________________________

_________________________

d) Which type of erosion occurs first on bare soil?

_____________________________________________

e) The common agent of erosion in deserts is _________________

f) Explain three activities a farmer can do to reduce soil erosion.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5a) i) Complete the table below

Size of particles Soil type Feeling

Small ----------------------------- Smooth and fine

------------------------- silt Smooth and rough

Large sand -----------------------

ii) Three types of soil particles are

________________________________
___________________________________
______________________________________

b) ___________ soil have good drainage.

4
c) Which soil can easily get water logged?

_________________________________________

d) ________________________ have medium sized particles.

e) Which soil gets slippery when it is wet?

_____________________________________________

6a) Four components of soil are

_______________________________
__________________________________
_____________________________________
________________________________________

7a) Complete the table below

Soil component Percentage

Mineral matter 45%
--------------------------- 5%
water --------%
---------------------------- 25%

b) Which of the following is a source of organic matter?

________________________________________________

c) Decayed plant matter is also known as

_______________________________________________
d) Organisms that cannot be seen by naked eyes are

____________________________________________________
e) Soil component that has the biggest fraction is

___________________________________________

f) Where is air found in the soil

___________________________________________

g) Name two soil components found in the air spaces.

5
_______________________________________
___________________________________________

8. Fertilisers are grouped into artificial and organic fertilizers.

a) Give two examples of organic fertilizers?

___________________________________________
________________________________________________

b) Organic fertilizers are obtained from decaying ______________________

and________________________________________

c) Write any two examples of inorganic/artificial fertilizers.

___________________________________

___________________________________

e) List three advantages of organic fertilizers.

______________________________________________
___________________________________________________

f) Two disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers are _______________________ and

_______________________________

g) Name three materials used to make a compost heap.

____________________________
_______________________________
____________________________________

h) Give one reason for not using plastic and bottles in a compost heap.

____________________________________________

9. Water conservation is the water use of water so that it is not wasted.

a) State four methods of conserving water in the field.

__________________________

6
__________________________

____________________________

_____________________________

b) Covering of soil to reduce loss of water by evaporation is known as

________________________________________

c) Name two materials that can be used for mulching

_____________________________________
_________________________________________

d) The method by which small ridges are made across the furrows between large ridges is called

_____________________________________________

e) List down the ways in which people waste water.

______________________________________________
F) Rainwater can be collected from the roof of houses by use of

________________________________________________

g) Large amounts of water are harvested by harnessing a

_____________________________________________________

h) Underground water can be harvested through drilling of__________________ and digging of

____________________________

i) Blair toilets should be ___________ meters away from a well to avoid underground water pollution by
percolation.

7
 Fareme

8
Family origin
An origin is a place where something begins or arises.
Most families acknowledge their origin and existence to a Supreme Being.

FAMILY TYPES AND RELATIONSHIPS

1. Nuclear family
-made up of a mother, father and their children.
- in indigenous culture , polygamy is considered a nuclear family as the children are the father’s.
2. Child headed family
-Children look after each other upon death of parents.
-The eldest child below the age of 18 years leading the younger brothers and sisters.
3. One parent
-a family in which the children stay with either the father or mother.
-this can be caused by death of one parent, divorce, separating or parents not deciding to marry.

LINEAGES AND TOTEMS

Lineages
-Lineage is a direct descent from an ancestor or ancestry.
-Lineages can be traced using a family tree.
Totems
-totems help show people their relatives and origins.
-A totem is a sacred object, animal or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people such as a
family or a clan.
EXAMPLE: the Ncube people have the Soko totem which is a monkey.

9
**People of Zimbabwe and other African countries used to stay in ethnic groups.
-Ethnic refers to a shared identity by a group through culture, heritage, history and language.

ASSESSMENT 1
1 Families trace their origins to
_______________________________________

2 The ----- leads a child headed family.

____________________________________________

3 The other name for Supreme Being is the

________________________________________________

4 In a one parent family the children are taken care of by

____________________________________________________

5 Your father’s father is your

______________________________________

6 Your mother’s sister is your

__________________________________________

7 Uncles and aunts are siblings to your

____________________________________________

8 Families that share the same heritage, culture and language are an
_______________________________________

9 What is a nuclear family?

____________________________________________________

10 Draw your family tree.

11 Define lineage.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

10
12 What is a totem
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
13 Give three reasons why we have child headed families?
______________________________________________
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

14. Give two reasons for the existence of single parent families?
_______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

