PRE-LIMS REVIEWER

READING AND WRITING

Lesson 10: Patterns of Development

The logical arrangements of ideas is known as the patterns of development.

Note the signal words when determining the patterns of development of ideas in
a text.

Types of Patterns of Development:

1. Definition:

● Helps clarify and explain concepts through the question "What does it
mean?"
● Explains information through the use of illustrations, examples, and
descriptions.

Signal words for definition:

-means, -refers to, -is defined, -as defined, -to define, -to illustrate

2. Exemplification

● Used to provide an example of something.

Signal words for Exemplification:

-for instance, -after all, -as an example, -consider the following, -in
particular, -in other words, -for example, -in short, -namely, -that is, -put
another way, -specifically to be specific, -stated differently to clarify, -to
illustrate
 3. Description (Sensory and Spatial)

● In a sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five
senses:
● A spatial pattern arranges ideas by location or by physical space

Signal words for Spatial Pattern or Visual Description:

-above, -onto, -opposite to, -in front of, -inside, -into, -across, -adjacent
to, -between, -beyond, -by, -down, -outside, -around, -away from, -back of,
-behind, -below, -beneath, -beside, -against, -along, -alongside, -amidst,
-near, -off, -farther, -over, -throughout, -to the right, -under, -on, -here,
-in, -on top of

4. Chronology/Procedure:

● Organizes ideas or events according to time. It can be by narration or

process.
● A narration sequences events based on when they happened while a
process organizes details based on stages or steps.

Signal words for Chronology:

-about, -in the tomorrow, -before, -during, -prior to, -second, -after
meantime, -until, -afterwards soon when, -yesterday, -as soon as then, -today,
-at, -at this/that point, -eventually, -later, -finally, -first, -meanwhile,
-next, -immediately, -next week, -presently

5. Listing:

● Organizes ideas using enumeration. Can be done without a sequence.

Signal words for Listing:

-additionally, -again, -along with, -also, -and, -and then, -another, -as
well, -besides, -further, -likewise, -moreover, -furthermore, -in addition, in
the same way together with, -next, -equally important

6. Comparison-contrast:

- Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and

concepts are similar or different
- Ideas can be arranged separately (describe one item, then another) or
side-by-side (discussing both on each point of comparison).

Signal words for Comparing:

-also, -as, -equally, -in a similar fashion, -in comparison, -in the
similarly to compare same way, -like, -likewise

Signal words for Contrasting :

-although, -and yet, -but, -despite, -Instead, -otherwise, -even so, -even
though, -nevertheless, -however, -the fact remains, -in contrast,
-nonetheless, -unlike, -in spite of, -in the meantime, -on the contrary,
whereas on the other hand, yet, -conversely, -counter to

7. Classification and Division:

● Organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and

standards. -Can be used for people, objects, events, things, places, and
other items.

Signal words for Classification and Division:

another, -another kind, -classified as, -final type, -one kind, -the first
category, -the last group, -the next part

8. Cause and Effect Organizes:

 ● details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences
of a certain phenomenon.

Signal words for Causes:

-for, -because (of the fact), -due to (the fact that), for the reason that,
-in that, -in view of (the fact), -in as much as, -one reason, -owing to (the
fact), -seeing that, -since

Signal words for Effects:

-in consequence, -so that, -therefore, -thus, -accordingly, -as a

consequence, -as a result (of that), -because (of that), -consequently, -for
this reason, -hence, -so much (so) that

9. Problem-Solution

● Organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions.

● -The problem section contains the 5Ws and 1H. The other parts present
the effects and solution.

Signal words for Problem-Solution:

-but, -nonetheless, -one solution is the problem, -first, second one reason
for the one way is ,-the solution

10. Persuasion

● Organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical

conclusion or argument.
● Presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence that
supports the position.

