ComProg TermPaper

11
BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES 1
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Digital Technology’s Impact on

Globalization
Bacacao, Jerald, Eyog
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Year&Section: 1ST Year – 12019
Computer Programming
Proffessor: Sir Emerson Gelera
S.Y. 2022-2023

22
Digitals Technology’s Impact on Globalization
ABSTRACT
Every day, we wake up with new things in our lives. They are
mostly about politics and economics but there is also one thing that
completely affect all of these study areas. It is technology. Technology is
one of the most important factors which shapes countries’s identities not
only politically but also economically and culturally. Technological
progress plays key role on improvements in income levels and standard
of living. One of the main dynamics that technology has intense
relationship with is Globalization.With the rise of capitalism, information
technologies , innovation, integration of economies through financial flows
show us this proximity between them. In this globalized world,
digitalization and digital transformation are getting hit as main bodies of
technology. For example; human-like robots,artificial intelligence, robot
dogs are most important ones of new industry age which is called
Globalization 4.0 or Industry 4.0. There are also positive and negative
impacts of this technology in our daily lives. In this article, I will try to
focus on advantages and disadvantages to live in the area of Fourth
Industrial Revolution in terms of relationship between technology, social
life and globalization.
This article explores how globalization affects the uptake of digital

technologies. The purpose of the article is to make clear how
globalization affects the adoption of new technology. We use country-
level data from the globalization index (KOF), digital adoption index (DAI),
global competitiveness index (GDI), and total factor productivity (TFP) on
183 countries using cutting-edge panel data modelling. Empirical data
show that globalization has a significant influence on how soon
technology are embraced globally. The study's results show that
globalization benefits technology transfers and spillovers, especially when
using digital technology. Digital technologies are being acquired by
nations undergoing significant technological change at an increasing rate.
Data from our study is based on a worldwide perspective, with a big
sample of 183 countries that account for about 80% of the total. In recent
years, the world has witnessed the rise of multiple specific digital
technologies, including online trade platforms, robotics, artificial
intelligence (AI), 3D printing, cloud computing, blockchain, and financial
technology (fintech). These digital technologies are fundamentally

33
transforming the ways that firms and individuals — as both workers and
consumers — communicate, search, trade, and invest. They are also
substantially changing how governments design and implement trade and
investment policies and programs and, in so doing, how they interact with
firms, individuals, and each other. This paper reviews the growing
empirical literature on the trade, investment, and broader development
effects of the adoption of specific digital technologies. It also describes
the policy applications of these technologies and discusses the incipient
empirical literature on the impacts thereof. Based on this review, it
identifies several open questions and avenues of future research that
may be useful for deepening our understanding of digital technologies
and their policy implications.
INTRODUCTION
A general term, globalization refers to how the world has become

more connected economically, politically, socially, and culturally over
time. In this general sense, its roots go back to the era of agrarian
societies as empires expanded and trade networks grew. Globalization is
the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border
trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people,
and information.
Thus, globalization can be defined as the stretching of economic,

political, and social relationships in space and time. A manufacturer
assembling a product for a distant market, a country submitting to
international law, and a language adopting a foreign loanword are all
examples of globalization. Some argue that globalization as a
phenomenon began with the earliest human migratory routes, or with
Genghis Khan's invasions, or travel across the Silk Road. 2 Conquering
empires throughout history resulted in the sharing of ideas, mixing of
cultures and people, and trade across those conquered lands. Levitt first
used “globalization” in a 1983 Harvard Business Review article about the
emergence of standardized, low-priced consumer products. He defined

44
the term as the changes in social behaviors and technology that allowed
companies to sell the same products around the world.
Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the

result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes. It
includes machines (like computers) but also techniques and processes
(like the way we produce computer chips). It might seem like all
technology is only electronic, but that's just most modern technology.
Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving
practical goals in a reproducible way. The word technology can also
mean the products resulting from such efforts, including both
tangible tools such as utensils or machines, and intangible ones such
as software. Technology plays a critical role in science, engineering,
and everyday life.
Technological advancements have led to significant changes in society.

The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used during prehistoric
times, followed by the control of fire, which contributed to the growth of
the human brain and the development of language during the Ice Age.
The invention of the wheel in the Bronze Age allowed greater travel and
the creation of more complex machines. More recent technological
inventions, including the printing press, telephone, and the Internet, have
lowered barriers to communication and ushered in the knowledge
economy.
While technology contributes to economic development and improves

human prosperity, it can also have negative impacts
like pollution and resource depletion, and can cause social harms
like technological unemployment resulting from automation. As a result,
there are ongoing philosophical and political debates about the role and
use of technology, the ethics of technology, and ways to mitigate its
downsides. Technology is a term dating back to the early 17th
century that meant 'systematic treatment' (from Greek Τεχνολογία, from
the Greek: τέχνη, romanized: tékhnē, lit. 'craft, art' and -λογία, 'study,
knowledge'). It is predated in use by the Ancient Greek word tékhnē, used
to mean 'knowledge of how to make things', which encompassed
activities like architecture.
Starting in the 19th century, continental Europeans started using the

terms Technik (German) or technique (French) to refer to a 'way of doing',
which included all technical arts, such as dancing, navigation, or printing,

55
whether or not they required tools or instruments. At the

time, Technologie (German and French) referred either to the academic
discipline studying the "methods of arts and crafts", or to the political
discipline "intended to legislate on the functions of the arts and
crafts. Since the distinction between Technik and Technologie is absent
in English, both were translated as technology. The term was previously
uncommon in English and mostly referred to the academic discipline, as
in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
In the 20th century, as a result of scientific progress and the Second

Industrial Revolution, technology stopped being considered a distinct
academic discipline and took on its current-day meaning: the systemic
use of knowledge to practical ends.
Digital technologies are electronic tools, systems, devices and

resources that generate, store or process data. Well known examples
include social media, online games, multimedia and mobile phones.
American engineers began developing digital technology in the mid-
twentieth century. Their techniques were based on mathematical
concepts suggested by the seventeenth-century German mathematician,
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who proposed a binary computing system. It is
a new type of computing machine (compared to analogue machines)
which used data represented as discrete digits e.g. B = 01100010. Being
composed of such digits, this data was hence called digital. 1937:
Computer Iowa State mathematician and physicist John Atanasoff
designed the first electronic digital computer.
Throughout history, the foundation of growth in the economy has

consistently transformed and altered key variables. Industrial growth,
modernization, and economic prosperity fueled progress following WW2.
Up to the 1970s, the growth was characterized by a rise in workforce
productivity due to institutional reform and technological advancement. Oil
price shock and the change of underdeveloped countries prompted
catchups to the industrialized world.
From the late 1970s through the 2000s, reduced inflation and
development unpredictability prompted governments to trust in
considerable moderation. With the digital technology boom and the fourth
industrial transformation at the start of the century, the 2008 economic

66
catastrophe compelled individuals to reevaluate growth programs to

become increasingly goal oriented. Digital technology emerged as the
driving factor underpinning the fourth industrial revolution, directing
economic growth in the contemporary economy. This research examines
the effect globalization has faced worldwide relating to the adoption rate
of modern technology. This paper investigates the primary factors of
digital technology transfer to demonstrate globalization's significance as
an overspill element. This article will analyze nation-level statistics using
the digital adoption index, KOF globalization index, and global
competitiveness index for a group of African, European, and North
American countries to extract the globalization effect.
The globalization cycle stimulates innovative thinking and speeds

the diffusion of technologies. Given the abundance of statistics on digital
technology consumption, a randomized panel model is used in this article.
Examining the link between transparency and technological acquisition,
Fatima (2017) used organizational-level data from over 25 industrialized
and developing nations. The above researcher found that Foreign direct
investment (FDI) is much less likely to develop than local firms, especially
in procedural innovations. Globalization gives a unique chance to transmit
knowledge; however, this hardly favors all countries and institutions. Min
and coworkers (2018) demonstrated that the choice to embrace or reject
certain technical remedies or breakthroughs is diffuse and complex.
Marak et al. (2019) examined the acquisition and diffusion concept and
identified several elements that impact an individual's decision to
embrace technologies. Due to the complexity of current digital
technology, methods for adopting new technologies evolve rapidly. Marak
et al. (2019) noted that technology integration is a complicated
developmental and societal phenomenon that depends on the person's
perspective. With the transmission of international information,
globalization enhances technological adoption, improving worldwide
competitiveness.
The significance of globalization in technological adoption
development remains unclear, and scientific data is lacking worldwide.

This research attempts to determine the significance of globalization
regarding digital technology diffusion and implementation. Employing data
from European, North American, and African nations, this research
provided information concerning nations and groups of nations and

77
information on a global basis. This research tries to demonstrate the

effect of international adoption percentages of modern technologies on
globalization by utilizing a randomized panel data framework.
Globalization's financial, sociological, and geopolitical elements vary per
country, which influence the rate of technological adoption. The above
justifies the application of the randomized model in this investigation.
This study investigates the practical connection connecting

digitalization and globalization to determine their causative linkages.
According to the findings of this research, globalization remains an
essential but insufficient prerequisite enabling digital technology adoption.
The pace of the latest technology adoption increases as globalization
increases. In accelerating a country's economic adoption of digital
technologies, authorities should increase the globalization index,
generating knowledge and economic flow.