15. Why is polygamy a nuclear family in indigenous Religion?

_______________________________________________________________

FAMILY AND RELIGION

-Indigenous Religion allows for such types of marriages:
1. Kuganha- this is when a young lady proposes marriage to a young man who then refuses to marry her.
- She then forces herself on him by going to the young man’s homestead sometimes with an aunt.
2. Kutizira- In the Shona culture this is when a young lady falls pregnant and elopes to the young man’s
homestead at night.
-however the lady can elope even without falling pregnant.
-after seeing her the young man’s family informs the girl’s family that their daughter is with them.
- In Shona culture the process is called tsvagirai kuno.
-However in the Kalanga culture the girl and the boy agree that the girl should elope and together they
inform the girl’s aunt.
-the girl leaves a token given to her by the young man under her pillow for her parents to find her.
3. Musengabere- this is when a young man sees the girl he wants to marry then carries her to his
homestead without her approval.
4. Kukumbira/ Ukucela umlilo- this is when a young man’s family goes to the girl’s family to ask for her
hand in marriage. The girl is then accompanied to the young man’s homestead after everything has been
finalised including lobola payment.
11
-In other religions like Christianity, a white wedding comes after the Kukumbira/Ukucela umlilo marriage
ceremony so as to present the couple before God and the church.
-the same is done for Islam and Judaism.
-Muslims practice arranged marriages.
- They believe the families marry not the individuals.
-the bride price is decided by the families and the man should pay the bride price before the marriage.
-what the groom pays becomes the bride’s property.
-after all has been done the couple is then joined together the congregation and Allah.
- In Judaism, followers believe marriage is a direct instruction from God.
- To start the process, a contract or agreement is made between two people who wish to get married
before their loved ones.
-the mother breaks a plate to seal the engagement.

ASSESSEMENT 2
1. What comes after lobola in Christianity?
2. In a marriage engagement in Judaism, who breaks the plate to seal the promise?
3. Which religion practices arranged marriages?
4. Who joins the bride and the groom in a Christian marriage?
5. In most societies, which family pays the bride price?
6. Write down any three indigenous ways of marrying?
7. State similarities between Christian and Indigenous marriages.
8. Who arranges marriages in Islam?
9. Who directs marriages in Judaism?

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY

Family roles in the community
-Being a community means living and sharing resources with a lot of people from different families.
-Families in communities attend:
1. Funerals 2. Weddings 3. ceremonies and festivals
4. they are also responsible for building schools, clinics, dip tanks, roads amongst other things.

12
Family interaction
Families interact through:
Working together – shown through ilima/mageja/nhimbe/humwe/majangano.
Child minding-in the olden days when families lived closer to each other they helped mind or look after
each other’s children.
Emotional support –is the act of providing someone with care, empathy, love and trust so that he or she
can see that there is a way out of any situation.

Caring for the needy

-Caring means displaying kindness and concern for others.
-Communities have disadvantaged people that include:
a) the sick b) the elderly c) the poor d) the disabled
-Communities are expected to provide emotional and material support.

ASSESSMENT 3
1. What is a community?
_______________________________________________________
2. What activities can be done by a community?

________________________________________________________
3. List two acts of kindness one can do for the disadvantaged in the community.

__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. State any two community projects that show cooperation.

_______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. State at least two roles the community can perform at each of the following:
a) Funeral _________________________________
b) Wedding celebration ______________________________

13
c) Child naming ceremony___________________________________
d) Construction of a school______________________________________
6. People give each other _________________________________support in times of hardships.

Heritage and Social

Studies

14
TYPES OF FAMILIES
There are different types of families.

Nuclear family- made up of two adults, who are husband and wife and their children.
-the nuclear family can be monogamous or polygamous.
i) Monogamous family: made up of a husband, wife and their children.
ii) Polygamous family: made up of a husband, two or more wives and their children.
-in indigenous religion a polygamous family is believed to be a nuclear family because all the children are
from one husband and they are called by the father’s surname.

Child headed family: made up of children, with one of the eldest taking care of the younger
siblings.
This family could be a result of parents passing away or parents leaving in the diaspora.

Single parent family:

-it is made up of one parent and children.
-this could be as a result of a divorce or a death of a spouse.

Responsibilities of parents
-taking care of the children
15
-taking care of all household expenses
-maintain peace in the house
-teaching children values
-paying school fees
-providing shelter, food, and clothing for the children
-providing protection, companionship and security

Responsibilities of children
-responsible for looking after their possessions
-depending on age older children help in looking after younger children
-help clean the house and wash clothes
-responsibility to help younger siblings with their homework

Roles of families in the community

-promote peace
-work together with other community members
-keep the community safe and clean
-help the needy

Institutions in the community

-school -clinic -hospital -church
-registrar’s offices -town house or city hall
-orphanages -old people’s home

HUMAN MIGRATION
-Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another.

Types of migration
16
 a) Internal migration
- this is moving to a new home within an area or province.
-this types happens within the country’s borders.
-People that move from one town to another or one province to another are called internal immigrants.

b) International migration:
- this is moving to a new home in a different country or continent.
- People who move from their home country to a different country or continent are international
immigrants and some refugees.

Immigrants are both legal and illegal.

