31

NATIONAL POLICE OF PERU

SCHOOL OF HIGHER TECHNICAL PROFESSIONAL

EDUCATION PNP-PUNO

"LEADERS OF PEACE"

COLLABORATIVE WORK

"DIFFERENT EOCONOMICAL APPROACHES".

AUTHORS:
PNP STUDENT:
- YUJRA CCAMA, Jhony
- FUR ORTEGA, Wasinton Gonzalo
- CURASI CENTENO, David Joel
- RAFAEL QUILLE, Cliver Dante
- FLORES PILCO, Brayan

TEACHER:
LIC. ZAVALLA TAPIA, Paola Katherine
PUNO - PERU
2023
 31

DEDICATION

TO OUR TEACHERS WHO ARE OUR EXAMPLE TO ACHIEVE OUR GOALS, AS

WELL AS TO FOLLOW AN HONORABLE AND HONEST WORK, MAKING THE
INSTITUTION AND THE COUNTRY PROUD.
 31

THANK YOU

TO OUR PARENTS FOR EDUCATING US WITH PRINCIPLES AND VALUES, AND

SUPPORTING US IN OUR DREAM OF BECOMING POLICE OFFICERS.
 31

INTRODUCTION

The economy was born when man realized that he could not obtain everything he wanted.

The economic structure was primitive and backward because men did not yet dominate

nature and depended to a great extent on it. There was collective ownership of the means

of production, it was carried out jointly (by communal work), and since there was no

private ownership of the means of production, there were no social classes.

Man only needed what was necessary to survive, that is to say, it is a society of self-

consumption.

In the divisions of labor, we have:

First division of labor (when work is specialized).

Second division of labor (vessels are manufactured to transport water).

Third division of labor (surplus is given, giving way to slavery).

Objective or Marxist definition: (From Frederick Engels)

It is the science that studies the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of

material goods that satisfy human needs.

Subjective or Marginalist Definition: (Lionel Robbins)

It is the science that deals with the study of the satisfaction of human needs, by means of

goods, which being scarce have alternative uses among which one must choose.
 31

CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AREA

In the real economy, however, the changes have not been as great as vertiginous, and this

leads us to think that, perhaps, mankind, after so much jumping over the same place, has

only succeeded in tamping it down so as to stumble less and less, and less loudly, when it

comes to practicing its conceived hypothesis tests; which implies that it has had to demand

more and more in order to pass with less pains from cosmetics to the field of essences.

Whether it is because the changes have been registered more in technology or because with

all that modesty they have had to privilege administration, and in it financing, more than

the real addition of value, the simple fact is that the profound human antagonism that

continues to imply producing and distributing does not move as quickly in history as in

geography to continue leaving the indelible lesson that surviving and perishing are but the

heads and tails of the same universal commodity.

To what spaces, then, will ethics have to be referred so that one day it can be said that in

producing, distributing and financing one has learned to live in truth if, in the State, in

politics and in social organization it seems that the doors tend to narrow access to it

because that of the free market is apparently not a mechanism of universal validity nor

necessary?

(Nickman, 2018)
 31

CHAPTER II
OBJECTIVES

To describe what economics is, how it originated and what it is for. Also, what are

its objectives.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

When we speak of Economics or Economic Sciences we refer to a social science

that studies the ways in which societies organize themselves to satisfy their material

and immaterial needs. That organization is based on cycles of production,

distribution and exchange of those consumer goods they require.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

- To evaluate economics as a social science that studies the ways in which societies

organize themselves to satisfy their needs.

- To know the economy as a discipline in the classical Greco-Roman cultures as

well as in the distant Persia or China.

- Define that, in the Middle Ages, the economic approach existed as a separate

doctrine of study.

- Explain when economic nationalism became mercantilism, which ruled in the

major expanding European empires.

 31

CHAPTER III

CONCEPTUAL THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Different economic approaches

Definition of economics

There are, in the academic literature, a large number of concepts of economics, many of

which are sufficiently elaborated to fulfill the task of describing the field, objective, scope

and limitations of this science.