88
LITERATURE REVIEW
There seems to be a vast

amount of literature on
mechanisms and factors
of new tech
uptake. Lopez-Martin
and Perez-Reyna (2021)
created a controllable
methodology for
studying
the influence of contract
terms insufficiency and
technical

99
interrelatedness on the
steady-state
technological option.
The authors observed
that, in certain industries
with more
complementing
intermediary supplies,
insufficiency on digital
technology adoption is
much more substantial.
Adani (2017) evaluated

1010
enterprises' motives for

implementing cost-
cutting innovations
across multiple
commodities market
rivals in a fundamentally
distinct sector.
The authors argued that
the price of purchasing
modern technology and
its efficiency is never
inherent but rely on the
ultimate rating result.

1111
Earlier investigations
have shown the disparity
between individuals'
adoption versus that
of enterprises (Huda,
2019). They regard
technology acceptance
as the deed of an
individual,
corporation, or external
informant's initial
utilization of modern

1212
technology. Technology
may
refer to innovative new
goods, processes, or
administration in such a
setting. Utilizing cases
from
Technology acquisition,
the writers underlined
the importance of
expenses, benefits,
communications
infrastructure, and

1313
complicated aspects of
integrating emerging
innovations.
Sadik-Zada et al. (2022)
indicated that strong
organizations with lower
adaptation expenditures
are associated with high
disposable incomes. The
theory reveals that
technology adoption's
entire

1414
expenses, transportation,
and administrative
expenses influence
whether a place is
modernized.
The relationships
underlying digital tech
adoption decisions and
globalization apply to
the nation's openness to
international investors,
companies' admission,
advanced technologies,

1515
and information
exchange. Min et al.
(2018) analyzed the
and diffusion
hypothesis and
discovered various
elements that determine
if or not an individual
adopts a
digital innovation.
Marak et al. (2019)
found that the choice to

1616
embrace or refuse
certain
8
technical remedies and
improvements is
diffused and
unpredictable. Another
study analyzed
corporate information
from over 25
industrialized and
developing nations to
evaluate the
1717
association between
accessibility and digital
tech adoption (Fatima,
2017). Especially
concerning
innovativeness, FDI is
much less innovative
than local investments.
Globalization provides a
unique chance to
transmit knowledge,
although not many

1818
countries and businesses

will
necessarily gain through
globalization (Fatima,
2017). Piana et al.
(2018) concluded that
family-
owned enterprises in this
context depend on
multiple organizational
adaptation components
to

1919
steer them beyond

longevity. Such
superiority is often not
mirrored in
industrialized
economies,
where trustworthiness is
higher, organizations are
stronger, and
competitiveness seems
fiercer.
The adoption
preparedness of

2020
technology varies across

family-owned and non-
family
enterprises. Kim et al.
(2020) offer an advance
to theory by
demonstrating that the
inclination to
utilize technologies
affects the behavioral
aspect of people the
following adoption.
According to

2121
the scientific findings,

every factor of
technological
preparedness has a
considerably varied
impact on client
conduct. A character
significantly affects
technology acceptance,
but peer
conditioning also seems
to be a major role.
Olschewski et al. (2018)

2222
investigated the
relationship
between technological
preparedness and
interpersonal impact in
adopting collaborative
systems.
The authors explored the
influence of such
elements on
digitalization and their
readjustment

2323
above conventional
adoption studies, which
centered on early
technology acceptance.
From the
perspective of human
adoption of
collaborative tools, they
found that interpersonal
impact
trumps technical
preparedness and
conventional adoption

2424
indicators. Takahashi et
al. (2019)
investigated the
variables that impact
technology adoption and
resource distribution.
Mentioned
were monetary and non-
monetary benefits from
adoption, training and
interpersonal learning,
technology
inefficiencies, scale

2525
economies, training,
debt restrictions,
dangers and insufficient
9
insurance, and
departures from
standards of behavior
predicted by basic
reasoning frameworks.
The authors deemed
emerging technologies'
adoption and effective

2626
application to be vital
aspects
underlying the
development cycle, with
learning serving a major
function.
Additional research has
examined the
relationship between
entrance obstacles and
technological adoption
(Villoria, 2019). The

2727
authors discovered that a

13 % improvement in
overall manufacturing
output and a 28 % rise in
overall non-agricultural
productivity levels
resulted from lowering
the entrance price from
the median value of the
world's bottom 29.5 %
to
the threshold of the
United States.

2828
Preservation and
commercial advocacy
impede the acceptance
of new technologies,
hindering worker output
and socioeconomic
progress. Huda (2019)
has
analyzed the impact of
the tactical adoption of
corporations' technology
through indigenous

2929
firms on transferring
digital technology
influences. The author
adds that, following
native
product standards, local
businesses are
prohibited from
adopting ubiquitous
technologies to
prevent rivalry with big
corporations in the
regional marketplace. In

3030
accelerating the
successful
in small and medium-
sized enterprises, the
technological adaptation
procedure in family-
owned companies
requires a defined digital
innovation paradigm
(Piana et
al., 2018). Delayed
adoption of technology

3131
necessitates perspectives
on innovation, corporate
identity, market
ingenuity, and the
characteristics of the
primary users
(Olschewski et al.,
2018).
Marketing, promotion,
organizational
innovations, and product
creation are the key
engines of

3232
digitalization in small
and medium-sized
businesses (Eze et al.,
2021).
This report concludes a
large disparity between
the literature concerning
globalization
and digital technology
implementation and
comparable technology
adoption studies. For

3333
instance, Fatima (2017)

observed that
globalization might
discourage the
innovative initiatives of
regional businesses.
Regional businesses are
compelled to create via
products and processes
of new tech

3434
methodology for
studying
technical
steady-state

3535
with more
complementing
implementing cost-
cutting innovations
across multiple
commodities market

3636
distinct sector.

3737
2019). They regard
as the deed of an
individual,
informant's initial
may

3838

from
the importance of
expenses, benefits,
communications
infrastructure, and
innovations.

3939

theory reveals that
entire
and administrative
expenses influence
whether a place is
modernized.

4040
The relationships
and information
(2018) analyzed the
and diffusion

4141
hypothesis and
discovered various
adopts a
digital innovation.
Marak et al. (2019)
embrace or refuse
certain
8
improvements is
4242
diffused and
study analyzed
from over 25
industrialized and
evaluate the
association between
2017). Especially
concerning

4343
unique chance to
transmit knowledge,
although not many
will
2017). Piana et al.

4444

family-
context depend on
to
steer them beyond
longevity. Such
mirrored in
industrialized
economies,

4545
stronger, and
fiercer.
The adoption
preparedness of
family
to theory by

4646

inclination to
following adoption.
According to
every factor of
technological
preparedness has a
considerably varied

4747
impact on client
but peer
to be a major role.
investigated the
relationship
preparedness and

4848
systems.
influence of such
elements on
readjustment
above conventional
centered on early
From the

4949
adoption of
impact
trumps technical
preparedness and
al. (2019)
investigated the

5050
Mentioned
technology
debt restrictions,
9

5151
insurance, and
departures from
predicted by basic
The authors deemed
aspects
underlying the

5252

function.
examined the
13 % improvement in

5353
productivity levels
to
United States.
Preservation and
commercial advocacy

5454
and socioeconomic
has
through indigenous
digital technology

5555

native
businesses are
prohibited from
adopting ubiquitous
technologies to
corporations in the
accelerating the
successful

5656
owned companies
innovation paradigm
(Piana et
al., 2018). Delayed

5757
identity, market
ingenuity, and the
primary users
(Olschewski et al.,
2018).
organizational
engines of
and medium-sized

5858

2021).
globalization
implementation and
observed that
globalization might

5959
discourage the
of new tech

6060
methodology for
studying
technical
steady-state
with more
complementing

6161
implementing cost-
cutting innovations
across multiple
commodities market
distinct sector.

6262

2019). They regard

6363
as the deed of an
individual,
informant's initial
may
from

6464
the importance of
expenses, benefits,
communications
infrastructure, and
innovations.

6565

theory reveals that
entire
and administrative
expenses influence
whether a place is
modernized.
The relationships

6666

and information
(2018) analyzed the
and diffusion
hypothesis and
discovered various

6767

adopts a
digital innovation.
Marak et al. (2019)
embrace or refuse
certain
8
improvements is
diffused and

6868
study analyzed
from over 25
industrialized and
evaluate the
association between
2017). Especially
concerning

6969
unique chance to
transmit knowledge,
although not many
will
2017). Piana et al.