-Legal immigrants are those who move with permission from both countries.
-Illegal immigrants move without permission.
-Refugees are those who cross borders because of fear of harassment.

Causes of migration
-There are push and pull factors of migration.
-Pull factors are those things that attract someone to a place.
-Push factors are those things that force people to leave their places for other new places.

Push factors
-unemployment
-poverty or poor living conditions
-floods
-outbreaks of diseases
-death of parents or relatives
-civil wars
-drought
-climatic change
-getting married especially women
-going to a higher institution of learning

17
Pull factors
-employment
-better living standards
-better health facilities
-political security -low crime rate -less risk of natural disasters
-fertile lands -better education -climate change -peace

Effects of migration
Migration has both negative and positive effects
-some migrants bring in new ideas
-growth of shanty settlements
-there are intermarriages of different cultures
-squatters are found in many places
-mixing of cultures and development of new ones
-migration can cause educated people to go to other countries. This is called brain drain.
-people end up having two homes

Solutions to migration
-growth points
-resettlements
-job creation
-industry developments
-strict migration laws
Conflict management at family, school and community level
A conflict is a quarrel or a fight. Where there is conflict there is a disagreement or opposition.

Causes of conflict at home

-unfair treatment or favouritism of children in the home
-lack of transparency
-lack of information

18
-differing interests
-differing ideas
-unfair distribution of resources
-poor management and leadership styles
-poor communication
Causes of conflict at school
-favouritism by teachers
-lack of basic needs like textbooks
-bullying
-wanting to be treated better than others
-theft by other learners
-mistreating others

Ways of resolving conflict

At home:
-hold discussions
-call for elders to intervene
-call local leadership interventions
-solve problems cooperatively
-respect one another

At school
-proper communication
-no bullying of one another
-need for transparency

Languages and cultures in Zimbabwe

There are sixteen recognised languages in Zimbabwe:
-Chewa -Chibarwe -English -Kalanga -Khoisan
-Nambya -Ndau -Ndebele -Shangani -Shona

19
-Sotho -Tonga -Tswana -Venda -Xhosa
-Sign language
Languages like Nambya, Venda, Tonga and Kalanga are now examined at grade seven level in Zimbabwe
-All these languages are to be treated and respected equally.

Cultures in Zimbabwe
-Zimbabwe is a multicultural country.
-this means it is made up of people from different ethnic groups, nationalities, religions and culture.
-Culture is the belief, behaviour, language and complete way of life of a particular group of people.
-Culture includes: customs, ceremonies, and works of art, inventions technology and traditions.

Various African cultural practices include:

.mukwerera
.kurova guva/umbuyiso
.kupururudza muroora
.nhimbe/ilima

ASSESSEMENT 1
1. Which family consists of a husband, wife and children?
____________________________________________________________

2. A child headed family involves the--------child taking care of the younger ones.
________________________________________________________
3. ________________________ has the responsibility of taking care of the children in the family.
4. What is human migration?
____________________________________________________________
5. List three causes of migration.
_________________________________________
________________________________________
_____________________________________________

20
6. State two types of migration.
________________________________
__________________________________
7. What is internal migration?
____________________________________________________________
7. Give three examples of effects of migration.
________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________
8. Identify any positive effects of migration.
_____________________________________________

9. Conflict is
________________________________________
10. What causes conflict at:
a) home
b) school

11. How can conflict at home and at school be solved?

_________________________________________________
12. List any three languages in Zimbabwe.
____________________________________________

CULTURAL HERITAGE
Rites of passage for girls and boys

1. Birth
-Depending on the area there are certain activities done when a child is born.
-In Ndebele culture the baby is washed and oiled.
-They use milk fat or wax from honey.
-The umbilical cord is cut with a piece of grass called uqunga.
-Ash is put on the baby’s cord and she or he is made to inhale the smoke from herbs that are said to
protect him or her from evil
-In Ndau the midwife (mbuya) delivers the baby.
21
-The midwife gets a lot of presents for the arrival of the baby.
-In Venda when a baby is born, the Makhadzi is the first to be informed.
-She is the one who later blesses the baby.
-In some Shona cultures soon after birth a child is given some herbs (mushonga wendongorongo) which
helps clean his or her bowels.
-The baby is also given chipande medicine.
-Babies should also be breastfed and have no solids before they are six months old.
-Nowadays babies go for immunisation at various stages.
-For example the baby must be immunised against diphtheria, polio, whooping cough, tuberculosis (TB),
measles and tetanus.
-these can cause death or handicap if not treated.

2. Adolescence
In Zimbabwe the different tribes have different ceremonies for the adolescence.
For example girls are taken to the river early morning for virginity testing.
They go with elderly women or aunts who will explain to them about womanhood.
-this is usually done among the Ndebele.
-In Tonga, Xangaan and other cultures boys are taken to the mountain for their initiation ceremony.
-boys are taught how to become men and how to treat their wives.
-they are also given herbs to make them strong as men.

