VJA 3330 3130 Lesson 1 Safety

Lesson 1 - Safety
Table of Contents
Training Course Learning Objectives ......................................................................................... 2
Course Overview ........................................................................................................................ 2
Equipment to Order..................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4
Activities ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Safety definitions Used in this Guide ......................................................................................... 5
What is a laser? ........................................................................................................................... 5
Laser beam has unique characteristics: ....................................................................................... 6
Product marking .......................................................................................................................... 6
How does a laser work? .............................................................................................................. 9
Laser Spectrum ......................................................................................................................... 10
Hazard Classifications .............................................................................................................. 11
Exposure of your eyes to the beam ........................................................................................... 11
Exposure of the skin to the beam .............................................................................................. 14
Fire Hazards .............................................................................................................................. 18
Fume Hazards ........................................................................................................................... 19
High Voltage Shock .................................................................................................................. 21
Mechanical Hazards .................................................................................................................. 22
Lens Hazards ............................................................................................................................. 22
Cleaning Solvents ..................................................................................................................... 24
Medical Emergencies ................................................................................................................ 25
Laser Accidents ......................................................................................................................... 26
Laser Classes ............................................................................................................................. 27
The interaction of light and matter............................................................................................ 30
ANSI Z 136.1 ............................................................................................................................ 33
Laser Safety Guards .................................................................................................................. 35
PPE Control Measures .............................................................................................................. 39
Laser Safety Glasses ................................................................................................................. 39
Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-1 March 2014

Training Course Learning Objectives
At the end of this training class you will be able to:
1. Safely install a 3330/3130 laser
2. Identify the function of the 3330/3130 components.
3. Demonstrate the ability to create static and dynamic messages using the Smartgraph
software.
4. Demonstrate the ability to transfer databases using the Allprint software.
5. Troubleshoot common problems associated with 3330/3130 laser.
6. Demonstrate your ability to print in static and dynamic using the handheld controller.
7. Remove and replace major components of the laser system
Course Overview
 Introduction  Handheld
 Safety  Maintenance
 Module Replacement
 Principles of Operation
 System Overview  Troubleshooting

 Software  Course Review
 Installation  Test

Equipment to Order
Power Meter for CO2 PW250 212450
CO2 Laser Safety Glasses 210820
Laser Protection Glasses YAG/CO2 AL-69749
1,050-1,400 nm L7(D) L8(IR)/ 9,300-10,600 nm L5(D)
Before starting your printing exercise. Ensure the door is shut, the
warning light is on, and that everyone in the room is notified and wearing laser
safety glasses.

Lesson 1 - Safety
Introduction 2
Materials: VJ 3330/3130 CO laser Participant Training Guide; PowerPoint (PPT)
Safety Presentation
2
The VJ 3330/3130 CO is a 2 box design (Marking Unit and Supply Unit, connected
by flexible umbilical containing all electrical connections between Marking Head and
Supply Unit)
2 2
Two different beam sources: 10W CO laser for VJ 3130 and 30W CO laser for
VJ3330
Three different marking heads are used SHC60, SHC100 and the SHC 120.
The laser also comes in an IP65 version (wash down).
2
The intended use of the VJ 3330/3130 CO laser is to print text, logos, and bar codes
on paper, plastic and glass products. Use of this equipment in any other fashion may
lead to serious personal injury.
The safety guidelines provided in this lesson are intended to educate those who
attend the technical training on all safety issues in order to install, program, operate,
and maintain the printer in a safe manner.
Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, you will
2
 Determine what are suitable safety glasses for working with CO lasers
2
 Define fire hazards associated with VJ 3330/3130 CO lasers
2
 Define the electrical hazards associated with VJ 3330/3130 CO lasers
 Explain the dangers of fume hazards and how they can be prevented
 Identify how to properly install beam shields, guards and interlocks
 Identify general safety instructions and procedures
 Define the different laser classifications
Activities □ In this section, you will review the safety conventions to be used throughout the
training. You will monitor one another’s adherence to the safety guidelines and note
when not in compliance. Students not in compliance with the safety guidelines will
be expected to comply upon notification.

Safety
definitions
Used in this
Guide
Information
This symbol is used for instructions which will facilitate operation and,
respectively, the compliance of which can achieve an improvement in
operational procedure.
Caution
The caution statements indicate hazards or unsafe practices that result in
equipment or property damage.
Warning
Instructions whose non-compliance presents a health risk for the operator.
Care symbol:
This symbol provides important information on proper handling of the
3130/3330. Non-compliance with these instructions may result in
disturbances on the 3130/3330 or its surroundings.
Note: Pay close attention to these statements because they contain important information on
avoiding potential hazards to you or to the equipment.
Before starting your work carefully read the chapter "Safety Instructions"!
What is a laser?
Non-ionizing Radiation

Laser beam has unique characteristics:
-Monochromatic
-Light is of a single color or wave length
-CO2 laser light is invisible to the human eye
-Collimated
-Laser light has little divergence or spreading
-Coherent
-All light energy particles or photons travel in phase with each other
Monochromatic
Monochromatic
10,600nm
10.6µm
Figure 1: Visual light wavelengths and CO2 wavelength
Product marking
Ablation
Removal of a layer to reveal contrasting layer below
-Inked panel on packing
-Produce coding (vaporization of outer surface)
Thermal or chemical change
-Color change due to heat/light from laser e.g. PVC
Physical change
-Surface of product crazes and material removed as in glass

Techniques of marking
ENGRAVING
Superficial incision with removal of a few tens of microns of material
The incision is for rapid melting The incision is for the thermal
and vaporization of the metal expansion in the partial burning of
with subsequent resolidification the thermoplastic material which
at the edge of the excavation leads to the formation of a crater
Irradiance = High Irradiance = Low
Fluency = High Figure 2: Engraving marking

Fluency = Medium-low
Velocity =
Average Velocity = High
Contrast= Excellent
COLOR CHANGE
Contrast= Excellent (@Termoplastici)
Changing the color for the formation of surface oxides on metals or photochemical action of
both molecules on plastic than on those of special additives mixed with plastic dyes
themselves.
The intake of heat below the melting The change in color or surface whitening
point, causing an alteration of the metal (Bleaching), does not affect the material
structure with the formation of surface and can be selective with the introduction
oxides (-Tempering Annealing) that of pigments into the plastic compound.
appear more or less colored
Irradiance = Low
Figure 3: Color change Irradiance
marking= Low
Fluency = High Fluency = High
Velocity = Low Velocity = High
Contrast= Good Contrast= ECCELLENT (is Ligth on dark or

dark on ligth)