7070

family-
context depend on
to
steer them beyond
longevity. Such
mirrored in
industrialized
economies,

7171
stronger, and
fiercer.
The adoption
preparedness of
family
to theory by

7272

inclination to
following adoption.
According to
every factor of
technological
preparedness has a
considerably varied

7373
impact on client
but peer
to be a major role.
investigated the
relationship
preparedness and

7474
systems.
influence of such
elements on
readjustment
above conventional
centered on early
From the

7575
adoption of
impact
trumps technical
preparedness and
al. (2019)
investigated the

7676
Mentioned
technology
debt restrictions,
9

7777
insurance, and
departures from
predicted by basic
The authors deemed
aspects
underlying the

7878

function.
examined the
13 % improvement in

7979
productivity levels
to
United States.
Preservation and
commercial advocacy

8080
and socioeconomic
has
through indigenous
digital technology

8181

native
businesses are
prohibited from
adopting ubiquitous
technologies to
corporations in the
accelerating the
successful

8282
owned companies
innovation paradigm
(Piana et
al., 2018). Delayed

8383
identity, market
ingenuity, and the
primary users
(Olschewski et al.,
2018).
organizational
engines of
and medium-sized

8484

2021).
globalization
implementation and
observed that
globalization might

8585
discourage the
of new tech

8686
methodology for
studying
technical
steady-state
with more
complementing

8787
implementing cost-
cutting innovations
across multiple
commodities market
distinct sector.

8888

2019). They regard

8989
as the deed of an
individual,
informant's initial
may
from

9090
the importance of
expenses, benefits,
communications
infrastructure, and
innovations.

9191

theory reveals that
entire
and administrative
expenses influence
whether a place is
modernized.
The relationships

9292

and information
(2018) analyzed the
and diffusion
hypothesis and
discovered various

9393

adopts a
digital innovation.
Marak et al. (2019)
embrace or refuse
certain
8
improvements is
diffused and

9494
study analyzed
from over 25
industrialized and
evaluate the
association between
2017). Especially
concerning

9595
unique chance to
transmit knowledge,
although not many
will
2017). Piana et al.

9696

family-
context depend on
to
steer them beyond
longevity. Such
mirrored in
industrialized
economies,

9797
stronger, and
fiercer.
The adoption
preparedness of
family
to theory by

9898

inclination to
following adoption.
According to
every factor of
technological
preparedness has a
considerably varied

9999
impact on client
but peer
to be a major role.
investigated the
relationship
preparedness and

100100
systems.
influence of such
elements on
readjustment
above conventional
centered on early
From the

101101
adoption of
impact
trumps technical
preparedness and
al. (2019)
investigated the

102102
Mentioned
technology
debt restrictions,
9

103103
insurance, and
departures from
predicted by basic
The authors deemed
aspects
underlying the

104104

function.
examined the
13 % improvement in

105105
productivity levels
to
United States.
Preservation and
commercial advocacy

106106
and socioeconomic
has
through indigenous
digital technology

107107

native
businesses are
prohibited from
adopting ubiquitous
technologies to
corporations in the
accelerating the
successful

108108
owned companies
innovation paradigm
(Piana et
al., 2018). Delayed

109109
identity, market
ingenuity, and the
primary users
(Olschewski et al.,
2018).
organizational
engines of
and medium-sized

110110

2021).
globalization
implementation and
observed that
globalization might

111111
discourage the
of new tech

112112
methodology for
studying
technical
steady-state
The aut
This report uses data
from Europe, Africa,
and North America to
examine the influence of

113113
digital technology on
globalization. The
parameters for the study
are the DAI index, the
KOF
index, and the GCI
index, which the
researcher located in
online government
databases (Gygli et
al., 2019; The World
Bank, 2019; The World

114114
Bank, 2022). First, the

DAI refers to the digital
adoption indicator,
which measures the
digital engagement of a
nation along with
multiple
domains. The indicator
comprises a mix of
Economic system =
Businesses + Population
+

115115
Authorities for more

than 180 nations (The
World Bank,
Divergences in technology adoption lead to differences in
productivity and economic growth (International Monetary Fund, 2018).
There is a sizable corpus of research on technology adoption models and
factors. A manageable framework was created by Acemoglu, Antràs, and
Helpman (2007) to examine how technological complementarities and
contractual incompleteness affect the equilibrium technology choice.
The authors discovered that the impact of contractual

incompleteness on technology adoption is more pronounced in those
industries with more complementary intermediate inputs. In a horizontally
distinct business with two alternative commodities market rivals, Cournot
and Bertrand, Dastidar (2015) examined how enterprises were motivated
to use cost-cutting technology. According to the authors, the price of
purchasing new technology and its quality are not exogenous but rather
rely on the outcome of the equilibrium scoring auction. They define
technology adoption as the act of a person, company, or other actor using
new technology for the first time. In this setting, technology may indicate
ground-breaking new goods, services, or management. The writers
emphasised the importance of prices, benefits, communication networks,
and complicated issues while implementing new technology by using
examples from IT adoption. According to a Sadik (2008) study, high per
capita wealth is correlated with strong institutions that lower adoption
costs. The model demonstrates that whether an area is industrialised or
not depends on the whole costs of introducing technology, including
institutional and transportation expenses.
There seems to be a vast amount of literature on mechanisms and

factors of new tech uptake. Lopez-Martin and Perez-Reyna (2021)
created a controllable methodology for studying the influence of contract
terms insufficiency and technical interrelatedness on the steady-state
technological option. The authors observed that, in certain industries with
more complementing intermediary supplies, the influence of contract

116116
insufficiency on digital technology adoption is much more substantial.

Adani (2017) evaluated enterprises' motives for implementing costcutting
innovations across multiple commodities market rivals in a fundamentally
distinct sector. The authors argued that the price of purchasing modern
technology and its efficiency is never inherent but rely on the ultimate
rating result.
Earlier investigations have shown the disparity between individuals'

adoption versus that of enterprises (Huda, 2019). They regard technology
acceptance as the deed of an individual, corporation, or external
informant's initial utilization of modern technology. Technology may refer
to innovative new goods, processes, or administration in such a setting.
Utilizing cases from Technology acquisition, the writers underlined the
importance of expenses, benefits, communications infrastructure, and
complicated aspects of integrating emerging innovations. Sadik-Zada et
al. (2022) indicated that strong organizations with lower adaptation
expenditures are associated with high disposable incomes. The theory
reveals that technology adoption's entire expenses, transportation, and
administrative expenses influence whether a place is modernized.
The relationships underlying digital tech adoption decisions and

globalization apply to the nation's openness to international investors,
companies' admission, advanced technologies, and information
exchange. Min et al. (2018) analyzed the technology acceptance and
diffusion hypothesis and discovered various elements that determine if or
not an individual adopts a digital innovation. Marak et al. (2019) found
that the choice to embrace or refuse certain technical remedies and
improvements is diffused and unpredictable. Another study analyzed
corporate information from over 25 industrialized and developing nations
to evaluate the association between accessibility and digital tech adoption
(Fatima, 2017). Especially concerning innovativeness, FDI is much less
innovative than local investments. Globalization provides a unique chance
to transmit knowledge, although not many countries and businesses will
necessarily gain through globalization (Fatima, 2017). Piana et al. (2018)
concluded that familyowned enterprises in this context depend on multiple
organizational adaptation components to steer them beyond longevity.
Such superiority is often not mirrored in industrialized economies, where
trustworthiness is higher, organizations are stronger, and competitiveness
seems fiercer.

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The adoption preparedness of technology varies across family-

owned and non-family enterprises. Kim et al. (2020) offer an advance to
theory by demonstrating that the inclination to utilize technologies affects
the behavioral aspect of people the following adoption. According to the
scientific findings, every factor of technological preparedness has a
considerably varied impact on client conduct. A character significantly
affects technology acceptance, but peer conditioning also seems to be a
major role. Olschewski et al. (2018) investigated the relationship between
technological preparedness and interpersonal impact in adopting
collaborative systems. The authors explored the influence of such
elements on digitalization and their readjustment above conventional
adoption studies, which centered on early technology acceptance. From
the perspective of human adoption of collaborative tools, they found that
interpersonal impact trumps technical preparedness and conventional
adoption indicators. Takahashi et al. (2019) investigated the variables that
impact technology adoption and resource distribution. Mentioned were
monetary and non-monetary benefits from adoption, training and
interpersonal learning, technology inefficiencies, scale economies,
training, debt restrictions, dangers and insufficient insurance, and
departures from standards of behavior predicted by basic reasoning
frameworks. The authors deemed emerging technologies' adoption and
effective application to be vital aspects underlying the development cycle,
with learning serving a major function.
Additional research has examined the relationship between

entrance obstacles and technological adoption (Villoria, 2019). The
authors discovered that a 13 % improvement in overall manufacturing
output and a 28 % rise in overall non-agricultural productivity levels
resulted from lowering the entrance price from the median value of the
world's bottom 29.5 % to the threshold of the United States. Preservation
and commercial advocacy impede the acceptance of new technologies,
hindering worker output and socioeconomic progress. Huda (2019) has
analyzed the impact of the tactical adoption of corporations' technology
through indigenous firms on transferring digital technology influences.
The author adds that, following native product standards, local
businesses are prohibited from adopting ubiquitous technologies to
prevent rivalry with big corporations in the regional marketplace. In
accelerating the successful technological adoption in small and medium-
sized enterprises, the technological adaptation procedure in family-owned
companies requires a defined digital innovation paradigm (Piana et al.,

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2018). Delayed adoption of technology necessitates perspectives on

innovation, corporate identity, market ingenuity, and the characteristics of
the primary users (Olschewski et al., 2018). Marketing, promotion,
organizational innovations, and product creation are the key engines of
digitalization in small and medium-sized businesses (Eze et al., 2021).
This report concludes a large disparity between the literature

concerning globalization and digital technology implementation and
comparable technology adoption studies. For instance, Fatima (2017)
observed that globalization might discourage the innovative initiatives of
regional businesses. Regional businesses are compelled to create via
products and processes innovations to remain competitive in the
marketplace. The primary factors of unrestricted innovation include digital
technology and globalization (Huda, 2019). Innovations driven by
globalization tend to become more focused on products than processes.
The impacts of innovation and knowledge overflow remain greater in
medium and top-half income nations than in low-income nations.
Emerging economies do not get the complete advantages of adopting
digital technologies. Additionally, Takahashi et al. (2019) evaluated the
obstacles related to implementing informational advances in
underdeveloped economies. The author discovered that insufficient
government regulations, infrastructures, and education and training lead
to obstacles in the transmission and use of computer technology.