Paul A. Samuelson, one of the most prestigious scholars, proposed in his book Modern

Economics, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the following definition:

"Economics is the study of the way in which men and society use - making use or not of

money - scarce productive resources to obtain goods and distribute them for present or

future consumption among the various individuals and groups that make up society."

Other authors define our science in a more concise and limited way:

"Economics is the study of wealth."

"Economics is the science that studies scarce resources".

Without entering into a polemic, which in some cases could be very productive, the

following definition is proposed to the reader:

"Economics is the Social Science that studies the Laws that govern the Relationships

established by human beings in society in the Process of Satisfaction of their material

Needs of existence."
 31

(Nickman, 2018)

From the above definition we highlight the underlined terms

Social Science-Legal-Relationships-Process-Satisfaction-Needs

Objective approach to economics

Economic Relationships are the links that we human beings establish in order to satisfy our

material needs of existence.

By nature, given their physical limitations, human beings are forced to associate with other

human beings in order to survive. At the dawn of his existence, in order to feed himself by

hunting, he needed to join forces with other human beings; in order to defend himself

against beasts, he needed to bond with other people.

Thus, to date, we know that production is a social act, because it requires the participation

of a large number of people: those who supply the necessary materials, those who

contribute their labor or their ideas, those who organize the process and those who acquire

the resulting product.

We continually establish economic relationships:

Commercial exchange is a relationship between buyer and seller.

The hiring of workers is a relationship between employer and employee.

To satisfy our needs we need to relate to other people, to other communities; these

relationships are described by the Scientific Laws of Economics.

A classification of the main economic linkages and their examples, would be achieved as

follows:
 31

(Nickman, 2018)

These economic relations are determinant in the value of the satisfiers that we require

continuously, since it is necessary to compensate the effort made by the one who

elaborates these products. Here begins a problem of valuation of satisfiers and this

objective current affirms that the various articles have a value in themselves, which is

given by the amount of present and past work they contain.

The past labor would be given by the value of the raw material, the efforts made for its

transportation and the wear and tear of the machinery, to mention the most important.

Whereas the present work would be the effort applied in the design of the product, the

transformation of the raw material, the supervision of the tasks, etc.

Subjective approach to economics.

The so-called Subjective Economics, defends the thesis that the value of the satisfiers is

given by the supply and demand of the products, that is to say by the perception that

consumers and producers have. Finally, subjective perception.

This perception is generated on the basis of how useful or less useful the product is to

consumers and how much money producers are offered for their product.

This approach focuses somewhat on the consumer who will define whether a product is

more or less necessary, more or less useful, based on the condition that at the moment

tends to greater or lesser intensity of their needs. As we shall see below, the more intense

his need is, the more useful or necessary it is for him.

 31

The field of Economics

Economics studies the individual and society. The individual as such, in his psycho-

physiological needs, and society in the relationships that the individual must necessarily

establish to satisfy his needs.

The individual and economics

As we have already said, human beings need to group themselves socially in order to

satisfy their needs. Only in this way has he been able to protect himself from the weather,

to protect himself from other human groups, to obtain satisfactions that he, on his own,

could not have.

In addition, many activities require, by force of human competition: to build a dam, to

adapt a port, to make water drinkable, etc. Everything mentioned above forces human

beings to work together with others, to live in communities, to produce something and

exchange it for what others produce. It is at this moment that the exchange relations arise,

as a fundamental economic relation.

We are the individuals who in society give rise to the demand for satisfiers, this demand

stimulates the creation of productive units that will organize the processes of utilization of

the economic resources available to society.

Companies and the economy

The grouping of which we spoke in the previous topic, is also carried out to structure units

dedicated to some specific economic activity; units producing goods, services,

commercialization, savings collection and safeguarding, etc. These units are the ones that,

in society, are known as "savings units".