Signal words for Emphasizing a Point:

-again, -for this reason, -in that case to emphasize, -to repeat truly
indeed, -with this in mind, -in fact

Signal words for Concluding and Summarizing:

-in brief accordingly, -all in all inevitably, -on the whole, -in conclusion,
-in short, -in summary, -consequently, -due to, -finally, -in any event, -as a
result, -as I have said, -in a nutshell, -therefore, -thus since, In essence,
-to sum up

Signal words for Conceding a Point:

-admittedly, -assuredly, -certainly, -granted it is true that, -needless to

say, -no doubt, -obviously true of course, -to be sure, -undoubtedly
unquestionably

Lesson 11: LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review:

● a type of academic writing that provides an overview of a specific

topic.
● As an advanced form of academic writing, a literature review critically
analyzes the relationship between different scholarly and current works.
● It can be written as a stand-alone paper or as part of a research paper
explaining a theoretical framework and related studies.
● Unlike an annotated bibliography which presents a summary of a book or
article, a literature review combines both summary and synthesis.

Annotated Bibliography Book Review Literature Review

Summarizes the Evaluates a book Reviews a significant

references and explain number of scholarly work
how important they are to identify what is
in addressing the known and not known
research questions about a topic
Functions of a Literature

● Review Justifies a research question, method, or theoretical and

conceptual framework
● Establishes the relevance of the topic Provides necessary information to
better understand a specific topic or study

Functions of a Literature Show

● reviewers familiarity and mastery

● Review of the topic Establishes the niche of the study Resolves conflict
among contradictory studies

Structure of a Literature Review

Introduction

● Purpose for writing the literature review and the importance of the
topic being reviewed
● Scope of the review
● Criteria used for selecting the literature Organizational pattern of the
review

Body

● Historical background Relevant theories

● Relationship between and among studies
● Strengths and weaknesses of each paper
● Various viewpoints on the topic

Conclusion

● Restatement of the main argument or thesis

● Main agreements and disagreements in the literature If stand-alone
paper: conclusions, implications, and direction for future studies
 ● If part of a thesis or research paper: linking the literature review to
the research questions
● Overall perspective on the topic

Guidelines in Writing a Literature Review

● Writing a literature review is composed of three distinct parts-

literature search, evaluation and analysis of articles, and writing the
literature review.

Literature Search

1. Review the documentation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) that you
will adopt and be familiar with its format in relation to writing a
literature review

2. Choose and focus on a topic that you will explain.

3. Determine the kind and number of sources you will be using. Will your
literature review be exclusive to articles or will it include other
documents? Will you focus on experimental studies or will you also
include theoretical papers that explain a theory?

4. Survey the available online databases relevant to your topic. These

include Proquest, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, or Google Scholar. As much as
possible, include only the references published by top journals and
publishers.

5. Use relevant keywords when searching for scholarly documents or

articles. For example, if your topic is about the impact of
Facebook-based e-portfolios on the writing skills of ESL learners, your
possible keywords are Facebook, ESL writing, e-portfolio, portfolio
assessment, Facebook-based e-portfolio, and social networking sites.

6. Always include landmark studies or papers (i.e., studies that had

remarkably changed the field) related to your topic.
 7. Always evaluate the sources for coverage and currency. Include only
those articles directly related to your topic.

Evaluation and Analysis of Articles

● Once you have identified and obtained the articles for your review,
analyze them before writing the actual literature review. To do this,
you may apply the following steps:

1. Skim the articles and read their abstract.

2. Group the articles and other documents according to their categories.

3. Take down notes. Focus on the research questions, methodology used,

major findings and conclusion. their explanations, and conclusions.

4. Summarize the details using a concept map. In this way, you will see
the relationship, similarities, and differences among the articles.

5. Write a synthesis of the references you have read before writing the
actual literature review.

6. Create an outline. You may look for other literature reviews to serve
as models for writing the outline.

Writing the Literature Review

● Once all the materials are ready and you have a clear outline of the
ideas you want to express, you may now start the actual writing process.

1. State clearly your thesis or main argument and be guided by it

accordingly.