Changes in boys and girls at puberty

Changes in boys
-voice deepens
-muscles grow larger
-spots on face
-hair starts to grow on arms, legs, underarm and male organs
-penis becomes bigger
-testicles drop a little and start to make sperms
-show interest in girls

22
Changes in girls
-breasts start to develop
-skin becomes oilier and develops spots/pimples
-hips become wider
-pubic hair grows around the vagina and underarms
-shows interest in boys
-menstruation starts

Courtship
It is a practice done when people want to marry each other. Among the Ndebele and other cultures
there is an exchange of love tokens between the two as a sign of their love.
-Courtship’s main role is to build relations. It is done so that the couple who want to marry can take time
to know each other.
The people who play major roles in courtship are aunts and uncles.
For example amongst the Kalanga the young man would tell his uncle (basekulu) and the girl her aunt
(bamazi).
-Amongst the Ndau the young man meets with the aunt before proposing to the young woman.
-In the Shona culture the young man and woman exchange love tokens to establish a relationship. In the
Kalanga and Ndebele cultures the young man gives the girl a token.
-Not everyone who is courting gets married, Courtship is therefore a period of deciding if you still want
to be with someone or not.
-Courtship builds and cements relationships.
-Aunts and uncles play major roles during courtship in guiding and counselling the two.
-the young woman is taught her roles by aunts and the uncles teach the young man.
Indigenous marriage customs
-The different marriage practices among the different groups include:-Musengabere, Kutizira, kuzvarira,
kutema ugariri, Kuganha, umthimba, ukwendiselwa and kutumira.
-There are also modern ways of marriage customs, these include Christian weddings.
-Within Christian groups after lobola the couple has a white wedding and they are joined in matrimony
by a licenced church official.
-Those who are not Christian have a celebration or matrimony and joined by a judge or marriage officer.
23
Civil marriage
-civil marriage under the customary Act/Christian marriage states that the man marries one wife and
vows under a marriage officer or a magistrate.
-A marriage certificate is given to the two show their union.
-A marriage certificate is a very important document for a lot of reasons.
-Some of the reasons are:
.it helps a woman change her surname if she wants to take her husband’s surname.
.it helps married couples travel together if they wish to, especially overseas.
.it helps if you want to jointly own a house.
.it helps to prove that two people were married when one partner dies so as to hold on the property
they got together.
The customary marriage
-This is marriage according to indigenous systems of customary laws which are found among indigenous
people.
-Under these laws a man can marry more than one wife.
-there are other marriages also recognised like The Unregistered Customary Union where the man can
marry more than one wife. The couple can stay together after lobola negotiations without a marriage
certificate.
-The other type of customary marriage is the living together, there are no formalities like lobola. The
man and woman freely consent to live together.
-In Shona it is kubika mapoto and in Ndebele it is ukuhlalisana.

ASSESSEMENT 2
1. The umbilical cord is cut with a piece of grass called
----------------------------------------------------------
2. Name two changes of a) girls b) boys at puberty.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. What do we call the practice when a boy and girl want to marry?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

24
 4. Couples exchange ------------as a sign of love.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. What is the role of an aunt or grandfather in marriage?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. A period reached by children between 11 and 15 years is called----------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Which type of marriage allows a man and woman to live together without a marriage certificate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. When a person is legally married he or she should have a--------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Which marriage practice has been borrowed from English?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Identify any four African marriage cultural practices.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Who helps deliver children among the Ndau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Why is immunisation important
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. List any three diseases prevented by immunisation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. Identify any practices done during courtship.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
15. Briefly explains what happens in Musengabere.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
16. What is civil marriage?
------------------------------------------------------------------
17. Three reasons of having a marriage certificate are-----, -------- and -----
----------------------------------------------------------------------
18. What is customary marriage?
----------------------------------------------------------------
19. Who is involved in customary marriage

25
NATIONAL HISTORY, SOVEREIGNITY AND GOVERNANCE
The Pre-Colonial Kingdoms
-The pre-colonial kingdoms were all kingdoms as they were ruled by Kings.

-The following were pre-colonial states and their leaders:

1. The Great Zimbabwe led by the people of the Shiri (Hungwe) totem.

2. The Mutapa led by Nyatsimba Mutota and his successors.

3. The Rozvi by Changamire Dombo and his successors.

4. The Ndebele led by Mzilikazi and later Lobengula.

- They were made up of people originally from Zimbabwe except for the Ndebele state which was

originally made up of people who came from South Africa.

-All the four states had a tribute payment system.

-Tribute is a payment made time and again by the subjects to a ruler.

-This was done as a sign of dependence and respect to the ruler.

-The states were also involved in trade with other states and with whites.

-All states kept cattle for food, trade and lobola payment.