 31

These units plan, organize, develop process management, control and evaluate the results

in the use of the corresponding resources. These units are usually called companies and

they are in charge of generating the supply of satisfiers for each individual in society.

Why study economics in administration?

Management, considered as the science in charge of the study of the process of creation,

design and maintenance of environments that allow people to take advantage of the

resources of the productive units to efficiently reach the selected goals, must take into

account the conditions of the environment in which the organization develops its activities.

The environments, those contexts external to the organizations, whether regional, national

or international, are conditioning factors for their good performance. They can be either

hostile or favorable to the goals set by the company. The sustained, stable and sustainable

growth of an economy is a favorable environment for the future of the organization; on the

contrary, any failure in these variables, or in all of them, will mean challenges and

obstacles.

The management specialist must be attentive to the contextual events in order to take the

measures required by the productive unit to respond to the conditions that arise in the

locality, region, country or worldwide, either to take advantage of the new conditions, or to

take advantage of the new conditions that arise in the locality, region, country or

worldwide.
 31

Government and the economy.

The fundamental function of governments is to carry out actions to create conditions to

satisfy the diverse demands of the population.

Specifically, in economic matters, governments must guarantee economic stability,

productive efficiency and product supply, equity in the distribution of wealth,

sustainability and rational use of natural resources.

To achieve the above, it is necessary to develop a plan that foresees the policies,

strategies, instruments and resources to be applied. The very action of planning involves

drawing on the diverse knowledge provided by economics in order to design the

government's economic policy. This government economic policy covers several areas,

such as:

- Fiscal policy;

- Monetary policy;

- Labor policy;

- Wage policy;

- Price policy;

- Supply policy;

- Wealth redistribution policy;

- Commercial policy;
 31

Just to mention a few policies that are both areas and instruments of economic policy.

Economics provides all its knowledge for each and every one of the above strategies,

always seeking efficiency and rationality.

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.

In order to adequately fulfill its task of generating knowledge, Economics is subdivided

into the so-called Economic Sciences, which must be differentiated from each other by

different study criteria:

According to the field of study:

Microeconomics: study of particular economic units.

For our case, we can consider this Economic Science as the basis of Business Economics

or Entrepreneurial Economics, with topics such as market equilibrium, competition

structures, financial equilibrium, selection of productive factors, etc.

Under the above approach, its central concern is the finding of rationality in the use of the

resources of the productive unit.

Macroeconomics: study of economic aggregates.

This science, based on many of the laws of Microeconomics, analyzes the aggregate

processes, i.e. the sum, interaction and economic synergies, which give rise to phenomena
 31

such as Aggregate Demand and Supply, Inflation, National Product, etc. Or to relationships

such as Income Savings, Consumption Income, Investment Consumption.

The basic concern of macroeconomics is the search for stability or equilibrium in the

economic aggregates.

International Economics: the study of international economic relations.

This classification is the most common of all, especially in the academic field of

administrative sciences, since microeconomics serves to introduce us to the economics of

the company and its relations with economic agents: suppliers, competitors, market and

customers mainly.

Macroeconomics is useful to define the environment in which the productive unit under

study operates.

Other classifications are:

- Economic theory: subjective valuation; scarcity.

- Political Economy: objective valuation; working hours.

- According to the auxiliary instruments used:

- Econometrics: mathematical representation.

- Systemic economics: systems analogy:

- Cybernetic Economics: self-regulating systems.

According to the specific fields of study:

 31

 Agricultural Economics

 Industrial Economics

 Service Economics

(Nickman, 2018)

According to interdisciplinary fields

Economic Geography: use of resources by societies.

Anthropological Economics: economic behavior of individuals.

Sociological Economics: economic behavior of societies.

Method of economics.

As we have already noted above, Economics is a Science and this is so because:

a.Its function is to generate knowledge;

b.It generates knowledge using the Scientific Method;

c.The scientific knowledge it generates ranges from Theorems, Postulates, Laws, Theories,

etc.; c.The scientific knowledge it generates ranges from Theorems, Postulates, Laws,

Theories. Etc.;

d. The knowledge it builds are truths discovered from reality and therefore demonstrable.