ABLATION
Remove a thin layer of paint or a film without affecting the underlying material
The anodizing of the metal or its A thin film applied to the plastic
coating is easily sprayed without support is easily vaporized without
the need for high input of heat the need for high input of heat
Irradiance = Medium
Figure 4: Ablation marking
Irradiance = Medium
Techniques
Fluency = Low
of marking Fluency = Very low
Velocity = High SURFACE MODIFICATION

Velocity = High
Changing the color of the light incident spreadContrast=
over an area affected by the
ECCELLENT
Contrast= ECCELLENT
inclusion of gas bubbles or impurities.
Fusion occurs sweet (Softening) a The matrix plastic is melted for a short time
surface with the incorporation of oxides during which you develop gases that are
and impurities during subsequent trapped (Foaming).
resolidification.
Figure 5: Surface modification marking

Irradiance = Low Irradiance = Low
Fluency = High Fluence = High
Velocity = Middle-high Velocitcy = High
Contrast= Middle-good Contrast= Very VARIABILE

Excitation of Atoms
How does a laser work?
Three important processes in activation of atoms:
Light Amplification (avalanche

effect) Figure 6: Activation of atoms
Light amplification (avalanche effect)
Figure 7: Avalanche effect

How does a laser work
Gas
Emission L.A.S.E.R.
Emissione amplificata - stimolata – ordinata
100% reflective morir

E
80% reflective
Emissions
Figure 8: Laser cavity
Laser Spectrum
Figure 9: Laser Spectrum
Pilot laser used in the marking head is 633 nm; our CO² lasers are 9.3, 10.2, and 10.6 nm.

Hazard Classifications
 Exposure of your eyes
 Exposure of your skin to the beam
 Fire
 Toxic Fumes
 Lethal high-voltage shock
 Mechanical
 Lens
Exposure of your eyes to the beam

Damage to the eye is dependent upon the wavelength of the beam. In order to understand the
possible health effects, it is important to understand the functions of the major parts of the
human eye.
The human Eye
The cornea is the transparent layer of tissue covering the eye. Damage to the outer cornea may
be uncomfortable (like a gritty feeling) or painful, but will usually heal quickly. Damage to
deeper layers of the cornea may cause permanent injury.
Figure 10: Human eye
Cornea
The cornea is a clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. It is the first and
most powerful lens in the eye's optical system. To keep it transparent the cornea contains no
blood vessels. Tears that flow over it and aqueous humor in the chamber behind it keep it
nourished. When you hear of eye banks and eye transplants, it is the cornea that is being
replaced. The cornea can be damaged from: accidents, infections, and genetic defects.

Ocular Absorption Site Vs Wavelength
Ocular absorption Vs Wavelength
Figure 11: Ocular absorption of the human eye
Figure 12: Cornea damage

• Cornea
– (1) Ultraviolet and low energy far-infrared radiation can injure the epithelial layer of
Cornea
theUltraviolet
– (1) cornea; and a condition
low energythat is painful
far-infrared and visually
radiation handicapping.
can injure At lower
the epithelial layer of the powers, this
injury
cornea; is primarily
a condition that due to a and
is painful photochemical reaction.
visually handicapping. AtAlower
latency period
powers, of hours
this injury is may exist
between
primarily due the
to a time of exposure
photochemical andAthe
reaction. development
latency of the
period of hours maycorneal pathology.
exist between the timeMinimal
of exposure
corneal and the development
lesions heal of the corneal pathology. Minimal corneal lesions heal
within a few days, but meanwhile
within a few days, but meanwhile they produce
theya produce
decrementaindecrement
visual performance.
in visual performance.
– (2) High energy far-infrared radiation is absorbed mainly by the cornea,
– (2) High energy far-infrared radiation is absorbed mainly by the cornea, producing immediate
producing
burns at all corneal layers. An infrared laser can produce a burn resulting in immediate visual
immediate burns at all corneal layers. An infrared laser can produce a burn resulting in
incapacitation and may lead to permanent cornea scarring. Very high energy can perforate the
immediate
cornea; visual incapacitation
this perforation may lead to loss ofandthemay
eye. lead to permanent cornea scarring. Very high
energy can perforate the cornea; this perforation may lead to loss of the eye.

CORNEAL BURN FROM CO2 LASER
EXPOSURE OF RABBIT EYE
Hazard Classification
 Exposure of your eyes to the beam
 Direct beam on eyes
Figure 13: Eye absorption (Superficial Injury) - Epithelium repairs itself quickly and lesion clears within one or
Laser-Professionals.com
 Reflected beam fromtwooptics days

or work piece
 Retina
Eye damage damage is more serious than Cornea
summary
damage
Figure 14: What your vision would be like if you had laser damage
With safety rule Cornea Damage Retina Damage
All personnel within the room must wear suitable safety glasses against laser radiation while
carrying out maintenance, adjustment or service work at the open laser housing and/or open
beam delivery system!
Never look directly into the laser beam!

Exposure of the skin to the beam
The Human Skin
Figure 15: Cross section of the skin
Skin is the largest organ of the body and, as such, is at the greatest risk for coming in contact
with the laser beam. The most likely skin surfaces to be exposed to the beam are the hands,
head, or arms.
Stratum Corneum (Dead Layer)

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer or the horny layer. It consists of flattened, dead
epidermal cells that protect the living tissue from water loss, injury from physical objects, and
radiant energy. The thickness is 8-20 um except on the soles of the feet and the palms of the
hands where it is 500-600 um.
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost layer of living tissue, where the tanning process takes place. It
has a relatively uniform thickness of about 50-150 um.

Dermis Corium
The dermis corium is made up largely of connective tissue which gives the skin its elasticity and
supportive strength. Included in this layer are nerve cells, blood vessels, and lymphatic glands.
The thickness of this layer varies over the body from 1-4 mm.
Subcutaneous Tissue
The subcutaneous tissue is made up mostly of fatty tissue serving as insulation and as a shock
absorption medium. The thickness of this layer varies according to the area of the body as well
as from person to person.
Skin effects
Wavelength Vs skin
Figure 16: Damage to the skin by wavelength
The skin can withstand higher radiation intensities than the eye. However - depending on the
radiation period and radiation intensity - the tissue is destroyed through burns. Therefore protect
your skin by wearing adequate protective clothing! Avoid any exposure of your skin to the laser
radiation!
Laser effects on tissue depend on - the power density of the incident beam, absorption of tissues
at the incident wavelength, time beam is held on tissue, and the effects of blood circulation and
heat conduction in the affected area.