2. If you say that no studies have been conducted on one aspect of your
topic, justify it.
 3. Direct the readers to other related literature reviews that cover
items that you do not intend to cover. You may use the APA citation
format or follow the format prescribed by your chosen documentation
style.

4. Never treat a literature review as a series of annotated

bibliographies

5. Use headings and subheadings to classify the parts of your topic. For
each topic heading, analyze the differences among studies and look for
gaps. Note that each paragraph should focus on one aspect of the topic.

6. Use effective transitions to make your review easier to read and

understand.

7. The body of the literature review can be organized thematically,

methodologically, or chronologically.

8. Use direct quotations sparingly.

9. Clarify important definitions.

Lesson 12: Research Report

● A research report is an expanded paper that presents interpretations and

analyses of a phenomenon based on experiments and previous information
so that readers can better understand it.
● It is a laborious work produced through formal investigation and
scientific inquiry.

Parts of a Research Report

1. Title page - contains an informative title that describes the

content of the paper, the name of author's, addresses and affiliations,
and date of submission.
2. Abstract - contains the summary of the research findings and
conclusions. It briefly presents the context of the study, research
questions or objectives, methodology, major findings, conclusions, and
implications. As an abstract does not contain any citation or a great
deal of statistical results. Its length ranges from 100 to 250 words.

3. Introduction - explains the current state of the field and

identifies research gaps. It is also the part where the research focus
is presented by addressing the identified gaps in the topic. It puts the
research topic in context. It is usually three to five paragraphs long

4. Literature Review - contains the summary and synthesis of all

available sources directly related to the study. In a research report,
the literature review is divided into two sections: related concepts and
related studies. Related concepts present some of the fundamental
concepts needed by readers to better understand the study. Concepts and
theories are defined, explained, and described. Unlike related concepts,
related studies are based on previously conducted studies directly
related to the paper. Both the related concepts and studies will help
the writer explain the phenomena that may arise in the study. This
section ends with a paragraph that synthesizes all of the studies
presented and puts the study into context. Hence, the last paragraph may
include the topic and specific research problems. The length may range
from two to three pages. Note that in some cases, the literature review
is integrated in the introduction section.

5. Methodology- describes how the experiments or tests in the research

were conducted. It presents the context within which the study was
conducted, the participants, the instruments used, data gathering
procedure, and the data analysis.

In discussing the context of the study and the participants, the number
and the demographic profiles of the participants are explained as well
as the place where the study was conducted. The discussion of the
instrument used presents the tools in gathering data. These tools may be
in form of a questionnaire, interview, focus group discussion, survey,
ad tests. All of the instruments used should be described in detail
 along with the explanation of how they were validated. The data
gathering section presents the details on how the data were collected,
while the data analysis section presents how the data were analyzed,
either qualitatively or quantitatively.

6. Results - factually describes the data gathered and the tables and
graphs that summarize the collected data. Along with the tables and
graphs are their respective interpretations. The flow of the results
section should follow the flow of the research
questions/objectives/problems. It is expected that for each research
problem or objective, corresponding results are presented.

7. Discussion - provides explanation of all the results in relation to

the previous studies presented in the literature review.

8. Conclusion - contains the restatement of the major findings,

limitations of the study, the recommendations, and the implications.
Note that in some cases, the conclusion is integrated to the discussion.

9. References - contains the different sources used in the study. These

may be academic books, journals. and other online sources. Its format
depends on the school, teacher, or field of study

RELIGIOUS STUDIES

The Apostles

● God Calls Us individually in a unique manner.

● to be his witnesses and share the message of the Gospel
Jesus Calls Whom He Wills

● Jesus called men to be his Apostles during his lifetime.

● • Apostle comes from the Greek word apostolos, meaning "messenger,"
especially one sent on a mission.
● The most notable of Jesus' apostles are the Twelve Apostles.
● Jesus called many other men and women to be his disciples in the early
Church.

Characteristics of the Apostles

Jesus chose people who had certain characteristics to be his Apostles.