On the other hand, we must consider that Economics is a Social Science, due to the fact

that:

a. Its field and object of study corresponds to social phenomenology;

 31

b. The method of approaching reality is based on the observation of facts that have already

happened (ex post observation) in society.

c. Verification is not done through experimentation, since it is not an experimental science.

The Laws of Economics, like all scientific laws, describe the real and observable behavior

of human beings in society. They are laws of Being, i.e. of what happens in social reality.

Unlike legal laws, which describe what should be (or Laws of Should Be), Scientific Laws

describe what is.

Inductive and Deductive Method

To the method of dialectical materialism on which Political Economy is based, we can add

the Inductive and Deductive methods, as well as other methods such as the constructivist

method.

The reasoning that goes from the particular to the general is called induction, and the

procedure of knowing or constructing knowledge in this way is known as the Inductive

Method. The application of the laws of microeconomics to the analysis of the general

results in macroeconomics.

Economics as an objective and subjective science.

Definition of economics

There are, in the academic literature, a large number of concepts of economics, many of

which are sufficiently elaborated to fulfill the task of describing the field, objective, scope

and limitations of this science.

 31

Paul A. Samuelson, one of the most prestigious scholars, proposed in his book Modern

Economics, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the following definition:

"Economics is the study of the way in which men and society use - making use or not of

money - scarce productive resources to obtain goods and distribute them for present or

future consumption".

"Economics is the Social Science that studies the Laws that govern the Relationships

established by human beings in society in the Process of Satisfaction of their material

Needs of existence."

From the above definition we highlight the underlined terms:

Social Science-Laws-Relationships-Process-Satisfaction-Needs.

Objective approach to economics

Economic Relationships are the links that we human beings establish in order to satisfy our

material needs of existence.

By nature, given their physical limitations, human beings are forced to associate with other

human beings in order to survive. At the dawn of his existence, in order to feed himself by

hunting, he needed to join forces with other human beings; in order to defend himself

against beasts, he needed to bond with other people.

Thus, to date, we know that production is a social act, because it requires the participation

of a large number of people: those who supply the necessary materials, those who

contribute their labor or their ideas, those who organize the process and those who acquire

the resulting product.

We continually establish economic relationships:

 31

- Commercial exchange is a relationship between buyer and seller.

- The hiring of workers is a relationship between employer and employee.

- To satisfy our needs we need to relate to other people, to other communities; these

relationships are described by the laws of the world.

These economic relations are determinant in the value of the satisfiers that we require

continuously, since it is necessary to compensate the effort made by the one who

elaborates these products. Here begins a problem of valuation of satisfiers and this

objective current affirms that the various articles have a value in themselves, which is

given by the amount of present and past work they contain.

The past labor would be given by the value of the raw material, the efforts made for its

transportation and the wear and tear of the machinery, to mention the most important.

Whereas the present work would be the effort applied in the design of the product, the

transformation of the raw material, the supervision of the tasks, etc.

Subjective approach to economics.

The so-called Subjective Economics, defends the thesis that the value of the satisfiers is

given by the supply and demand of the products, that is to say by the perception that

consumers and producers have. Finally, subjective perception.

This perception is generated on the basis of how useful or less useful the product is to

consumers and how much money producers are offered for their product.

This approach focuses somewhat on the consumer who will define whether a product is

more or less necessary, more or less useful, based on the conditions that at the moment

tend to greater or lesser intensity of their needs. As we shall see below, the more intense

the need, the more useful or necessary the product is for the consumer.
 31

The field of Economics

Economics studies the individual and society. The individual as such, in his psycho-

physiological needs, and society in the relationships that the individual must necessarily

establish to satisfy his needs.