-Owning cattle was a sign of wealth and it gave the wealthy the power to lead others.

-The Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi states were all involved in mining, farming, and trade and

tribute collection.

-The states believed in the existence of a God, whom they called Mwari except for the Ndebele who

they called him uNkulunkulu/Somandla/Umlimu.

26
-All the four states believed in life after death and some buried the deceased with their property so as to

take it to the next life.

-the people in the states were divided into different social classes.

-there was: the royal family

.the officials

.the clergy

.the subjects

-the clergy were the religious leaders and they were made up of spirit mediums and n’angas.

-The Ndebele state had a different social life from the other three states.

-It was made up of the Nguni (Khumalo people), people raided along the way and some of the people

they raided when they got into Zimbabwe.

-A person’s status in the Ndebele state was according to where the person came from.

-Abehla were the raided Tswana, Pedi and others who joined willingly, the Zansi were the Khumalo who

came with Mzilikazi from South Africa and the Hole were the Shona and the local tribes.

Effects of first contact with Europeans

-First group of Europeans to make contact with people in Zimbabwe were the Portuguese.

-the Portuguese used the missionaries and their activities to trick the black people of Zimbabwe.

-The Portuguese monarchy offered financial support to the church and its missions and in return the

church was to help them with their grand dreams of controlling the indigenous people and their land.

-The Portuguese tried to use missionaries in the Mutapa state to achieve their goals.

-They manage to convert the King Mapunzagutu to Christianity.

-The Portuguese managed to baptize about 300 people in Mutapa Kingdom.

27
-In 1859 the London Missionary Society (LMS) was granted a station in Matabeleland by Mzilikazi.

-This was because of the friendship between Mzilikazi and Robert Moffat.

-Mzilikazi promised that the missionaries will be well protected and taken care of.

-Lobengula his son also kept the promise.

-The King Mzilikazi allowed missionaries to preach but never converted to Christianity.

-Those who shows interest in the Religion were killed.

-Lobengula also allowed the missionaries to settle but did not convert.

-Lobengula allowed a mission station at Hope Fountain in 1870.

-In some of the missions the missionaries also taught the indigenous people skills in agriculture,

carpentry, general hygiene, how to read and write.

-the indigenous people were also taught mathematics.

-all the mission were schools, clinics and preaching stations.

-the European settlers also traded with the indigenous people.

-The states, for example the Mutapa, increased as they needed ivory for trade.

-the ivory was for external trade with Portuguese traders.

-they would trade tusks for less valuable things like glass beads, cloth and porcelain.

-Zimbabwe rich in minerals and livestock attracted many whites.

-Lobengula King of the Ndebele, signed a lot of treaties that came with the white man.

-The last treaty that led to the occupation of Zimbabwe was the Rudd Concession.

-It was signed between Lobengula, Charles Rudd, Rotchford Maguire and Francis Robert Tompson.

-These men were sent by Cecil John Rhodes.

-This contract gave the white men mining rights among other things.

-In return Lobengula would be given:

1. 100 pounds every month

28
2. 1000 guns

3. 10000 rounds of ammunition

4. a gunboat on the Zambezi River to protect him from his enemies.

-in 1890 a group of white settlers called the pioneers settled in Mashonaland and started farming and

mining.

-On 12 September 1890 they hoisted their flag at Fort Salisbury now Harare.

-Rhodes’s company was called the British South African Company (BSAC).

-The company had about 200 men and the country was called Rhodesia after Rhodes.

Development of indigenous laws

Rules and laws show the basic values within a society.

-A rule is a guide or order to be followed.

Laws are rules enforced by courts.

-Iron Age people were governed by rules and laws.

-Law breakers were made to pay fines in form of cattle, at time hard labour and corporal

punishement.There were no policemen or policewomen like today but people still obeyed laws of the

land. There were kings and chiefs who had their own courts where lawbreakers were tried.

Traditional laws and courts

King’s court (king presided)

Chief’s court (chief presided)

Headman’s court (headman presided)

Village court (village head presided)

Family (family elder presided)

-Traditional courts were mainly meant to maintain social peace and harmony in the community.

29
-the highest court was the King’s court which was attended by elderly men of the community, selected

wise men, the king’s messengers, the disputing parties and their witnesses.

-Nowadays there are local governments.

-Communities live in large numbers like towns, cities and provinces.

-Law breakers are taken to different courts like the Supreme Court and provincial courts.

Local government

-Local government refers mainly to urban councils or rural councils.

-The councillors are responsible for:

1. Making decisions

2. Distributing resources

3. Providing services at district and ward level.

-Councils control many issues affecting the day to day lives of residents.

-The councils get their authority from the Minister of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development.

-Every by-law made by the councils should be approved by the ministry.

-Urban councils are responsible for all the water functions for the city people.

-They are also responsible for all dumping sites and waste in cities.