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METHODOLOGY
This report uses data from Europe, Africa, and North America to
examine the influence of digital technology on globalization. The
parameters for the study are the DAI index, the KOF index, and the GCI
index, which the researcher located in online government databases
(Gygli et al., 2019; The World Bank, 2019; The World Bank, 2022). First,
the DAI refers to the digital adoption indicator, which measures the digital
engagement of a nation along with multiple domains. The indicator
comprises a mix of Economic system = Businesses + Population +
Authorities for more than 180 nations (The World Bank, 2022). KOF is a
globalization indicator that measures globalization's financial and
sociopolitical components (Gygli et al., 2019). The KOF globalization
indicator contains over 40 contributing causes, covering economic,
monetary, social, cultural, and governmental elements of globalization for
more than 200 nations. Thirdly, GCI refers to the global competitiveness
indicator, which measures the distance between a nation and the
competitiveness border (The World Bank, 2019). The index ranks over
100 factors from 0-to-100, covering establishments, infrastructures,
Technology penetration, economic sustainability, healthcare, education,
market structure, labor force, the banking industries, market shares,
corporate vitality, and innovation capabilities for over 140 nations.
This research examines the impact of digital technology on

globalization using data from Europe, Africa, and North America. In online
government databases, the researcher located the DAI index, KOF index,
and GCI index (Gygli et al., 2019; The World Bank, 2019; The World
Bank, 2022). The parameters of the study are based on these indices.
First, the DAI, or digital adoption indicator, measures how much a nation
participates in various digital domains. The World Bank 2022) combines
Economic system = Businesses + Population + Authorities for over 180
nations. Gygli et al. (2019) claim that the KOF globalisation index rates
the economic and social effects of globalisation. Over 40 contributing
factors that cover economic, monetary, social, cultural, and governmental
facets of globalisation are included in the KOF globalisation indicator for
more than 200 countries. Thirdly, the term "GCI" refers to the global
competitiveness indicator, which measures a nation's distance from the
competitiveness border (The World Bank, 2019). On a scale of 0 to 100,
the index rates more than 100 factors for more than 140 nations,
including institutions, infrastructures, technology adoption, economic

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sustainability, healthcare, education, market structure, labour force,

banking sectors, market shares, and corporate vitality. The researcher
employed panel data modelling to investigate the statistics. The
researcher might look at the global relationship between globalisation and
technology adoption from the standpoint of panel data analysis. By
avoiding naming specific countries or case studies, the a forementioned
prevents the potential bias of a time-series data approach. Because panel
data analysis needs a large number of statistics, there are only a few
countries that can be selected based solely on the availability of data on
digital penetration.
To examine the statistics, the researcher used a panel data

modeling strategy. Employing a panel data analysis perspective, the
researcher could examine the international link involving globalization and
technology adoption. The above avoids the possible prejudice of a time-
series data method caused by identifying particular nations or case
studies. Attributed to the reason that panel data analysis requires a
substantial quantity of statistics, the choice of nations depending only on
the presence of digital penetration statistics is limited.

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ANALYSIS
Today we are surrounded by our own technological innovations
that have been refined by years of observation, research, and
development. Every year, there’s a lot of companies that who is always
searching a new technology and they always try their best to make a
good quality of technology. Studies have shown that DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY’S, can make our life easier or simple and more
convenient. Digital technology companies should provide a good quality
of technology, a technology that can help us to improve our daily life, and
because of that it has no negative impact or negative affect to the
economies, politics, and also to our environment.
Most businesses use digital technology nowadays to manage

operations and processes and to enhance their service. Every element of
life has changed as a result of digital technology. Travel, employment,
retail, entertainment, and communications are just a few of the industries
that have undergone a global transformation in recent years. Nowadays,
it's uncommon to come across an electrical gadget or piece of machinery
that doesn't use digital technology. Smart gadgets may now be smaller,
quicker, lighter, and more adaptable thanks to digital technology. On a
global scale, enormous volumes of information may be transported
around almost instantly and stored locally or remotely. Large data files
may now be sent across the web extremely instantly, streaming video and
music in real time, and data can now be accessed from almost anywhere
in the world. Even the phrase "information" has expanded this.
Researchers find that the spread of knowledge and technology

across borders has intensified because of globalization. In emerging
markets, the transfer of technology has helped to boost innovation and
productivity even in the recent period of weak global productivity
growth.Technological progress is a key driver of improvements in
incomes and standards of living. But new knowledge and technologies do
not necessarily develop everywhere and at the same time. Therefore, the
way technology spreads across countries is central to how global growth
is generated and shared across countries.
Digital Technology is shown to decrease the difficulty (hassle,

struggle,...etc.), increase our knowledge about the science and can give
us a satisfaction. Many of us undestand the benefits of having a good
quality of technology or a new technology and we already adopted it as
our part of our daily.

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RESULT
The diffusion of digital technology remains a significant way
via which globalization influence international competitiveness and, in
turn, inven- tiveness. Nations with a significant degree of globalization
enjoy widespread use of digital innovation, which enhances their
competitiveness, production, and creativity. The disparities in new digital
adoption throughout nations parallel the disparities in globalization
between nations. This research presents solid empirical proof that
globalization is crucial for transmitting and accepting digital technologies.
Further study is required to investigate and understand the
communication route connecting globalization and the use of digital
technologies in the enterprise sector. As regional enterprises exert
pressure on policymakers and domestic institutions to reduce obstacles
regarding technology exchanges, the degree of globalization is related to
a reduced hurdle to digitalization acceptance. Globalization reduces
technological obstacles, facilitates the adoption of digital technologies,
adapts to intense international rivalry, and compels domestic businesses
to adapt, hence boosting lifecycle management performance.
Globalization represents a fundamental but insufficient prerequisite for the

diffusion of digital technologies. There is a necessity for greater state-
level and company-level research on the dynamics of globalization and
the adoption strategy of digital technologies because technology dictates
socioeconomic success in many nations.
DISCUSSION
Globalization has brought about far-reaching changes around the world.
This has been driven primarily by the economic progress made by the
countries. Technology has played a significant role in speeding up
globalization, while globalization itself has been a constant driving force
for newer technologies.
Globalization and technology have evolved into the same phenomenon.

Advancements in digital technology have considerably enabled
globalisation. Digital technology breakthroughs compel business

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enterprises to become global by increasing the economies of scale and

the market size needed to break even.
Digital technology advancements reduce transportation and

communication costs across countries and facilitate the global sourcing of
raw materials and other inputs. It encourages globalization as the venture
owning the patent can exploit foreign markets without much competition.
 PHENOMENA
Globalization has brought about far reaching changes in our lives.

This has been driven primarily by the momentous economic progress
made by the countries. Technology has played a pivotal role in speeding
up globalization, while globalization itself has been a constant driving
force for the newer technologies to surface. Thus, it can be said that the
globalization and technology have evolved as a twin phenomenon.
Tracing the past developments;
Globalization and technology have evolved as a twin phenomenon.
The eighteenth century brought about the first industrial revolution

that led to emergence of energy and motion through the invention of
steam engine. And, in turn, it promoted automation of factories, mining,
textile industries etc. resulting in improved productivity and faster
movements of people and goods to and from places.
Then came the second industrial revolution in nineteenth century

that witnessed invention of electricity and communications which seeded
developments of newer and more effective communication systems in
later times that has brought the society closer. Electricity further helped in
speedy industrialization and made fast travel possible.
The third industrial revolution of twentieth century saw the

developments in computers that led to the new fields of information
technology and robotics. It laid the foundation of new (software based)
applications in the various sectors, be it manufacturing, banking &
finance, healthcare, agriculture, transportation & hospitality, retail &
supply chain, education and the like, making them more efficient and
customer friendly.