The individual and economics

As we have already said, human beings need to group themselves socially in order to

satisfy their needs. Only in this way has he been able to protect himself from the weather,

to protect himself from other human groups, to obtain satisfactions that he, on his own,

could not have.

In addition, many activities require, by force of human competition: to build a dam, to

adapt a port, to make water drinkable, etc. Everything mentioned above forces human

beings to work together with others, to live in communities, to produce something and

exchange it for what others produce. It is at this moment that the exchange relations arise,

as a fundamental economic relation.

We are the individuals who in society give rise to the demand for satisfiers, this demand

stimulates the creation of productive units that will organize the process of making use of

the economic resources available to society.

Companies and the economy

 31

The grouping of which we spoke in the previous topic, is also carried out to structure units

dedicated to some specific economic activity; units producing goods, services,

commercialization, savings collection and safeguarding, etc. These units are the ones that,

in society, are referred to as "units of

These units plan, organize, develop process management, control and evaluate the results

in the use of the corresponding resources. These units are usually called companies and

they are in charge of generating the supply of satisfiers for each individual in society.

Why study economics in administration?

Management, considered as the science in charge of the study of the process of creation,

design and maintenance of environments that allow people to take advantage of the

resources of the productive units to efficiently reach the selected goals, must take into

account the conditions of the environment in which the organization develops its activities.

The environments, those contexts external to the organizations, whether regional, national

or international, are conditioning factors for their good performance. They can be either

hostile or favorable to the goals set by the company. The sustained, stable and sustainable

growth of an economy is a favorable environment for the future of the organization; on the

contrary, any failure in these variables, or in all of them, will mean challenges and

obstacles.

The management specialist must be attentive to the contextual events in order to take the

measures required by the productive unit to respond to the conditions that arise in the

locality, region, country or worldwide, either to take advantage of the new conditions, or to
 31

take advantage of the new conditions that arise in the locality, region, country or

worldwide.

Government and the economy.

The fundamental function of governments is to carry out actions to create conditions to

satisfy the diverse demands of the population.

Specifically, in economic matters, governments must guarantee economic stability,

productive efficiency and product supply, equity in the distribution of wealth,

sustainability and rational use of natural resources.

To achieve the above, it is necessary to develop a plan that foresees the policies,

strategies, instruments and resources to be applied. The very action of planning involves

drawing on the diverse knowledge provided by economics in order to design the

government's economic policy. This government economic policy covers several areas,

such as:

- Fiscal policy;

- Monetary policy;

- Labor policy;
 31

- Wage policy;

- Price policy;

- Supply policy;

- Wealth redistribution policy;

- Commercial policy.

CHAPTER IV

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK

Different economic approaches (Socialism)

Socialism is defined primarily as a mode of production where the criterion for economic

production is use value, and is based directly on production for coordinated use through

economic planning, where the law of value no longer directs economic and monetary

activity, hence relations in the form of exchange value, profit, interest and wage labor no

longer function.4 Income is distributed according to the individual Contribution of each.

The social relations of socialism are characterized by the working class having control of

the means of production and the means of subsistence through social ownership, whereby

the social surplus is passed on to the working class or to society as a whole.5

Although Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote very little about socialism and gave no

details on how it could be organized,6 numerous neoclassical economists and social

 31

scientists used Marx's theory as a basis for developing their own models and proposals for

socialist economic systems. This transitional phase was analyzed by Marxists such as

Lenin, Trotsky, Rosa Luxemburg, Mao Zedong, Che Guevara and Paul Sweezy, who

postulated new and different intermediate phases.3 The Marxist view of socialism served

as a reference point during the socialist calculus debate.

CITED BY (Nickman, 2

Different economic approaches (Communism)

Communist Economics

The economic system of communism places all planning of the economy in the hands of

the government. A communist society distributes the ownership of goods evenly among all

its members. Because of the immense power of the state, small businesses are virtually

non-existent in a communist society. Although attempts were made to create communist

societies, true communism is essentially dead.