Immediate Effects
As shown above, the immediate effect of exposure to laser light above the biological damage
Skin Hazards
threshold is normally burning of the tissue. Injury to the skin can result either from thermal
injury following temperature elevation in skin tissues or from a photochemical effect (e.g.,
"sunburn") from excessive levels of actinic ultraviolet radiation.
• Burns, skin cancer and acceleration of
Delayed Effects
skin aging are possible from exposure to
Thelaser radiation
possibility of adverse effects from repeated or chronic laser irradiation to the skin has been
suggested, although it is normally discounted. Only optical radiation in the ultraviolet region of
•theChronic
spectrum hasexposure
been shown tocan
causecause increased
long-term, delayed effects. These effects are: accelerated
pigmentation
skin aging and skin cancer. At present, laser safety standards for exposure of the skin attempt to
take these adverse effects into account.
• Photosensitive reactions may occur
Figure 17: Skin burns
Burns, skin cancer and acceleration of skin aging are possible from exposure to laser radiation.
Chronic exposure can cause increased pigmentation.
Figure 18: CO² Single pulse

The Complete Laser System
The complete and closed laser system acts as a class 1 laser system in normal operation.
Laser radiation emitted by the laser source is led completely within a shielding until it reaches
the product. The shielding prevents emerging of laser radiation or laser beam reflexes.
Bio-effects of Commonly Used Lasers
LASER TYPE WAVELENGTH BIOEFFECT TISSUE EFFECTED
(m) Process Skin Cornea Lens Retina
CO2 10.6 Thermal X X
HFl 2.7 Thermal X X
Erbium-YAG 1.54 Thermal X X
Nd-YAG [a] 1.33 Thermal X X X X
Nd-YAG 1.06 Thermal X X
Gas (diode) 0.78-0.84 Thermal [b] X
He-Ne 0.633 Thermal [b] X
Ar 0.488-0.514 Thermal/ X X[c]

Photochemical
XeFl 0.351 Photochemical X X X
XeCl 0.308 Photochemical X X

[a] Wavelength at 1.33 or more common in some Nd-YAG lasers has demonstrated
simultaneous cornea/lens/retina effects in biological research studies
[b] Power levels not normally sufficient to be considered a significant skin hazard
[c] Photochemical effects dominate for long-term exposures to retina (exposure times
more than 10 seconds
Table 1: Bio-effects of Commonly Used Lasers

Fire Hazards
 Never operate the laser system on unattended material.
 Always be aware of your laser settings. The incorrect product registration or parameter
could cause continuous or high intensity burning
 ALWAYS keep the area around the machine clean and free of clutter, combustible
materials, explosives, or volatile solvents such as acetone, alcohol, or gasoline.
 ALWAYS keep a properly maintained and inspected fire extinguisher on hand. A

Halotron fire extinguisher or a multi-purpose dry-chemical fire extinguisher. The
Halotron extinguisher emits a clean, easily removable substance that is not harmful to the
mechanics or wiring of the laser system. Other dry chemical extinguisher can sometimes
emit a sticky, corrosive powder that is very difficult to clean up.
 ALWAYS use a fume extractor when vector printing.
 Many materials have the potential to burst suddenly into flames – even materials with
which you might be very familiar. Utilizing the Air Assist feature will reduce the
instance of flare-ups when working with flammable materials such as acrylic and wood.
 KEEP YOUR LASER SYSTEM CLEAN – A build up of cutting and engraving residue
and debris is dangerous and can create a fire hazard in its own right. These small pieces
present a very dangerous fire hazard, especially if they are allowed to collect over time.
Since most users cut wood and acrylic, these small pieces that fall into the conveyor,
extractor nozzle or build up around the lens act just like kindling and can ignite and start
a fire.
 Lastly, make sure the exhaust blower you are using receives proper maintenance.
Periodically clean the exhaust blower and duct system to remove built-up debris. If you
detect odor while engraving, or smoke in the cabinet is visible in the area of the lens
carriage, inspect the exhaust system for leaks and obstructions. Inspect and clean the
exhaust ports in your machine to ensure there are no obstructions within the machine
itself. Use a wire brush to clean the plenum and exhaust port of your machine.

Fume Hazards
Some materials, such as certain plastics, emit toxic gas when they burn under a laser beam.
Hazard Classification
Consult the manufacturer of material.
Turn on ventilation system (Fumex or Bofa Fume Extractor) in order to reduce fume exposure.
Figure 19: Videojet Bofa Fume Extractor
Figure 20: Direction of flow
A fume extractor removes the smoke and dust particles associated with laser marking. Extractors
are recommended in all applications and are required in PVC marking. Typically the fumes
created during the laser marking process are 99% nuisance dust. Fume extraction both decreases
human exposure to potentially harmful substances, but also helps to keep lens cleaner for longer
periods of time when extraction is properly installed.

Laser Gas Generated Air Contaminates (LGAC)
• ANSI Z 136.1 states that from 10 3 to 10 7 watts/cm 2 contaminants MAY exist and
could be air-monitored. Above 10 7 watts/cm2 contaminants CAN exist.
• Organic materials, including polymers and tissue, will produce plumes containing
potentially carcinogenic materials. Polymers will pyrolyze to form toxic gases. Metals
and inorganic materials will form fume clouds. These can be treated as common hot gas
air contaminant sources in accordance with ACGIH and ASHRAE criteria. The interiors
Laser Fume Extraction
of the enclosures should be easy to clean/decontaminate. The usefulness of HEPA
filtration of the effluent shall also be evaluated when irradiances exceed 10,000
watts/cm2.
A fume extractor
emoves the smoke and
ust particles associated
with laser marking
A fume extractor is
ecommended in all
pplications, and is
equired in PVC marking
Typically, the fumes
reated during the laser
marking process are
9% nuisance dust
Figure 21: Fumex Fume Extractor
10
Care must be taken when changing filters in applications where the by-products of lasing create
hazardous materials. A mask and gloves are advised in order to avoid the inhalation of harmful
dust particles and/or exposure of skin to harmful contaminants.
FUME EXPOSURE FIRST AID

Symptoms of exposure to this product are headaches, dizziness, nausea, difficult
breathing, vomiting and diarrhea. In all cases of overexposure get medical attention
immediately. Take victim to a doctor or emergency treatment facility.
If inhaled:
• Move person to fresh air.
• If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance; give artificial respiration,
preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible.
• Keep warm and make sure person can breathe freely.
• Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.