-They are responsible for the control and prevention of the spread of any diseases in the cities

-They also control the housing facilities, the recreational facilities, learning institutions, libraries among

other things.

-Rural councils provide land for resettlement

-provide transport, health and educational facilities.

-they also provide other services under their jurisdiction.

30
-Rural councils are led by a Chief Executive Officer from the ministry.

ASSESSEMENT 3
1. List the four pre-colonial states of Zimbabwe.
________________________________________

2. Why were the four pre-colonial states called kingdoms?

__________________________________________

3. Write the four leaders of the four pre-colonial states.

_____________________________________
_________________________________________
___________________________________________
_________________________________________________

4. Tribute is
_____________________________________________________

5. Where did the Ndebele come from?

_________________________________________________________

6. What was the social structure of the Ndebele state?

__________________________________________________________________

7. Who were the first group of Europeans to make contact with the indigenous people of
Zimbabwe?
_____________________________________________________________________

8. What was the role of the missionaries in Zimbabwe before colonisation?

_____________________________________________________________________

9. Which ruler killed people for converting to Christianity?

_____________________________________________________________________

10. Which King converted to Christianity?

________________________________________________________________________

31
 11. Who was the owner of the British South African Company?
_________________________________________________________

12. State two missions that were built in Zimbabwe before colonisation?
_________________________________________________________________

13. Who was given mining rights in Zimbabwe?

___________________________________________________________________

14. What did the Mutapa use for trade with the Portuguese?
_____________________________________________________________________

15. List goods which the people in the Mutapa kingdom got from trading with the Portuguese?
___________________________________________________________

16. -----was Lobengula’s father.

__________________________________________________

17. What are local governments?

____________________________________________________

18. List four roles of the urban councils in the community.

______________________________________________________

19. List three roles of rural councils.

__________________________________________________________

20. Which Ndebele king was cheated into signing the Rudd Concession?
__________________________________________________________________

21. What attracted white people to Zimbabwe?

____________________________________________

22. Traditional courts include

___________________________________
___________________________________
______________________________________

32
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

33
Human Body
Digestion is the breaking down food to simple food substances that can be absorbed by the blood.

Parts of the digestive system

Mouth with teeth
Stomach
Duodenum
Small intestines
Large intestines

Functions of the parts of the digestive system

Mouth-
Digestion of food begins in the mouth.
Food is chewed in the mouth. There is a chemical called salivary amylase that can breakdown or digest
cooked starch into simpler substance called maltose. Salivary amylase is an enzyme. Enzymes are
chemicals that help in digesting food. As food is chewed it is mixed with saliva. Saliva softens and wets
the food. The food is pushed by the tongue into the throat or food pipe known as the oesophagus

Stomach

34
food is digested into watery liquid by juices found in the stomach called gastric juices. The juices also
help to kill the germs in the food. Gastric juices contain hydrochloric acid and some enzymes which kill
bacteria in the stomach. The enzymes found in the stomach will help digest protein from foods such as
milk and meat to simple substances called peptides.

Duodenum
from the stomach food enters the duodenum. In the duodenum food is mixed with pancreatic juice and
bile. Pancreatic juice comes from the pancreas. Bile is a fluid that helps digestion.

Small intestines
the final stage of digestion takes place in the small intestines. The liver, pancreas and gall bladder
secrete juices into the small intestines. To secrete is to produce fluids for example saliva. Enzymes in the
small intestines change all the proteins to amino acids. Starch and maltose are changed to glucose. The
amino acids and glucose are absorbed into the blood vessels that are found inside the intestines. Blood
carries the food to the rest of the body.

Large intestines
Undigested food left in the small intestines is passed to the large intestines. The large intestines absorbs
water from the waste. The waste goes to the rectum from the large intestines and passed out of the
body through the anus as faeces.

ASSESSMENT 1
1. Name the parts of the digestive system
________________________
________________________
________________________
_________________________
________________________.
2. Teeth help to
______________________________________________________
35
 3. The digestive juice found in the mouth is called
______________________________________________________

4. The chemical that helps to digest food in the digestive system is called
____________________________________________________________

5. After digestion amino acids and glucose are

__________________________________________________________________

6. Proteins are needed by the body for

_______________________________________________________________________

7. Name two major sources of proteins.

_______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

8. Starch when digested in the mouth it becomes a simple substance called

_________________________________________________________________________

9. The digestive juice found in the stomach is called

__________________________________________________________________________________

Nutrition
Eating disorders
Eating disorders are unhealthy eating habits that result in diseases, unwellness and even death.
Obesity-caused by an eating disorder that results from eating too much food. Obesity is growing too fat
due to eating too much food. Over eating can cause people to be overweight.
Anorexia-starving oneself in order to look thin.
Bulimia-over eating and then forcing oneself to vomit the food.
Importance of proper eating habits
-allows proper digestion of food
-keeps your body healthy and fit
-boosts your immunity to fight diseases

36
-prevents one from diseases
-gives you energy to work

Deficiency diseases
If your body lacks all the food nutrients required you will suffer deficiency diseases.