Karl Marx developed the ideas of communism during the 1840s in his seminal work "The

Communist Manifesto." During his time, Marx believed that liberal society offered

workers only the illusion of freedom of religion and property. Essentially, Marx believed

that capitalism led to an elite few controlling the lower classes, in part by giving them

symbolic freedoms that still ended up serving the upper class and the bourgeoisie.

Communism and socialism

 31

A split between the ideas of communism and socialism, which were largely seen as the

same thing, occurred during the early 1920s when Vladimir Lenin led the Russian

Revolution. Lenin believed that a communist society would need a single party to calm the

chaos in the country and control the economy after the peasant revolution, according to the

Library of Economics and Liberty. Socialists who subscribed to Lenin's philosophy

became known as "communists".

Agrarian societies

Communism tends to occur in agrarian economies and societies. Agriculturally based

societies resemble feudal societies created under a communist regime. Lenin, like most

communist leaders, realized that he could not make a revolution with the support of only

large industrial enterprises and the farmers and peasants to lead the revolution. In 1918,

Lenin began seizing land from millions of mostly small but wealthy peasants.

Fall of communism

Communist economic systems are not necessarily doomed to failure, although most

communist countries failed during the 20th century. Between 1960 and 1990, communist

countries increased their gross domestic product (the output of goods and services) per

person 3.3 times, while capitalist countries such as the United States and Japan saw a GDP

multiplier of 2.7 times. Communism fell due to the failure of planned agriculture and the

general failure to establish a classless society.

Post-communist societies
 31

With the fall of the communist economic system, a burgeoning small business sector

commonly emerges. A 2000 Journal of East-West Business article, "Small Business

Ventures in Post-Communist Hungary," found that small businesses were essential to

healing the Hungarian economy after the fall of communism and par

Different economic approaches (Capitalism)

Capitalism is a political, social and economic system in which large corporations and a few

wealthy individuals control property, including capital assets (land, factories, money, stock

market shares, bonds).

Capitalism is the social order that results from economic freedom in the disposition and

enjoyment of private property over capital as a tool of production.

In capitalism individuals and companies carry out the production and exchange of goods or

services freely within the division of labor, with the necessary purpose of monetary profit

to obtain resources for any order of purposes within the framework of a cooperation

mediated by the market.2 The distribution, production and prices of goods and services are

determined by the free market, supply and demand between producers and consumers.

ORIGIN

Capitalism developed gradually in Western Europe as a result of the feudal crisis, mainly

from the 16th century onwards. One of the aspects that marks the origins of capitalism is
 31

the accumulation of financial and technical resources, a phenomenon that developed

between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Both merchants and trade have existed as long as civilization has existed, but capitalism as

an economic system, in theory, did not appear until the 17th century in England, replacing

the feu

This natural impulse towards trade and exchange was accentuated and encouraged by the

Crusades that were organized in Western Europe from the 11th to the 13th century. The

great voyages and expeditions of the 15th and 16th centuries reinforced these tendencies

and encouraged trade, especially after the discovery of the New World and the entry into

Europe of vast quantities of precious metals from those lands. The economic order

resulting from these events was a system in which the commercial or mercantile was

predominant, that is to say, whose main objective was to exchange goods and not to

produce them. The importance of production did not become apparent until the Industrial

Revolution in the 19th century.

However, even before the onset of industrialization, one of the most characteristic figures

of capitalism had already appeared, the entrepreneur, who is, according to Schumpeter, the

individual who assumes non-personal economic risks. A key element of capitalism is the

initiation of an activity with the aim of obtaining profits in the future; since this is

unknown, both the possibility of making profits and the risk of incurring losses are two

possible outcomes, so the role of the entrepreneur consists of assuming the risk of making

losses or profits.
 31

The road to capitalism from the 13th century onwards was paved by the philosophy of the

Renaissance and the Reformation. These movements changed the way in which

CHARACTERISTICS

Throughout its history, but especially during its heyday in the second half of the nineteenth

century, capitalism had a number of basic characteristics. First, the means of production-

land and capital-are privately owned.