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And then came the fourth industrial revolution of the current (twenty
first) century, denoted as Industry 4.0, which is laying the foundation of an
information intensive transformation of manufacturing and service
industries in a connected environment of data, people, processes,
systems and industry assets, with generation, leverage and utilization of
actionable information as a means to realize smart industry. It is primarily
aimed at rendering high productivity, cost saving, minimized errors, and
reliable quality products and services for the customers world over.
Technology at the center stage:
Clearly, the technologies that have emerged in the past three

centuries have made the people, societies, businesses and the nations
come closer. Energy and automation have enabled people move across
the physical boundaries, thanks to the evolution of locomotives from
steam engines to diesel and electricity engines and more recently to
intelligent engines, and to energy efficient near sonic speed commercial
airplanes, and now to satellite vehicles that has made travel to the distant
planets a possibility. Turbines, grids and transmissions have enabled
energy to be produced and integrated at one place and efficiently
delivered for consumption in far off places. Communications
have extensively evolved from the Morse code to telegraphs to texts to
audio and to video. Internet and smart cell phones are the key examples
of effective and instant communications among many simultaneously.
This has been a single most development of the current times that has
brought the people and businesses closer.
Current, the twenty first century is often described as a watershed

in technology development where innovation is at a center stage to seek
elegant and robust solutions to the evolving needs of today’s vibrant
economy and complex society. The world is fast propelling itself to an era
of digital economy, wherein every activity, be it social or economic, is
increasingly influenced by the technology. Researches are being carried
out to effectively, with simplicity, securely and cost-effectively realize
practical implementations to solve numerous problems of the society and
economy, which were hitherto intractable.
Recent decades have witnessed far reaching developments in the

area of electronics, information technology and computer software,
responsible for a complete tech - driven digital transformation of the way
in which humanity lives and conducts its activities. Evolution of silicon

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based machines, as a core element of the information technology, has

been a cause of disrupting the way the information intensive
transformation has taken place in a connected environment of people,
processes and systems.
Of more recent times are the massive technological leap witnessed

in the area of Artificial intelligence (AI), and other technologies such as
Robotics, Computer Vision, High Performance Computing and Cyber
space that have impacted virtually all sectors of the economy and the
society, involving healthcare, education, agriculture, transportation,
media, retail and supply chain, banking and finance, insurance, e
Government etc. This has also integrated people, goods, capital,
information and knowledge globally, for collaborative trade and
businesses, exchanging information on the current happenings globally
and sharing the results of research for common good.
Some examples of global - technology level integration:
A classic example of the global level integration in electronics

industry is of one place where Silicon wafers (from sand) are produced in
a foundry, to another place where the wafers are sent to make an
integrated circuit (IC), to yet another place where the IC is packaged, and
finally to a place from where the finished devices are shipped to places of
demand. The design of the IC itself would have been evolved at
altogether another place of research, and the final product ICs are
shipped and consumed by the customers all over the world who use them
in their diverse products.
There was a time when individual industries had been setting up

and using their own IT infrastructure, comprising servers, software and
data, in the form of a Data Centre to service their requirements of data
storage, and running software applications. Now, such individual data
centers at an industry’s owned place are not required to be built, thereby
saving enormous amount of upfront investment on computers, software,
power and environmentally controlled space, and an equally large amount
to be spent on its upkeep and regular maintenance. Instead, service
providers offer the same services to the concerned industry from their
cluster of large computers located worldwide through what is called as
Cloud. Besides, they offer complete security of customer data and
running their production application 24*7. So, you can rent a storage
space on Cloud for your data with a secured access, and the computing

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power to run your software applications effortlessly without your need to

know where does your data reside and where are the computers located.
Yet another example of global - technology integration, practiced

and seen much more universally in the current time, is use of a secure
high bandwidth communication network servicing people from far off
geographical places that are networked together to interact and
communicate on the subject of their interest in real time, without having
the people to travel from far off places for a face-to-face interaction in
proximity. Such interactions ( through WebEx, Zoom, Conference call,
Webcast etc) may be to set up meeting among people and offices at
geographically differently located places, to cooperate in trade and
business, share outcomes of any development within a multi-location
organization, or to collaborate on research findings among the
development teams located at different places.
Today, it is a common practice in Software industry to develop

complex software packages involving multiple teams located at different
places across the globe which bring with them diverse expertise and
knowledge required for the speedy development of products and
services, and patenting using secured network. Even advanced
semiconductor chip designs are being evolved through a collaborative
platform used by the teams spread in geography and skill set.
The current experience of providing an on line education has

proved effective in delivering education material (live interactive lectures
through web cast) form one far off place to any number of learners
located in the other corner of the globe in real time. Intelligent tutoring
system (ITS) involving its four main components, viz. learner, pedagogy,
communication, and content, are tightly integrated within an expert
system. Such integration of intelligent algorithms and AI helps to offer a
better personalized learning experience and enhance tutoring methods
for the learners in far off places.
Characteristics of Globalization:
In the ongoing discussion, let us look at the characteristics of

globalization that are influenced by the technological developments.
These are;

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Weakening of the physical boundaries allowing free flow of

goods, services, capital and people across the globe without any
restriction.
Shrinkage of space and time converging to a global village.
Intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across

international boundaries, meeting the new demands and opportunities for
the societies and businesses.
Integration among people, institutions, businesses and governments.
Leading to the birth of a connected world for public good.
Free flow of volumes of information among the beneficiaries.
Unrestricted movement of people, goods, investments, information and

knowledge.
Complementing and supplementing actions among nations for optimal

utilization of resources.
Rapid advances in transport and communication.
Areas benefitting the humanity from globalization of technologies:
Imagine, if the relevant technologies were not available, how could the
actions, reactions and the interventions mentioned above were going to
be possible at global scale to benefit nations.
The areas which have benefitted the humanity far more from the
globalization of technologies are, for example, healthcare, agriculture,
media, education, environmental monitoring, finance and banking and
supply chain.
Main impact in the healthcare, a gigantic sector globally, has been

to research and develop new and advanced medicines and treatments
utilizing the data globally. Genomic sequence is one classic example of
this that has made possible better understanding of the genetic disorders,
new viruses, chronic ailments and resulting new medications.
In the farming and agriculture sector, shrinking agriculture lands

globally and scarcity of natural resources has led to urgent use of
technological inputs far more than it was ever before. Experiences of

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different countries with the use of technology have been useful in

optimizing the processes to generate profitable crop yields, predictable
analysis for farm inputs, sensing and guidance technologies to curtail
misusage of agriculture inputs and timely intervention for prevention of
crop diseases in different parts of the earth.
Globalization has made far reaching impacts on education, as it

forms the very basis of the status of development of a nation. Higher is
the literacy level in a State better are the employment opportunities and
consequent improved demography in the social fabric of the country.
Content digitalization and on line delivery, digital libraries, cognitive
learning, web services, multi lingual translation and intelligent tutoring
systems have been developed drawing from multiple experience and
offerings from among the developing and developed countries.
With an estimated 54 % of the world population residing in urban

areas, and an increasing trend for such urban settlements, the pressure
on urban administrative system to manage environment is mounting to a
point that it is a huge challenge in the current day urban management
situation. Here again, the experiences of the countries in different regions
with the various simulation models comes in handy for developing
accurate models using data about urban infrastructure, healthcare, air
pollution, safety of citizens and public assets to improve the services.
Many countries share common social settings and issues in this regard.
Banking and finance have benefitted tremendously to a point that today

technology has made it possible to virtually conduct all banking
transactions on line at a global scale, integrating all the financial
institutions, various modes of currency transactions, investments, taxation
and business globally 24*4 basis most reliably and speedily.
And the supply - chain is another sector that has seen a virtual integration
of manufactured outputs, dispatch agencies, transportation and custom
and border management agencies among the suppliers and customers of
goods and services globally. It is made possible through the use of
efficient communication and transportation channels and globally
accepted standards of software applications.
Objectives of globalized education:

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As education is at the center stage of the various actions, reactions and

interventions from the globalization, it has made far reaching impacts on
education. The objectives of globalized education, as enumerated below,
are served well with the technology playing a pivotal role in the process.
Make global citizens as netizens
Empathy for others’ systems, processes and data
Respect other’s values, languages and cultures
Create wealth, both material and spiritual
Address major societal concerns such as environmental population,

safety, data security and skill development
Sensitize society with nationality and culture, apart from making them
digitally literate in true sense of the word
Remain contemporary in knowledge and with new vistas of technology
Learn from the experiences of other countries in designing and delivering

quality and contemporary education.
Epilogue:
In this paper, we have analyzed the emergence of globalization in

the realms of technology developments, and tried to establish this fact
that globalization and technology is a twin phenomenon, that makes both
mutually inclusive in their character.
Today, technology has assumed a status that makes a country,

possessing it, secure and powerful. Its economic and demographic status
is dictated by the technology it possesses and the level at which it has
fruitfully utilized it in its various social and economic sectors. So much so,
the education and literacy level is also influenced by the extent of

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possession of technology and its application in the sectors of banking &

finance, retail & supply chain, transportation & hospitality, healthcare,
agriculture, e Governance etc.
The prescription here therefore is that technology enables effective

fruits of globalization to be reaped; it significantly impacts the quality and
pace of life of the humanity, and is a powerful tool in protecting the
sovereignty and nationality of a country, in maintaining and sharing its
culture, social systems, ethos and technology adaptation experiences
globally. Newer technologies, the likes of Artificial Intelligence, have a
defining role in this competitive race.
 WHAT IS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY?
The definition of digital technology is digital devices, systems, and

resources that help create, store, and manage data. An important aspect
of digital technology is information technology (IT) which refers to the use
of computers to process data and information. Technologies help make
life easier and more convenient and improve standards for everyone in
this entire world. Now digital technologies are not only about using a
computer, tablet, or mobile phone but also about understanding how
these technologies were created and used in today’s world.
Everything is tied together in digital technology. Digital technologies grow
in almost everywhere whether it is an office, business, or home.
Most businesses use digital technology nowadays to manage

operations and processes and to enhance their service.
 WHY IS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IMPORTANT?
Digital technology has transformed every aspect of life. Travel,

work, shopping, entertainment, and communications are just some of the
areas that have been revolutionized in recent decades on a global level.
It's now rare to find an electronic device or piece of machinery that
doesn't incorporate digital technology. Digital technology means that
smart devices can be more compact, faster, lighter, and more versatile.
Huge amounts of information can be stored locally or remotely and
moved around virtually instantaneously on a global level. Even the term

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"information" has increased the transfer of large amounts of information

across the web almost instantaneously, making it possible to stream
video and audio in real time, send large data files, and access data from
virtually anywhere in the world.
 ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN TODAY’S TIME
Digital technology has modified nearly every aspect of modern life.