• These characteristics were very similar to those possessed by early leaders

of Israel: judges, kings, and prophets.

● Some of these characteristics are:

- They were obedient to God's will.

- They understood the need and purpose for divine justice.

- They were committed to ethical responsibility.

- They were men and women who committed themselves to God and were
willing to be his voice among the people.

On The Job Training

Jesus provided the training necessary for following him speaking on his

behalf through the following actions:

● He taught the Apostles both publicly and privately over three years.
● He performed miracles in front of the Apostles.
 ● He demonstrated through actions how the Apostles should act and treat
one another.
● He told the Apostles to share his message with the entire world.

Review

● God calls people to follow him and invites them to share his

mission of spreading the message of the Gospel.

● Jesus called twelve men to follow him as Apostles, and later
called other men and women in the early Church to share in the
same mission.
● •The people called to be Apostles possessed certain
characteristics that were seen in the early leaders of Israel.
Jesus provided training for the Apostles by living with them and
setting an example for them.

The Twelve Apostles

● 12 tribes of Israel- 12 Apostles

● Christ chose these holy men to spread the faith
● Christ chooses us for a specific mission

1.) Peter brother was Andrew fisherman -

● Fishers of Men
● Denied Christ three times
● received keys of the kingdom power to bind and loose sins
● First pope
● Martyred in Rome by the Roman authorities as prophesized by Jesus
in John 21:18-19
● Peter was crucifixion, at his request, upside down ca.64?67 AD

2.) Andrew -
 ● Simon Peter's brother Fisherman
● previously a disciple of John the Baptist
● evangelist to Greeks Stoned
● suffered crucifixion on X- shaped cross

3.) John-

● •Evangelist •
● "beloved apostle" brother of James the Greater
● only apostle not martyred
● wrote book of Revelation present at major events in Jesus' life;
Transfiguration, Agony in the garden prepared room for Last Supper with
Peter
● only apostle to endure Jesus' Passion and stay at foot of the cross
took Mary into his home after dead of Christ; Ephesus slain by the Jews

4.) James the Greater -

● one of the 3 important and privileged apostles (Peter, James, John)

Agony in Garden, Transfiguration
● Beheaded by a sword - ordered by King Herod Agrippa

5.) Philip-

● always listed 5th

● from town Bethsaida
● mediator between Greeks and Jesus Martyred and is buried at the
Turkish city of Hieropolis

6.) Bartholomew-

● name God has given❞

● possible evangelization into India
● flayed to death

7.) Thomas -
● "Doubting Thomas"
● 8 days after Easter, didn't believe Christ was risen until placed
finger in wounds
● relic of finger in Church of Holy Cross in Rome
● Martyred by the sword while praying at the altar of his Church in
India.

8.) Matthew -

● Evangelist Levi
● tax collector Hebrew name = God" "gift of God"
● Mt 9:9- Jesus met Matthew
● Martyred in Egypt or Persia? Either by the sword or spear

9.) James the Lesser-

● from Nazareth prominent role in Council of Jerusalem

● Allowed converted gentiles to be received into Church without being
circumcised
● stoned

10.) Jude (Thaddaeus)-

● always listed with Simon below

● at the Last Supper, states "How is it that you will manifest
yourself to us but not to the world?"
● Suffered martyrdom in Armenia

11.) Simon the Zealot -

● even if not part of the Zealot group, still had passionate attachment to
Jewish Identity
● He was crucified 10 May 61 AD by the Roman Catus Decianus, at Caistor,
modern-day Lincolnshire. Britain.

12.) Judas Iscariot-

● listed last betrayed Jesus with a kiss for 30 pieces of silver
● repentance fell into desperation and self- destruction
● In despair he hanged himself.

13.) Matthias -

● replaced Judas
● "enrolled with the eleven"
● witnessed some of the events of Jesus' earthly life
● preach the gospel in Judea and Colchis, where he was
crucified

14.) St. Paul-

● Known as the 13th apostle Evangelized western world

● Wrote epistles Beheaded