Nutritional deficiency diseases

-A nutritional deficiency disease is a disease that has been caused by a shortage of an important food
nutrient in the body.

Deficiency diseases
1.Kwashiorkor
Symtoms
-slow growth
-wasting away of muscles
-swollen tummy
-swollen legs and feet
-rusty hair colour
-depigmented skin
Sources of nutrient
-chicken -beans -eggs -fish -milk

2. Scurvy
Nutrient lacking -Vitamin C
Symptoms
-swelling and bleeding gums
-sores on lips
Sources
-vegetables not overcooked

37
-citrus fruits
-raw cabbage
-fresh fruits
-black currants
-pepper

3. Rickets
Vitamin D
Symptoms
-bended legs
Source
- sunshine
-margarine

4 .Night blindness
Vitamin A
Symptoms
-dry eyes
-blurred vision
Sources
-carrots, milk
-avocado, paw-paw
-spinach, eggs
-maize, fish

5.Marasmus
Severe lack of food
Symptoms
-severe loss of weight
-loss of muscles

38
-dry and brittle hair
-chronic diarrhoea
-respiratory infections
-slow growth in children

Source
-balanced diet

6.Goitre
Iodine
Symptoms
-swelling of the thyroid gland
-coughing
-hoarseness in voice when speaking
Sources
-eating foods rich in iodine like: lemon
-fish -milk -lettuce -cereals -eating iodised salt

7.Beri-beri
Vitamin B1(also called thiamine)
Symptoms
-loss of appetite
-weakness-swollen legs
-mental confusion
-tingling or loss of feeling in the feet and hands
Sources of nutrient
-whole wheat brown bread
-oats
-nuts

ASSESSMENT 2
39
 1. Which eating disorder is caused by over eating?
__________________________________________________________________

2. __________________ is an eating disorder caused by starving one’s self so as to lose weight.

3. Whenever Maggie gets excited she eats a lot of food. After that she forces herself to vomit the
food. What type of eating disorder is she suffering from?
_______________________________________________________________

4. Nutritional deficiency is a condition whereby

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. A balanced diet is a diet which contains

_____________________________________________________________________________________

6. A child whose diet lacks proteins will suffer from a nutritional deficiency disease known as
_____________________________________________________________________________________

7. A major source of vitamin D is

____________________________________________________________________________

8. A person whose diet lacks vitamin A will suffer from

___________________________________________________________________________________

9. Iodised salt is salt which contains

___________________________________________________________

Diseases and prevention

Harmful gut worms
-Gut worms are parasites.
-Parasites are organisms that depend on food that has been eaten by other organisms.
-Gut worms live in the gut also known as intestines
Examples of gut worms

40
.tape worms
.round worms
.flukes

Symptoms of gut worm infection

People infected with gut worms become hungry soon after eating food
They often suffer from diarrhoea
They suffer from abdominal pains
They often vomit
Have severe weight loss
Blood stained faeces
Slow or stunted growth in children
Loss of appetite
How gut worms enter the body
Through eating contaminated uncooked food or under cooked food
Drinking untreated water
Eating unwashed raw fruits and vegetables
Eating food with unwashed hands

Ways of controlling gut worm infection

Eating properly cooked food
Always wash hands thoroughly in clean water before eating
Wash fruits thoroughly in clean water before eating
Avoid using bush toilets
Repair burst sewage pipes
Improve hygiene conditions

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

-STIs are diseases that can be spread from one person to another through sexual intercourse.
-The most common STIs are Gonorrhoea and Syphilis
How STIs spread
-through unprotected sexual contact
41
-Both Gonorrhoea and Syphilis are bacteria diseases

Effects of STIs
STIs
Effects
Gonorrhoea
-irritation when passing urine
-burning sensation when passing out urine
-pus droplets come out through sexual organs
- sores and wounds develop on sexual organs

Syphilis
-painless sore develops on the sexual organs
-rush on the skin
-brain damage

Preventive measures
Abstain from sex before marriage
Stick to one faithful partner after getting married
Avoid having unprotected sexual intercourse
Proper use of condoms
Avoid many sexual partners
Get treatment early
HIV/AIDS
-Caused by a virus called the Human Immuno deficiency Virus.
-to find out whether one is infected by HIV one has to be tested
-People having HIV virus are said to be HIV positive.

Ways of getting HIV

Having unprotected sex with an infected person
Sharing razor blades, needles and syringes with an infected person.
Getting in contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of someone infected
42
Mothers can pass on the virus to their unborn child
Mothers through breast feeding.