Travel, work, shopping, entertainment, and communications are just
some of the areas that have been transformed in recent decades. It’s now
rare to find an electronic device or piece of machinery that doesn’t
consolidate digital technology in some way.
Digital technology means that devices can be more compact,

faster, lighter, and more versatile. Huge amounts of knowledge can be
stored locally or remotely and moved around virtually immediately. Even
the term “information” has expanded to include media such as photos,
audio, and video, and no longer refers to just words and numbers.
1. Social Connectivity
Digital technology makes it easy to stay in touch with friends, family, and
work remotely, even if you are in another part of the world. You can
express through words, video, audio, and exchange other media.
Websites, apps, and software have all been designed to help users to
socialize. With social media, messaging, texting, laptops, tablets, and
mobile phones, nobody needs to feel isolated in the digital world. News
and local events renew users regularly.
2. Communication Speeds
Internet speeds have developed exponentially since the early days of

dial-up. Ever faster broadband facilitates the transfer of large amounts of
information across the web almost instantaneously, making it possible to
gush video and audio in real-time, send large data files, and access data
from virtually anywhere in the world. Traditional media generally takes
much continued.
3. Versatile Working
The nature of work has been transformed by digital technology. Increased

connectivity options mean that many people now have far more

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opportunities for working from home, as remote working becomes

increasingly common. Many jobs can now be done from hundreds, or
even thousands of miles away without difficulty. Without the need for all
workers to be present in the same building, many other flexible working
practices are now possible.
4. Learning Opportunities
Anybody with access to the internet instantly has access to a huge

proportion of the world’s knowledge over the web. Lessons and courses
can now be delivered virtually online. Communication advances mean
that you can now easily interact with most of the world’s population and
learn directly from sources, for example, if you are trying to register
foreign events, or learning a new language. Digital technology can also
be easier to use for people with disabilities and often give them regular
access.
5. Automation
Digital technology is increasingly going machines smarter. In some cases,

the machines no longer need humans to operate them, freeing up
workers from often boring tasks for more interesting pursuits. In other
cases, smarter devices mean better standards of safety or a better
experience for the user. Products and services drop in price as the
technology develops and becomes more common. Many tasks can now
be done directly by customers, rather than having to be done within
another person acting as an intermediary, for instance, booking a holiday.
6. Information Storage
Digital technology enables the storage of massive amounts of information

in relatively small spaces. Large amounts of media, such as photos,
music, videos, contact knowledge, and other reports can be carried
around on small devices like mobile phones. As well as physical
locations, data can also be stored online, enabling it to be obtained from
any device which has internet access.
7. Editing
One of the great advantages of digital technology over established media

is that the information can be easier to edit or manipulate. Word
processing has brought about a revolution in the editing of text. Video

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editing, which used to require costly studios and equipment, can now be
done on a laptop in a bedroom. All sorts of photographic impressions are
now available, as well as the ability to creatively alter images.
 ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBALIZATION
In the period of knowledge development, technological innovation

visualized as the prime driver to create and maintain competitive
advantage. Interest of technology development and businesses
innovation increased as concerned mounted over the economic power of
the nation and over competition from abroad.
Globally competitive companies use broad knowledge base, a

global human network, and Internet technology to flourish against
international competition ( regionally, nationally, or intentionally ) without
the use of significant capital investment, travel or even an international
presence.
 HOW TECHNOLOGY HELPS ACHIEVE GLOBALIZATION?
Technological advancement reduce cost of transportation and

communication across nations the thereby facilitate global sourcing of raw
materials and other inputs. The speed with which culture is diffused has
changed as a result of technological advances. Sharing of ideas,
information, goods, and services through globalization is also possible
because of advances in communication technology and the media.
 HOW DO DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IMPACT GLOBALIZATION?
You know the world is large but technology had an impact to make
it smaller. Digital technologies improve ideas, people, money, and
materials to flow around the global world and it is faster and more
frequently than ever before. It helps in the interaction between cultures,
governments, and economies worldwide. There are so many technologies
that are becoming advanced in so many ways. Digital technologies bring
so many opportunities like you can do business whether it is national or
international. Yes, you read it right you can do national or international
business with anyone and anywhere in this entire world. You can contact

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directly to anyone without the need for a third party. You can show your
talents to people directly online for business without the help of a third
party.
Technologies can help make our world fairer, more peaceful, and
more just. Digital advances can support and accelerate achievement of
each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals – from ending extreme
poverty to reducing maternal and infant mortality, promoting sustainable
farming and decent work, and achieving universal literacy. But
technologies can also threaten privacy, erode security and fuel inequality.
They have implications for human rights and human agency. Like
generations before, we – governments, businesses and individuals –
have a choice to make in how we harness and manage new technologies.
With the help of digital technologies, you can do many foreign

courses from top foreign universities at home only. So many courses are
available online for students in foreign countries and students can take
degrees online as well. It saves so many expenses like traveling
expenses, hostel fees, mess expenses, etc. You can apply online for any
placement or for any job in foreign companies as well.
You can prepare for government or any competitive exams online

as well. Like SSC, UPSC, NEET, JEE Main, etc. available on so many
sites or platforms. If you have the talent, then you can prepare for your
exams online and then pass the exam, and then you’ll get a permanent
job.
You can teach dance, singing, or any subjects with the help of
digital technologies. Yes, you can earn by teaching online. There are
many platforms and sites available on which you can teach anything. For
example, YouTube has become popular nowadays. You can make a
video and post it on your YouTube channel. You can make a funny video,
dancing video, singing video, teaching any subject video or whatever you
like the most. The more the viewers are, the more you’ll earn. Digital
technologies make life so much easier every day that everything is just
one call away. You can buy any groceries items or daily items daily
through so many websites or platforms available online. This service is
available 24*7 not just for a few hours or a few days. When there’s an
emergency, then doctors are also just one call away.

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With the help of digital technologies, you can make payments

anywhere in this entire world. There are so many applications available
like PhonePe, Paytm, GooglePay, Online bank accounts, etc. Like your
friend needs some money emergency, so you just need to open the app,
add your phone number and amount and then pay. After that, the money
will deposit in your friend’s account immediately.
Digital technologies have advanced more rapidly than any

innovation in our history – reaching around 50% of the developing world’s
population in only two decades and transforming societies. By enhancing
connectivity, financial inclusion, access to trade and public services,
technology can be a great equaliser.
In the health sector, for instance, AI-enabled frontier technologies

are helping to save lives, diagnose diseases and extend life expectancy.
In education, virtual learning environments and distance learning have
opened up programmes to students who would otherwise be excluded.
Public services are also becoming more accessible and accountable
through blockchain-powered systems, and less bureaucratically
burdensome as a result of AI assistance.Big data can also support more
responsive and accurate policies and programmes.
However, those yet to be connected remain cut off from the

benefits of this new era and remain further behind. Many of the people left
behind are women, the elderly, persons with disabilities or from ethnic or
linguistic minorities, indigenous groups and residents of poor or remote
areas. The pace of connectivity is slowing, even reversing, among some
constituencies. For example, globally, the proportion of women using the
internet is 12% lower than that of men. While this gap narrowed in most
regions between 2013 and 2017, it widened in the least developed
countries from 30% to 33%.
The use of algorithms can replicate and even amplify human and
systemic bias where they function on the basis of data which is not
adequately diverse. Lack of diversity in the technology sector can mean
that this challenge is not adequately addressed.
Throughout history, technological revolutions have changed the

labour force: creating new forms and patterns of work, making others
obsolete, and leading to wider societal changes. This current wave of
change is likely to have profound impacts. For example, the International