If swallowed:
• Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice.
• Have person drink one or two glasses of water and induce vomiting by touching
back of throat with finger, or if available, administer syrup of ipecac.
• Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
If on skin or clothing:
• Brush or shake material off clothes and shoes in a well-ventilated area. Allow
clothes to aerate in a ventilated area prior to laundering.
• Do not leave contaminated clothing in occupied and/or confined areas such as
automobiles, vans, motel rooms, etc.
• Wash contaminated skin thoroughly with soap and water.
If in eyes:
• Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes.
• Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye.
• Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.
High Voltage Shock

The term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or
death upon living things.
The most common laser-related cause of death

Do not disable enclosure safety switches
Do not wear anything metal like a ring, bracelet, watch, bet buckle, earrings, or keys
Never stand on a wet surface
 Comply with Electrical Codes
All electrical wiring and connections must comply with applicable

local codes. Consult the appropriate regulatory agency for further
information.

 Comply with Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Do not service electrical parts and circuits without proper

lockout/tagout procedures of the power source to the conveyor
system and the 3330/73130 CO2 laser printer.
115VAC is converted through the power supplies to 32 VDC to supply the laser components.
Mechanical Hazards
Moving equipment
Loose fitting clothing, ties, jewelry, should not to be worn
When to put the system into Emergency Stop mode
 Watch out for Moving Parts
Watch out for moving belts and pulleys on the conveyor

systems. Do not operate the system without the proper guards
and safeties in place.
Lens Hazards
The laser system contains optics constructed from Zinc Selenide. When broken into small pieces
or exposed to acidic conditions, they may give rise to harmful products.
In normal use however, the laser optical components are not considered to be hazardous.
In the event that a laser optical component is damaged in any way, the material and any
packaging must be treated as hazardous waste and disposed of accordingly.
 Do Not Remove Warning Labels
Do not, under any circumstances, remove or obstruct

any warning or instruction labels in the printer.

products.
In normal use however, the laser optical components are not considered to be
hazardous.
In the event that a laser optical component is damaged in any way, the material
and any packaging must be treated as hazardous waste and disposed of
accordingly.
Figure 22: CO² Laser lens
Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) - transparent in wide spectral range from yellow (visible) to far IR. ZnSe
material is a chemically inert, non-hygroscopic and highly pure product that is very effective in
many optical applications due to its extremely low bulk losses, high resistance to thermal shock
and stability in virtually all environments, easily machined. To obtain superior transmittance,
ZnSe crystals are grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition process (CVD). Zinc Selenide CVD is
polycrystalline material, demonstrates superior CO2 laser transmittance and is employed in the
transmission optical components used in CO2 laser processing.
ZnSe (Zinc Selenide) Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) material is produced by synthesis from
zinc vapour and H2Se gas, forming as sheets on graphite susceptors (ZnSe-CVD processes).
Chemical purity of CVD-ZnSe 99.999%. It has Ã polycrystalline structure; the grain size of Zinc
Selenide CVD material is controlled to produce maximum strength and machinability.
Danger: SHORT AND LONG TERM HEALTH RISK

In the event that a laser optical component is damaged in any way, the material
and any packaging must be treated as hazardous waste and disposed of
accordingly. If the lens is cracked or broken, do not pick the damaged lens up with your
bare hands. Use gloves and mask and treat the damaged glass as hazmat. Follow the
directions on the MSDS sheet.
Mirrors
Videojet does not recommend cleaning front surface mirrors. Mirrors damaged by cleaning
are not included under the warranty. The surface of these mirrors damage easily.
It is difficult to prevent hard dust particles from being entrained in the process and causing
scratches. In many cases, small defects in the mirror's surface may be less harmful than the
surface damage resulting from continued cleaning. Cleaning requires special equipment typically
not available to customers.
There are times, however, when cleaning the mirror becomes a necessity, e.g. stains such as
fingerprints must be removed immediately to prevent permanent etching of the reflective
surface. The information below includes general recommendations for those special occasions
when mirrors must be cleaned.

Remove lint from mirrors with a jet of low pressure clean air or nitrogen. Blowing on front
surface of mirrors with mouth deposits moisture that may stain the finish.
A thin over coating of silicon monoxide protects most mirrors from oxidation. Like many optical
coatings, it is easily damaged when attempts are made to clean the mirror surface with a dry
tissue.
The safest method of cleaning is to place a piece of lens tissue on the mirror surface and wet it
with reagent grade (highly pure) alcohol or acetone (If you use acetone, take precautions
regarding possible health and fire hazards). Grasp an overhanging corner of the tissue and gently
agitate it several times, then slide the tissue off. This should remove the problem blemishes.
If the mirror surface is still contaminated, use a highly pure solvent such as alcohol or acetone
and generously wet the mirror surface with a sterile cotton swab or lens tissue.
Gently wipe the dirty areas. Turn your cotton swab or tissue with each stroke so that a clean area
is exposed.
Danger: Finger prints on a lens or a mirror will cause damage to the laser optics. Avoid
contact with lens and optics. If optics are contaminated, clean with acetone or high grade
IP alcohol.
Danger: Isopropyl alcohol is hazardous to health and an explosion hazard.

Refer to the relevant data sheets supplied with this solvent for further information.
Cleaning Solvents
When cleaning the lens or mirror components it is necessary to use solvents. The following
solvents are recommended for cleaning optical components. See the Maintenance chapter for
detailed instructions on cleaning lens. Using unapproved solvents (including make-up fluid from
ink coders) can damage lenses or mirrors and may result in significant cost to replace.
• Solvents
– Acetone
– Methyl alcohol (methanol)
– Isopropyl Alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
• Flammable
• Irritants

eaning Solvents
Solvents
– Acetone
– Methyl alcohol (methanol)
– Isopropyl Alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
Flammable
rritants
Figure 23: Acetone
 Read the Material Safety Data Sheets
Read and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) before using acetone;
the appropriate sheet or sheets are supplied with the product when shipped, Alltec
website and service manual.
Make certain to retain all MSDSs for future reference. Additional copies of MSDSs
are available upon request and can be obtained by contacting the Videojet Customer
Service Department at 800-843-3610. Outside the U.S., customers should contact a
Videojet subsidiary office or their local Videojet distributor.
Medical
Emergencies WARNING: In the event of a medical emergency, contact a doctor
immediately.
 Emergencies Involving acetone Fluids
If the incident involves lens cleaning solution, bring the bottle and/or Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) with you to the doctor’s office. These items contain
important information, which the doctor may require in order to provide
treatment.
 Rocky Mountain Poison Control Center

All VIDEOJET inks, makeup-fluids, and cleaning solutions are also registered with
the Rocky Mountain Poison Control Center, located in the U.S.A. If the bottle or
MSDS cannot be located, the doctor can contact the Rocky Mountain Poison Control
Center to obtain the information required.
Rocky Mountain Poison Control Center

(303) 623-5716
Note: Persons outside the U.S.A. requiring medical attention can have a doctor contact the
Rocky Mountain Poison control Center in the U.S.A. or a poison control center or
hospital in their own area.