Effects of HIV/AIDS
HIV virus weakens the body’s ability to fight diseases
Destroys the cells in the body that help to fight against diseases.
Infected is easily attacked by diseases such as tuberculosis, cancer, pneumonia and other opportunistic
diseases
-Opportunistic diseases are diseases that find it easier to infect a person who is weak.

Prevention of HIV
Avoid sex before marriage
After getting married stick to one faithful partner
Get tested for HIV before getting married
Proper use of condoms
Avoid sharing sharp objects
-avoid getting in contact with other people’s blood

Safety
-Burns are injuries that can cause damage to the skin.
-Burns can be caused by:
. Fires from burning fuels
. Chemicals
.hot or boiling liquids

Safety measures to be implemented to prevent burns

-keep children out of the kitchen
-turn pot handles towards the stove
-have a fire extinguisher always
-keep sand tins close
-keep matches and lighters away from children
-extinguish candles before going to bed

43
-keep gas tanks out of children’s reach
-have smoke detections
First aid on burns
DO:
-put on gloves, remove shoes and all clothing from the injured person.
-lie the injured person down comfortably
-douse the burnt part with cold water to reduce pain
-cover the injured part with a disinfectant dressing
DO NOT:
-apply ice to the burnt part
-touch burnt parts unnecessarily
-burst blisters
-apply lotions, fat or Vaseline

ASSESSMENT 3
1. Gut worms are
__________________________________________________

2. Parasites can be described as organisms which

________________________________________________________

3. Gut worms live in

____________________________________________________________

4. Which gut worm lives in the intestines of people

____________________________________________________________________

5. State any two symptoms of gut worms.

______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

6. List any 3 ways of preventing gut worms.

______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
44
_________________________________________________________________

7. Sexually Transmitted Infections are diseases that can spread through

______________________________________________________________________

8. Give two examples of sexually transmitted infections.

_______________________________________________________________________

9. Having protected sex means

__________________________________________________

10. Abstaining from sex means that you are

____________________________________________________________________________
11. What are the signs that show you that you have been infected by the following sexually
transmitted infections:
a)Syphilis
b) Gonorrhoea

12. List 4 ways that can be used in order to control the spread of sexually transmitted infections.

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

13. HIV/AIDS is caused by

___________________________________________

14. The HIV virus can be spread through

__________________________________________________

15. The HIV virus can never be spread through

___________________________________________________

16. An HIV positive person is one who

____________________________________________________________

17. List three activities that can cause the spread of HIV virus.

____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
45
 _____________________________________________________

18. List two opportunistic diseases that can attack people who have HIV infection.

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

19. What three things can you do to prevent getting infected by the HIV virus?

______________________________________________
___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

20. What is used to put out fires?

_____________________________________________________________

21. What two things are you supposed to do to someone who has burns?

_______________________________________________________

22. What are three don’ts to someone who has burns?

_______________________________________
___________________________________________
________________________________________________

25. List four types of burns.

_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

46
Mathematics
47
1. Write the following numbers in words

a] 12 000 b] 17 325 c] 6 005 d] 1250

2. Expand the following numbers

a] 3 245 = 3000+200+40+5

b] 42 320 =

c] 15 720 =

d] 25 814 =

3. Write the following in descending and ascending order

48
a] 4 999 4 900 4 899 4 009

b] 6 365 7 294 3 019 8 146

c] 51 242 50 000 6 000 70 000

4. Copy and complete using < /> / =

a] 3 000 [ ] 31 000

b] 10 000 [ ] 1 000 + 1

c] 2 989 [ ] 2 899

d] 9 101 [ ] 9 000 + 100 + 1

e] 5 130 [ ] 5 009 + 3 000 +10

5. What is the value of the underlined digit

a] 8 729

b] 75 883

c] 10 234

d] 47 384

e] 14 322

6. Round off to the nearest ten

a. 1 244
49
b. 2 386

c. 1 577

d. 2 894

7. Round off to the nearest 100

a. 166

b. 299

c. 344

d. 572

8. Round off to the nearest 1 000

a. 7 253

b. 8 586

c. 6 084

d. 1 266

9. Round off to the nearest 10 000

a. 17 482

b. 26 009

c. 94 755

d. 66 981

10.

50
 ////////////////////////////

/////////////////////////////

///////////////////////////

/////////////////////////////

i] What fraction is shaded?

ii] What fraction is not shaded?

iii] Reduce the shaded fraction to its lowest term

11. Compare

a. ½ [ ] ²/5 b. ⅔ [ ] ⅞ c. ³/5 [ ] ¾

d. ½ [ ] ⅝ e. ⅞ [ ] ²/10 f. ⅝ [ ] ⅔

12. Simplify these fractions to their lowest terms

a. 15/20 b. 13/26 c. 25/75

d. 75/100 e. 21/35 f. 6/10

13. Write the following improper fractions as mixed numbers

a. 13/4 b. 54/4 c. 32/5

d. 27/4 e. 20/7 f. 19/5

51
52