136136
Labour Organization estimates that the shift to a greener economy could

create 24 million new jobs globally by 2030 through the adoption of
sustainable practices in the energy sector, the use of electric vehicles and
increasing energy efficiency in existing and future buildings.
Meanwhile, reports by groups such as McKinsey suggest that 800

million people could lose their jobs to automation by 2030, while polls
reveal that the majority of all employees worry that they do not have the
necessary training or skills to get a well-paid job.
There is broad agreement that managing these trends will require

changes in our approach to education, for instance, by placing more
emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and maths; by teaching
soft skills, and resilience; and by ensuring that people can re-skill and up-
skill throughout their lifetimes. Unpaid work, for example childcare and
elderly care in the home, will need to be better supported, especially as
with the shifting age profile of global populations, the demands on these
tasks are likely to increase.
Today, digital technologies such as data pooling and AI are used to

track and diagnose issues in agriculture, health, and the environment, or
to perform daily tasks such as navigating traffic or paying a bill. They can
be used to defend and exercise human rights – but they can also be used
to violate them, for example, by monitoring our movements, purchases,
conversations and behaviours. Governments and businesses increasingly
have the tools to mine and exploit data for financial and other purposes.
However, personal data would become an asset to a person, if

there were a formula for better regulation of personal data ownership.
Data-powered technology has the potential to empower individuals,
improve human welfare, and promote universal rights, depending on the
type of protections put in place.
Social media connects almost half of the entire global population. It

enables people to make their voices heard and to talk to people across
the world in real time. However, it can also reinforce prejudices and sow
discord, by giving hate speech and misinformation a platform, or by
amplifying echo chambers.
In this way, social media algorithms can fuel the fragmentation of

societies around the world. And yet they also have the potential to do the

137137
opposite. How to manage these developments is the subject of much

discussion – nationally and internationally – at a time when geopolitical
tensions are on the rise. The UN Secretary-General has warned of a
‘great fracture’ between world powers, each with their own internet and AI
strategy, as well as dominant currency, trade and financial rules and
contradictory geopolitical and military views. Such a divide could establish
a digital Berlin Wall. Increasingly, digital cooperation between states –
and a universal cyberspace that reflects global standards for peace and
security, human rights and sustainable development – is seen as crucial
to ensuring a united world. A ‘global commitment for digital cooperation’ is
a key recommendation by the Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on
Digital Cooperation.
 HOW IS THE TECHNOLOGY CHANGING THE WORLD?
Technologies are becoming increasingly complicated and

increasingly interconnected. Cars, airplanes, medical devices, financial
transactions, and electricity systems all rely on more computer software
than they ever have before, making them seem both harder to understand
and, in some cases, harder to control. Government and corporate
surveillance of individuals and information processing relies largely on
digital technologies and artificial intelligence, and therefore involves less
human-to-human contact than ever before and more opportunities for
biases to be embedded and codified in our technological systems in ways
we may not even be able to identify or recognize. Bioengineering
advances are opening up new terrain for challenging philosophical,
political, and economic questions regarding human-natural relations.
Additionally, the management of these large and small devices and
systems is increasingly done through the cloud, so that control over them
is both very remote and removed from direct human or social control. The
study of how to make technologies like artificial intelligence or the Internet
of Things “explainable” has become its own area of research because it is
so difficult to understand how they work or what is at fault when
something goes wrong (Gunning and Aha 2019).
This growing complexity makes it more difficult than ever—and

more imperative than ever—for scholars to probe how technological
advancements are altering life around the world in both positive and
negative ways and what social, political, and legal tools are needed to

138138
help shape the development and design of technology in beneficial

directions. This can seem like an impossible task in light of the rapid pace
of technological change and the sense that its continued advancement is
inevitable, but many countries around the world are only just beginning to
take significant steps toward regulating computer technologies and are
still in the process of radically rethinking the rules governing global data
flows and exchange of technology across borders.
These are exciting times not just for technological development but
also for technology policy—our technologies may be more advanced and
complicated than ever but so, too, are our understandings of how they
can best be leveraged, protected, and even constrained. The structures
of technological systems as determined largely by government and
institutional policies and those structures have tremendous implications
for social organization and agency, ranging from open source, open
systems that are highly distributed and decentralized, to those that are
tightly controlled and closed, structured according to stricter and more
hierarchical models. And just as our understanding of the governance of
technology is developing in new and interesting ways, so, too, is our
understanding of the social, cultural, environmental, and political
dimensions of emerging technologies. We are realizing both the
challenges and the importance of mapping out the full range of ways that
technology is changing our society, what we want those changes to look
like, and what tools we have to try to influence and guide those shifts.
Technology can be a source of tremendous optimism. It can help

overcome some of the greatest challenges our society faces, including
climate change, famine, and disease. For those who believe in the power
of innovation and the promise of creative destruction to advance
economic development and lead to better quality of life, technology is a
vital economic driver (Schumpeter 1942). But it can also be a tool of
tremendous fear and oppression, embedding biases in automated
decision-making processes and information-processing algorithms,
exacerbating economic and social inequalities within and between
countries to a staggering degree, or creating new weapons and avenues
for attack unlike any we have had to face in the past. Scholars have even
contended that the emergence of the term technology in the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries marked a shift from viewing individual pieces of
machinery as a means to achieving political and social progress to the
more dangerous, or hazardous, view that larger-scale, more complex

139139
technological systems were a semiautonomous form of progress in and of

themselves (Marx 2010). More recently, technologists have sharply
criticized what they view as a wave of new Luddites, people intent on
slowing the development of technology and turning back the clock on
innovation as a means of mitigating the societal impacts of technological
change (Marlowe 1970).
At the heart of fights over new technologies and their resulting

global changes are often two conflicting visions of technology: a
fundamentally optimistic one that believes humans use it as a tool to
achieve greater goals, and a fundamentally pessimistic one that holds
that technological systems have reached a point beyond our control.
Technology philosophers have argued that neither of these views is
wholly accurate and that a purely optimistic or pessimistic view of
technology is insufficient to capture the nuances and complexity of our
relationship to technology (Oberdiek and Tiles 1995). Understanding
technology and how we can make better decisions about designing,
deploying, and refining it requires capturing that nuance and complexity
through in-depth analysis of the impacts of different technological
advancements and the ways they have played out in all their complicated
and controversial messiness across the world.
These impacts are often unpredictable as technologies are adopted

in new contexts and come to be used in ways that sometimes diverge
significantly from the use cases envisioned by their designers. The
internet, designed to help transmit information between computer
networks, became a crucial vehicle for commerce, introducing
unexpected avenues for crime and financial fraud. Social media platforms
like Facebook and Twitter, designed to connect friends and families
through sharing photographs and life updates, became focal points of
election controversies and political influence. Cryptocurrencies, originally
intended as a means of decentralized digital cash, have become a
significant environmental hazard as more and more computing resources
are devoted to mining these forms of virtual money. One of the crucial
challenges in this area is therefore recognizing, documenting, and even
anticipating some of these unexpected consequences and providing
mechanisms to technologists for how to think through the impacts of their
work, as well as possible other paths to different outcomes (Verbeek
2006). And just as technological innovations can cause unexpected harm,
they can also bring about extraordinary benefits—new vaccines and

140140
medicines to address global pandemics and save thousands of lives, new

sources of energy that can drastically reduce emissions and help combat
climate change, new modes of education that can reach people who
would otherwise have no access to schooling. Regulating technology
therefore requires a careful balance of mitigating risks without overly
restricting potentially beneficial innovations.
Nations around the world have taken very different approaches to

governing emerging technologies and have adopted a range of different
technologies themselves in pursuit of more modern governance
structures and processes (Braman 2009). In Europe, the precautionary
principle has guided much more anticipatory regulation aimed at
addressing the risks presented by technologies even before they are fully
realized. For instance, the European Union’s General Data Protection
Regulation focuses on the responsibilities of data controllers and
processors to provide individuals with access to their data and information
about how that data is being used not just as a means of addressing
existing security and privacy threats, such as data breaches, but also to
protect against future developments and uses of that data for artificial
intelligence and automated decision-making purposes. In Germany,
Technische Überwachungsvereine, or TÜVs, perform regular tests and
inspections of technological systems to assess and minimize risks over
time, as the tech landscape evolves. In the United States, by contrast,
there is much greater reliance on litigation and liability regimes to address
safety and security failings after-the-fact. These different approaches
reflect not just the different legal and regulatory mechanisms and
philosophies of different nations but also the different ways those nations
prioritize rapid development of the technology industry versus safety,
security, and individual control. Typically, governance innovations move
much more slowly than technological innovations, and regulations can lag
years, or even decades, behind the technologies they aim to govern.
In addition to this varied set of national regulatory approaches, a

variety of international and nongovernmental organizations also
contribute to the process of developing standards, rules, and norms for
new technologies, including the International Organization for
Standardization and the International Telecommunication Union. These
multilateral and NGO actors play an especially important role in trying to
define appropriate boundaries for the use of new technologies by
governments as instruments of control for the state.