Laser Accidents
• Statistically laser accidents are due to several factors:
• eye exposure unexpectedly during alignment, eye protection not being worn, equipment
malfunction, high voltage mishandling, non-beam hazards, incorrect eyewear, inhalation
of air contaminants, viewing of laser-generated plasmas, and in general using equipment
incorrectly
• The most common type of injury is to the eye (around 70%). There have been a few
Causes of laser accidents
deaths, mostly caused by electrocution or fires.
Figure 24: Laser accidents by cause of incident

Laser Classes
Laser Class 1: No danger to the eyes (without the use of optical instruments).
No danger to the skin.
The accessible laser radiation is under reasonably foreseeable conditions harmless.
The products are absolutely laser-light safe (eye & skin): no laser light at critical power levels
can leave the laser system. This is the standard for laser marking machines. Laser Class 1
products are operated in the same manner as conventional machine tools.
Front Back
Carbon block
Extractor
Figure 25: Class 1 laser enclosure
Laser Class 1M: No danger to the eyes (without the use of optical
instruments). No danger to the skin.
The accessible laser radiation is in the range from 302.5 nm to 4000 nm.
The accessible laser radiation is harmless for the eye as long as the
beam diameter is not reduced by optical components (e.g. binoculars, demagnification glasses)
As long as no optical focusing components are used the risk assessment
is not higher than in laser class 1.
Remark: However, when optical components are used the risk assessment can be comparable
with laser class 3R or 3B.
Laser Class 2: No danger to the eyes at short exposure times (max. 0.25 s).
No danger to the skin.
The accessible laser radiation is only in the visible range (400 to 700 nm). Short irradiation (up
to 0.25 s) is not dangerous for the eye. The eye protects itself via the eyelid-closing reflex. For
cw lasers of this class the maximum accessible power level is 1 mW.
Remark: Therefore class 2 lasers can be operated without any safety covers or housings if it is
guaranteed that the view into the laser beam cannot last longer than 0.25 s.

Figure 26: Class 2 Pilot laser
Laser Class 2M: No danger to the eyes at short exposure times (max. 0.25 s).
As long as no optical instruments are used! No danger to the skin.
Same as Class 2, but safe for short time viewing only for the naked eye. Eye injury may occur
when exposure occurs while using optical instruments (e.g. binoculars, magnification glasses).
As long as no optical focusing components are used the risk assessment is not higher than in
laser class 1M.
Remark: However when optical components are used the risk assessment can be comparable
with laser class 3R or 3B.
Laser Class 3R: Low risk to eyes, no risk to skin

The accessible laser radiation becomes dangerous for the eye when the beam diameter is reduced
via optical components/ instruments. If this is not the case and the radiation visible (400 to 700
nm) short irradiation (up to 0.25 s) is not dangerous for the eye. In all other cases (diameter
reduction, non-visible radiation, long irradiation) the eye is endangered.
The risk of eye damage is reduced because the maximum beam energy is limited to 5 times of
the maximum energy of class 2.
Laser Class 3B: Medium to high risk to eyes, low risk to skin
The accessible laser radiation is dangerous for the eye and in specific cases also for the skin.
Remark: The direct view into the beam of class 3B lasers is always dangerous.

Laser Class 4:
The accessible laser radiation is very dangerous for the eye and dangerous for the skin. Also
diffusely scattered light can be dangerous. The laser radiation can cause risk of fire and
explosion. High risk to eyes and skin, danger of fire and explosion
Figure 27: Class 4 laser

The interaction of light and matter
Light interaction of light and matter
normal
Reflection
Refraction
In
cide
y
Absorption
Ra
nt
ted
Ra
Transmission
ec
y
fl
Scattering
Re
Tra
n
smi
tted
Ray
Figure 28: Example of how light and matter react
Most absorbing materials satisfy the Beer-Lambert Law.

An isolated atom scatters light because the electric field of the incident light wave forces
the electrons in the atom to oscillate back and forth about their equilibrium position. By
the laws of electromagnetism, when a charge changes its velocity, it emits radiation.
Light is emitted uniformly in all directions in the plane to oscillation, but decreases in
amplitude as the viewing angle shifts away from that plane.
Reflection — Light scattered in the opposite direction of incident light.

Refraction — Light scattered in the forward direction combines with the incident beam to give
rise to the phenomenon of refraction. The physical effect of this combination is to make the
transmitted light appear as though it has travelled more slowly through the sample than through
a vacuum.
Incident ray in physics, a ray of light which hits a surface.
The refracted ray or transmitted ray corresponding to a given incident ray represents the light
that is transmitted through the surface. The angle between this ray and the normal is known as
the angle of refraction, and it is given by Snell's Law. Conservation of energy requires that the
power in the incident ray must equal the sum of the power in the transmitted ray, the power in
the reflected ray, and any power absorbed at the surface.

Laser Hazards to Vision
the case of free propagation of a laser beam, special attention should be placed as the vision of the
Reflection of light
diation is directly reflected, because of exposure to the eye may be exposed. Less dangerous is the vision of
idespread radiation.
Direct
Reflective
Defused
Figure 29: Example of 3 most common methods of exposure
In the case of free propagation of a laser beam, special attention is needed as the radiation is
directly reflected and the eye may be exposed. Less dangerous is widespread radiation which
includes diffuse reflection.
Intrabeam (Direct) exposure means that the eye or skin is exposed directly to all or part of the
laser beam. The eye or skin is exposed to the full irradiance or radiant exposure possible.
Reflection is the return of radiant energy (incident light) by a surface, with no change in
wavelength.
Diffuse Reflection takes place when different parts of a beam incident on a surface are reflected
over a wide range of angles in accordance with Lambert's Law. The intensity will fall off as the
inverse of the square of the distance away from the surface and also obey a Cosine Law of
reflection.
Note: Direct or intrabeam viewing is most dangerous of the three methods of

exposure mentioned above.