Capital in this context refers to the buildings, machinery and other tools used to produce

goods and services for consumption.

Second, economic activity appears organized and coordinated by the interaction between

buyers and sellers (or producers) that takes place in markets.

Third, both owners of land and capital, as well as workers, are free and seek to maximize

their welfare, so they try to make the most of their resources and the labor they use to

produce; consumers can spend as and when they want their income to obtain the greatest

possible satisfaction.

PRIVATE PROPERTY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

 31

Those who invest, create or acquire capital remain legitimate owners (capitalists) during

the production process; the profitability of the capital invested in a free market of products

and services is the central axis of economic life. Capital and labor are the elements of

production and wealth creation.

The ownership of the means of production is private, by this is meant its construction on a

regime of industrial capital goods and land tenure and use based

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The end is human development, economic growth is a means. The purpose of economic

growth must be to enrich people's lives. Short-term gains in human development are

possible, but not sustainable without further economic growth. In turn, economic growth is

not sustainable without human development. Human development and economic growth

must go hand in hand, with strong reciprocal links. Some of the important factors that

determine how economic growth contributes to human development include the following:

A determined effort to increase human capacity, through better education, better health and

better nutrition, can help transform the prospects for economic growth, especially in low-

income countries with low human development.

 31

CHAPTER VI

RECOMMENDATIONS

a) The first recommendation refers to the need to continue the survey of natural resources

at a detailed level, giving priority to the agricultural areas with the highest potential for

development. Soil studies, in particular, should be carried out as soon as possible and with

a practical approach that allows their use by the greatest number of specialists in the

various disciplines related to agricultural production, but keeping them within the context

of modern classifications in order to take advantage of the experiences obtained in other

countries on comparable soils.

b) The second recommendation is the formulation of an integrated and coordinated work

plan focusing on multiple use and the development and conservation of natural resources.

In the specific case of water resources, Annex B of this report presents a sequence of

activities that clearly illustrates the process to be followed in order to develop a

 31

comprehensive and orderly plan that considers the various potential uses that can be made

of a given resource.

c) The third recommendation in a rational use of soil resources, it is necessary to reconcile

the characteristics of these with the optimal use according to their production capacity.

This will possibly mean a relocation of agricultural and forestry production, which in a

relatively short period of time would result not only in an increase in the production

capacity of the land, but also in an increase in the production capacity of the land.

CHAPTER VII

APPLICABILITY TO THE POLICE FIELD

The most widespread approaches are those of public, citizen and human security. While,

when speaking of approaches of police performance, if we refer specifically to the

modalities in which the police forces have developed their activities throughout history.

To better understand the police structures of the security forces, we can find a

classification of: centralized models, decentralized models, and finally, mixed

decentralized models.

The purposes of the police service are: To protect citizens, households and families, the

free exercise of human rights, the peaceful enjoyment of constitutional guarantees and

rights, public liberties and to guarantee social peace.

 31

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

 (http://www.odai.org/biblioteca/biblioteca1/22.pdf)

 https://economipedia.com/definiciones/economia-blanca.html

 https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/2015/06/la-oit-busca- formalizar-las-

economias-grises-en-los-paises-en-desarrollo/

 (http://unctad.org/en/Docs/ditctab20103_en.pdf)

 https://economiadisruptiva.wordpress.com/2018/03/24/la-economia- ahora-es-de-

colores/

 (http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/copyright/893/wipo

 (http://www.unesco.org/bpi/pdf/ memobpi25_culturalindustries_en.pdf)
 31

 (http://www.sela.org/attach/258/EDOCS/SRed/2011/06/T023600004770-0

 https://www.sectorial.co/articulos-especiales/item/52272-los-colores-de-la - econom

%C3%ADa

 http://economiainformal-oportunidades.blogspot.com/2010/05/causas-y-soluciones-de-

la-informalidad.html

ANNEXES
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