141141
At the same time that policymakers are under scrutiny both for their
decisions about how to regulate technology as well as their decisions
about how and when to adopt technologies like facial recognition
themselves, technology firms and designers have also come under
increasing criticism. Growing recognition that the design of technologies
can have far-reaching social and political implications means that there is
more pressure on technologists to take into consideration the
consequences of their decisions early on in the design process (Vincenti
1993; Winner 1980). The question of how technologists should
incorporate these social dimensions into their design and development
processes is an old one, and debate on these issues dates back to the
1970s, but it remains an urgent and often overlooked part of the puzzle
because so many of the supposedly systematic mechanisms for
assessing the impacts of new technologies in both the private and public
sectors are primarily bureaucratic, symbolic processes rather than
carrying any real weight or influence.
Technologists are often ill-equipped or unwilling to respond to the

sorts of social problems that their creations have—often unwittingly—
exacerbated, and instead point to governments and lawmakers to
address those problems (Zuckerberg 2019). But governments often have
few incentives to engage in this area. This is because setting clear
standards and rules for an ever-evolving technological landscape can be
extremely challenging, because enforcement of those rules can be a
significant undertaking requiring considerable expertise, and because the
tech sector is a major source of jobs and revenue for many countries that
may fear losing those benefits if they constrain companies too much. This
indicates not just a need for clearer incentives and better policies for both
private- and public-sector entities but also a need for new mechanisms
whereby the technology development and design process can be
influenced and assessed by people with a wider range of experiences
and expertise. If we want technologies to be designed with an eye to their
impacts, who is responsible for predicting, measuring, and mitigating
those impacts throughout the design process? Involving policymakers in
that process in a more meaningful way will also require training them to
have the analytic and technical capacity to more fully engage with
technologists and understand more fully the implications of their
decisions.

142142
At the same time that tech companies seem unwilling or unable to

rein in their creations, many also fear they wield too much power, in some
cases all but replacing governments and international organizations in
their ability to make decisions that affect millions of people worldwide and
control access to information, platforms, and audiences (Kilovaty 2020).
Regulators around the world have begun considering whether some of
these companies have become so powerful that they violate the tenets of
antitrust laws, but it can be difficult for governments to identify exactly
what those violations are, especially in the context of an industry where
the largest players often provide their customers with free services. And
the platforms and services developed by tech companies are often
wielded most powerfully and dangerously not directly by their private-
sector creators and operators but instead by states themselves for
widespread misinformation campaigns that serve political purposes (Nye
2018).
Since the largest private entities in the tech sector operate in many
countries, they are often better poised to implement global changes to the
technological ecosystem than individual states or regulatory bodies,
creating new challenges to existing governance structures and
hierarchies. Just as it can be challenging to provide oversight for
government use of technologies, so, too, oversight of the biggest tech
companies, which have more resources, reach, and power than many
nations, can prove to be a daunting task. The rise of network forms of
organization and the growing gig economy have added to these
challenges, making it even harder for regulators to fully address the
breadth of these companies’ operations (Powell 1990). The private-public
partnerships that have emerged around energy, transportation, medical,
and cyber technologies further complicate this picture, blurring the line
between the public and private sectors and raising critical questions about
the role of each in providing critical infrastructure, health care, and
security. How can and should private tech companies operating in these
different sectors be governed, and what types of influence do they exert
over regulators? How feasible are different policy proposals aimed at
technological innovation, and what potential unintended consequences
might they have?
Conflict between countries has also spilled over significantly into

the private sector in recent years, most notably in the case of tensions
between the United States and China over which technologies developed

143143
in each country will be permitted by the other and which will be purchased
by other customers, outside those two countries. Countries competing to
develop the best technology is not a new phenomenon, but the current
conflicts have major international ramifications and will influence the
infrastructure that is installed and used around the world for years to
come. Untangling the different factors that feed into these tussles as well
as whom they benefit and whom they leave at a disadvantage is crucial
for understanding how governments can most effectively foster
technological innovation and invention domestically as well as the global
consequences of those efforts. As much of the world is forced to choose
between buying technology from the United States or from China, how
should we understand the long-term impacts of those choices and the
options available to people in countries without robust domestic tech
industries? Does the global spread of technologies help fuel further
innovation in countries with smaller tech markets, or does it reinforce the
dominance of the states that are already most prominent in this sector?
How can research universities maintain global collaborations and
research communities in light of these national competitions, and what
role does government research and development spending play in
fostering innovation within its own borders and worldwide? How should
intellectual property protections evolve to meet the demands of the
technology industry, and how can those protections be enforced globally?
These conflicts between countries sometimes appear to challenge

the feasibility of truly global technologies and networks that operate
across all countries through standardized protocols and design features.
Organizations like the International Organization for Standardization, the
World Intellectual Property Organization, the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization, and many others have tried to harmonize
these policies and protocols across different countries for years, but have
met with limited success when it comes to resolving the issues of greatest
tension and disagreement among nations. For technology to operate in a
global environment, there is a need for a much greater degree of
coordination among countries and the development of common standards
and norms, but governments continue to struggle to agree not just on
those norms themselves but even the appropriate venue and processes
for developing them. Without greater global cooperation, is it possible to
maintain a global network like the internet or to promote the spread of
new technologies around the world to address challenges of
sustainability? What might help incentivize that cooperation moving

144144
forward, and what could new structures and process for governance of
global technologies look like? Why has the tech industry’s self-regulation
culture persisted? Do the same traditional drivers for public policy, such
as politics of harmonization and path dependency in policy-making, still
sufficiently explain policy outcomes in this space? As new technologies
and their applications spread across the globe in uneven ways, how and
when do they create forces of change from unexpected places?
These are some of the questions that we hope to address in the

Technology and Global Change section through articles that tackle new
dimensions of the global landscape of designing, developing, deploying,
and assessing new technologies to address major challenges the world
faces. Understanding these processes requires synthesizing knowledge
from a range of different fields, including sociology, political science,
economics, and history, as well as technical fields such as engineering,
climate science, and computer science. A crucial part of understanding
how technology has created global change and, in turn, how global
changes have influenced the development of new technologies is
understanding the technologies themselves in all their richness and
complexity—how they work, the limits of what they can do, what they
were designed to do, how they are actually used. Just as technologies
themselves are becoming more complicated, so are their embeddings
and relationships to the larger social, political, and legal contexts in which
they exist. Scholars across all disciplines are encouraged to join us in
untangling those complexities.
CONCLUSION
Technological developments are one of the important parts of globalizing

world. With intensive data flow and the power of social media, we closely
witness technological developments. Along with these developments,
there is an increase on researches about artificial intelligence.

145145
Last but not least, there is a close relationship between global economy
and technology. Thanks to this relationship, technology rebalances the
global economy and it affects each part of our social lives. With the
reshaping of the labor market, most of the technological developments
have been introduced by the machines. Workers, managers and
politicians are arguing more and more about whether artificial intelligence
can seize people’s business, not only in the technology sector, but also in
other sectors. The digital world, which has negative points as well as
positive sides, leads us to think more about technology. We will wait and
see together what artificial intelligence and developing technologies will
add to us.

146146
REFERENCES
https://blog.universalbusinessschool.com/advantages-of-digital-
technology/#:~:text=Digital%20technology%20makes%20it%20easy,to
%20help%20users%20to%20socialize.
Gunning, David, and David W. Aha. 2019. “DARPA’s Explainable Artificial

Intelligence Program.” AI Magazine 40 (2): 44–58.
Kilovaty, Ido. 2020. “Privatized Cybersecurity Law.” UC Irvine Law

Review 10 (4): 1181. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3338155.
Marlowe, Donald. 1970. “The New Luddites.” Mechanical Engineering 92:

12–13.
Marx, Leo. 2010. “Technology: The Emergence of a Hazardous

Concept.” Technology and Culture 51 (3): 561–77.
https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2010.0009.
Nye, Joseph S. 2018. “How Sharp Power Threatens Soft Power.” Foreign
Affairs, January 24, 2018.
Oberdiek, Hans, and Mary Tiles. 1995. Living in a Technological Culture:

Human Tools and Human Values. London; New York: Routledge.
Powell, W. M. 1990. “Neither Market nor Hierarchy; Network Forms of

Organization.” Research in Organizational Behavior 12: 295–336.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy.

New York: Harper & Row.
Verbeek, Peter-Paul. 2006. “Materializing Morality: Design Ethics and

Technological Mediation.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 31 (3):
361–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243905285847.
Vincenti, Walter. 1993. What Engineers Know and How They Know It:
Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History. 1st ed. Baltimore, Md.:
Johns Hopkins University Press.
Winner, Langdon. 1980. “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” Daedalus 109 (1):
121–36.

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11

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES 1

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Digital Technology’s Impact on

Bacacao, Jerald, Eyog

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Year&Section: 1ST Year – 12019

Proffessor: Sir Emerson Gelera

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Digitals Technology’s Impact on Globalization

This article explores how globalization affects the uptake of digital

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

A general term, globalization refers to how the world has become

Thus, globalization can be defined as the stretching of economic,

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the

Technological advancements have led to significant changes in society.

While technology contributes to economic development and improves

Starting in the 19th century, continental Europeans started using the

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

whether or not they required tools or instruments. At the

In the 20th century, as a result of scientific progress and the Second

Digital technologies are electronic tools, systems, devices and

Throughout history, the foundation of growth in the economy has

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catastrophe compelled individuals to reevaluate growth programs to

The globalization cycle stimulates innovative thinking and speeds

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development remains unclear, and scientific data is lacking worldwide.

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information on a global basis. This research tries to demonstrate the

This study investigates the practical connection connecting

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There seems to be a vast

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countries and businesses

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