Specular vs. Diffuse Reflection
Specular Reflection Diffuse Reflection
(smooth surface) (rough surface)
Figure 30: Illustration of the difference between light reflected on different surfaces
Reflection off of smooth surfaces such as mirrors or a calm body of water leads to a type of
reflection known as specular reflection. Reflection off of rough surfaces such as clothing,
paper, and the asphalt roadway leads to a type of reflection known as diffuse reflection.
Whether the surface is microscopically rough or smooth has a tremendous impact upon the
subsequent reflection of a beam of light. The diagram below depicts two beams of light incident
upon a rough and a smooth surface.
A light beam can be thought of as a bundle of individual light rays which are traveling parallel to
each other. Each individual light ray of the bundle follows the law of reflection. If the bundle of
light rays is incident upon a smooth surface, then the light rays reflect and remain concentrated
in a bundle upon leaving the surface. On the other hand, if the surface is microscopically rough,
the light rays will reflect and diffuse in many different directions.
Specular reflections are mirror-like reflections and can reflect close to 100% of the incident
light. Flat surfaces will not change a fixed beam diameter only the direction. Convex surfaces
will cause beam spreading, and concave surfaces will make the beam converge.
Diffuse reflections result when surface irregularities scatter light in all directions. The specular
nature of a surface is dependent upon the wavelength of incident radiation. A specular surface is
one that has a surface roughness less than the wavelength of the incident light. A very rough
surface is not specular to visible light but might be to IR radiation of 10.6 µm from a CO2 laser.
Why does a rough surface diffuse a beam of light?

For each type of reflection, each individual ray follows the law of reflection. However, the
roughness of the material means that each individual ray meets a surface which has a different
orientation. The normal line at the point of incidence is different for different rays.
Subsequently, when the individual rays reflect off the rough surface according to the law of
reflection, they scatter in different directions. The result is that the rays of light are incident upon
the surface in a concentrated bundle and are diffused upon reflection.

ANSI Z 136.1
Purpose:
• Create a standard of measurement.
• Determine thresholds where radiant energy becomes a hazard.
• Categorizes laser into four basic hazards.
• Provides recommendations for the safe usage of lasers and laser systems between
180nm and 1mm.
Z136.1 is the parent document
• Other specialized standards exist
The laser Institute of America (LIA) has been the secretariat and publisher for this series of
standards since 1986.
To be in compliance with ANSI Z136.1 means:

• You follow those mandatory requirements that are designated “SHALL”.
I Z 136.1-2007 • You take into consideration advisory recommendations designated “SHOULD”.
a standard of measurement.
ne thresholds where radiant energy
a hazard.
izes laser into four basic hazards.
s recommendations for the safe uase
and laser systems between 180nm
.
Figure 31: ANSI Z 136.1 manual

Laser safety reference
• CDRH - Center for Devices and Radiological Health
– An agency within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration which publishes and
enforces legal requirements on laser product manufacturers. For copies of the
CDRH regulations, contact: CDRH (HFZ-312), 2098 Gaither Road, Rockville,
MD 20850, Telephone (301) 594-4654
• ANSI/OSHA - ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
– U.S. organization that publishes standards for laser users. Their laser safety
standards are not laws, but they form the basis for state and OSHA requirements
for the use of lasers. For copies contact ANSI in New York at (212) 642-4900 or
the Laser Institute of America, at Telephone (407) 380-1553, Fax (407) 380-5588
• OSHA - The Occupational Safety & Health Administration
– Does not have specific laser safety requirements. However, if they are called into
a facility, the inspectors follow published guidelines (OSHA Instruction PUB 8-
1.7 Guidelines for Laser Safety and Hazard Assessment) that are based on an
earlier (1986) ANSI Z136.1 standard.
General safety
The laser system must only be used for the treatment of material surfaces. The surfaces are
locally heated by intensive class 4 laser radiation and are modified thereby. These systems are
mainly applied for marking of product surfaces (expiry dates, batch printing, serial numbers,
etc.).
The radiation produced by the laser system is of high energy and therefore improper use
represents a danger to persons or objects!
Laser radiation
• Never expose human beings or animals to laser radiation!
This might result in severe burns of eyes or skin.
• Never expose flammable materials to laser radiation!
Always ensure appropriate shielding of the laser beam! Errors during marking on flammable
materials (e.g. paper) might cause fires. Take suitable safety measures by installing e.g.
smoke or fire detectors, or similar!
• Never expose reflecting surfaces to laser radiation!
The reflected laser beam may cause the same dangers - in individual cases even greater dangers -
as the original laser beam.
• Never expose unknown materials to laser radiation!
Some materials (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, glass) are easily penetrated by the laser beam,
although they seem to be opaque for the human eye.
• Danger of explosion!
Make sure that the laser area is free of explosive materials or vapors!
• For safety reasons arbitrary modifications or changes to the laser system are forbidden!
If a modification made by the user to a previously classified laser system leads to a change of its
performance data and/or its intended use that person or organization performing the modification
is responsible for a new classification and labeling of the laser system. The person or
organization is then regarded as »manufacturer«.

• The laser system must be operated with open laser and/or open beam delivery system by
specially trained personnel only!
Make sure that the laser protection rules are always observed!
Safety Guards
Note When marking highly reflective material there might be a feedback of radiation into the
laser. In this case the system switches to fatal error mode.
A reset has to be carried out to continue: the laser must be switched off and on again.
Laser Safety Guards

• A safe installation requires that the laser
A safe installation requires that the laser beam be guarded utilizing interlock.
beam be guarded utilizing interlocks
Length must be sufficient to
prevent skin and eye contact
with beam path.
Ceramic tile should be affixed
Safety Guards
opposite the laser head (other
side of product) to absorb
laser light if no product is
present (if fired).
Insert laser head here.
Removal requiring
special tools.
Laser hazard stickers
should be affixed to the
guard in clear view.
• Any parts of the safety guard which can

be removed (slides or hinged parts) Side View of Guard
should be interlocked Figure 32: Sideso

view ofthe
guard laser is
13
paused
Any (shutter
parts of the safety closed)
guard which can when
be removed (slides those
or hinged parts) should be
interlocked so the laser is paused (shutter closed) when those parts are open or removed.
parts are open or removed Top View of Guard
Sliding cover to allow

PRODUCT access to conveyor PRODUCT
Removable parts
should be electrically
interlocked in
CLOSED position.
No laser reflective
materials should interrupt
the beam path (metal)
14
Figure 33: Enclosure top view

Materials for Construction of a Laser Beam Protection
The following materials are suitable for constructing a laser beam protection: polycarbonate
(PC), PMMA, aluminum and sheet steel.
Polycarbonate is also known under the trade name Makrolon® (by Bayer AG).
Advantages:
- Absorbs the CO2 radiation nearly completely on the surface Direct laser radiation is reflected
only minimally.
- Elastic, high impact strength, low weight.
- Resistant against: weather, lyes, alcohol, grease, oil and diluted acids.
- Flame resistant, develops yellow-orange smoke emitting soot (forming flakes) and strong
smell. Thus, it has a very good warning function in case of inflammation.
- Can be chipped, nailed, glued and welded.
- Complicated contours can be made by gluing together individual elements.
- Highly transparent, the marking area and therefore the marking process can be observed
through the laser beam protection without limitation.
- Inherently stable up to + 125 °C.
Disadvantages:
- Is only suited as beam protection for scattered radiation. The polycarbonate must have a
sufficient distance to the focal/image planes (both planes are explained in the figures of section
10» Focal Plane/Image Plane«). In that area the density of the laser beam is so high that
polycarbonate will be destroyed after a short time.
- Unstable against: bases, concentrated acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons,
methanol.
Summary
Polycarbonate is highly suitable for constructing a laser beam protection for a CO2 laser system.
It has a very good warning function. If exposed to too high radiation it emits smoke and soot as
well as a strong smell. The staff can notice the accident and take immediate action to prevent the
fire from spreading. Since it can only absorb very low energy densities the following
requirement must be met:
It must be guaranteed that the laser beam in case of an error, if it misses the product to be
marked or if it is emitted and there is no product to be marked, is not focused and not specularly
reflected onto the polycarbonate.
As a solution the laser beam protection can be made of polycarbonate if the side opposite to the
opening from which the laser beam is emitted or parts of the beam protection where problems
due to specular reflection might occur are made of e.g. aluminum.
Polycarbonate proved itself for the construction of CO2 beam protections. The thickness of the
polycarbonate material should be at least 5 mm and depends decisively on the required stability
of the protection and on the irradiation period to be expected. Depending on the power class and

the focal length of the focusing lens of the laser beam source determined minimum distances to
the focal plane must be kept.
PMMA is also known as acrylic glass or under the trade name Plexiglas® (by Röhm).
Advantages:
- Absorbs the CO2 radiation nearly completely on the surface. Direct laser radiation is reflected
only minimally.
- Flame resistant, develops yellow-orange smoke emitting soot (forming flakes) and
strong smell. Thus, it has a very good warning function in case of inflammation.
- Hard, durable, brilliant, low weight.
- Resistant against: weather, aging, fuel, oil, lyes and acids of mean concentration.
- Can be chipped, nailed, polished and glued.
- Complicated contours can be made by gluing together individual elements.
- Clear as glass, better light transmission than normal glass. The marking area and therefore the
marking process can be observed through the laser beam protection without limitation.
- Can easily be cut or marked with CO2 lasers.
Disadvantages:
- Is only suited as beam protection for scattered radiation. The PMMA must have a sufficient
distance to the focal/image planes In that area the density of the laser beam is so high that
PMMA will be destroyed after a short time.
- Unstable against alcohol and benzene
- Very sensitive to scratches
- Inherently stable only up to + 80 °C
Summary
The same applies as to the use of polycarbonate.
Aluminum, Sheet Steel
Advantages:
- Aluminum and sheet steel can withstand even high energy densities of the laser beam
for long periods. Therefore they can be applied very close to the focal plane.
- Specular and diffuse reflections cannot damage the beam protection.
Disadvantages:
- Within the beam protection uncontrolled specular and diffuse reflections can occur. These
might damage other elements (e.g. plastics) located in the beam protection.
- Comparatively expensive in processing.
- Opaque. If the marking position should be visible an admitted filter glass must be applied.

Summary
In areas where the plastics would not withstand the energy densities to be expected (this includes
the reasonably expected case of an error) the laser beam protection should always be made of
aluminum or sheet steel. Keep in mind that the CO2 laser beam is highly reflected (a large part
also specularly) by bright aluminum and bright steel. That means that the laser beam can reach
areas by reflection that it would never have reached in the normal beam path. Due to focusing
the energy density of these reflections can be much higher than of the original beam!
Automatically moving products

If a moving product is stopped to be marked (marking at standstill) the marking area should be
screened for every marking by an automatically moving laser beam protection. The beam
protection must cover the surrounding contours of the marking area completely so that the entire
marking area is screened light-tight towards the outside. That means there must be no gaps. That
applies also to the side facing the opening from which the laser beam is emitted. In case of
malfunction the marking process is started and there is no product in the marking area, laser
radiation must not exit the beam protection at any side.
If the product to be marked is moving during the marking process, e.g. on a conveyer belt, the
construction of a beam protection tunnel is necessary. In order to control the transmission of
laser radiation, the beam-emergence opening is encased together with the conveyer belt from
above and from the sides. If the radiation might penetrate the conveyer belt, e.g. at gaps, the
tunnel must also be installed from below. The tunnel must be long enough in front of and behind
the marking area to prevent possible reflections coming from the product itself, or other surfaces
(e.g. metallic jointed-band conveyer), from exiting at the sides of the tunnel. The tunnel must be
long enough to absorb reflections before such reflections reach the ends of the tunnel. The tunnel
should be constructed to be as close as possible to the product. Thus potential exits for laser
radiation are minimized. If possible flaps, brushes or strip curtains should be installed at the ends
of the tunnel to provide additional screening.

PPE Control Measures PPE Control Measures
• Appropriate eyewear
– Eyewear must be for t
appropriate laser
wavelength, attenuate
the beam to safe leve
yet be comfortable
enough to wear
– Gloves
– Special Clothing
Figure 34: Laser safety glasses
Laser Safety Glasses

• Polycarbonate
– Low weight
– Break resistant
– Lower cost
– 110W/cm² causes penetration in 7 seconds
• Glass
– Scratch resistant
– Ease for prescription lenses
– Good visional transmittance
– Damage threshold of 100 to 500W/cm²

Eyewear selection
When selecting eyewear the following should be considered:
• Laser wavelength or range
• Optical Density (OD) for that wavelength or range
• Damage Threshold of the eyewear (the maximum irradiance or beam power that the
eyewear will protect against for at least 5 seconds)
• Visual transmittance of the eyewear (how much visible light is transmitted to the eye)
• Field of view and curvature of the lens
• Goggles large enough to accommodate prescription eyewear
• Ventilation to prevent fogging and general comfort
• Effect on color vision
• Impact resistance and cost
Eyewear Checklist
 Is the OD for the worst-case situation?
 Have different frame types been evaluated?
 Have all wavelengths been determined?
OD on Eyewear Labels


Has visual transmittance been considered?
Can users be relied on to actually use the eyewear?
 Will eyewear be available for guests?
YAG and Fiber
C02
Figure 35: Wavelength and Optical Density Numbers

OD for a direct laser beam 30 watt CO²
laser
Φ 4Ф Average Power (Φ)=30 watts
r
Exposure= = Reflection coefficient (ρ) = 100%
π d² π d² Viewing angle (θ) = 0
4 cos0= 1
r (4) (30)
Exp=
π (0.35)²
Exp= 312 W/cm²
312
Overexposure= =3120 OD = log ₁₀ (3120) = 3.5 so round up to a OD of 4
0.100
ALL Videojet rtechnicians SHALL wear glasses with

a OD of 5 to cover 10 to 110 watts.
Figure 36: CO² Optical Density calculations
Optical Density of Eyewear: Dλ is the logarithm to the base ten of the reciprocal of the
transmittance at a specific wavelength.
Dλ = log10(1/τλ), where τλ = transmittance at the wavelength of interest.
τλ = (Hp/MPE), Hp = eye exposure level typically in units of W/cm², or J/cm².
The MPE determination is based on the duration of use, and particular wavelength.
Recommended time factors are as follows:
(1) Aversion response to visible lasers (0.4 to 0.7 um, and class 3B and 4 lasers). The aversion
response time of 0.25 s shall be used when long term intrabeam viewing is not intended.
(2) Near Infrared (0.7 to 1.4 um, and class 3B and 4 lasers). 10 s shall be used as a “worst case”
time duration for MPE determination for this category of lasers.
(3) Diffuse Viewing (intended class 3B and 4). Maximum viewing times may be used within an
8 hour time period based on the operation, such as with alignment procedures where viewing is
intended.
(4) Diffuse Viewing (unintended class 3B and 4). 600 seconds shall be used for this category of
laser classes where there is potential for intense staring during an operation.
(5) Daily Occupational Exposure (long term, class 3B and 4). 30,000 s shall be used for long
term 8 hour exposure durations to low level light where applicable.

Nominal Hazard Zone
Average Power (Φ)=30 watts Nominal Hazard Zone lens on laser
Lens focal length (f₀) = 127mm example 2: CO² laser on lens at 30 watts
Beam size at lens (b₀) = 3mm
f₀ 4Φ ½ 127 4 (30) ½
r r
NOHD= NOHD=
b₀ π MPE 3 π (0.100)
120 ½
r
NOHD= 42.3
.31415
½ 42.3 x 382 =16158.6

r
NOHD= 42.3 382
382 yx .5 N
Λ 1 2 =826.7
d
x 42.3 =826.7 NOHD= 826.7cm
r NOHD= 8.2m or 27 feet
Figure 37: CO² Nominal Hazard Zone calculations
The other major definition for laser safety calculations is the Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ). This
is a distance within which the irradiance of a beam is greater than the MPE. Besides being
specific to a given wavelength and time of exposure, a different NHZ can be defined for the
beam’s path to your eye – direct viewing, specular reflectance, or diffuse reflectance.
The NHZ is a practical definition; it has a specific shape around your particular laboratory
apparatus (for instance, assuming your lab has no windows and a solid door, the NHZ will in the
worst case scenario be the floor area of the lab itself). In other words, the NHZ for you will be
derived at the end of your safety calculations, and thereafter will be most useful to you for
planning control measures in you laboratory.

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VJA 3330 3130 Lesson 1 Safety

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Lesson 1 - Safety

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-1 March 2014

At the end of this training class you will be able to:

1. Safely install a 3330/3130 laser

2. Identify the function of the 3330/3130 components.

4. Demonstrate the ability to transfer databases using the Allprint software.

5. Troubleshoot common problems associated with 3330/3130 laser.

7. Remove and replace major components of the laser system

 System Overview  Troubleshooting

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-2 March 2014

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-3 March 2014

Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, you will

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-4 March 2014

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-5 March 2014

Figure 1: Visual light wavelengths and CO2 wavelength

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-6 March 2014

Fluency = High Figure 2: Engraving marking

Velocity = Low Velocity = High

Contrast= Good Contrast= ECCELLENT (is Ligth on dark or

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-7 March 2014

Velocity = High SURFACE MODIFICATION

Figure 5: Surface modification marking

Fluency = High Fluence = High

Velocity = Middle-high Velocitcy = High

Contrast= Middle-good Contrast= Very VARIABILE

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-8 March 2014

Light Amplification (avalanche

Light amplification (avalanche effect)

Figure 7: Avalanche effect

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-9 March 2014

Emissione amplificata - stimolata – ordinata

100% reflective morir

Figure 9: Laser Spectrum

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-10 March 2014

Exposure of your eyes to the beam

Figure 10: Human eye

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-11 March 2014

Figure 11: Ocular absorption of the human eye

Figure 12: Cornea damage

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-12 March 2014

 Reflected beam fromtwooptics days

Never look directly into the laser beam!

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-13 March 2014

Figure 15: Cross section of the skin

Stratum Corneum (Dead Layer)

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-14 March 2014

Figure 16: Damage to the skin by wavelength

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-15 March 2014

Figure 17: Skin burns

Figure 18: CO² Single pulse

Videojet Technologies Inc. 1-16 March 2014

Bio-effects of Commonly Used Lasers

LASER TYPE WAVELENGTH BIOEFFECT TISSUE EFFECTED

(m) Process Skin Cornea Lens Retina

CO2 10.6 Thermal X X

HFl 2.7 Thermal X X

Erbium-YAG 1.54 Thermal X X

Nd-YAG [a] 1.33 Thermal X X X X

Nd-YAG 1.06 Thermal X X

Gas (diode) 0.78-0.84 Thermal [b] X

He-Ne 0.633 Thermal [b] X

Ar 0.488-0.514 Thermal/ X X[c]

XeFl 0.351 Photochemical X X X

XeCl 0.308 Photochemical X X