Use of English Virginia EvansBO CONTENTS Dh Emphatic Structures/inversion Consolidation 10 Practice test 5 Determiners/Pronouns Consolidation 11 Questions/Short Answers Consolidation 12 Practice test 6 Further Practice Sections. ‘Appendix 1 Verb, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions Appendix 2 Prepositional Phrases Appendix 3 Word Formation Irregular VerbsModals {2 Medal verbs are: ean, could, may, might, must, ought to, wll, would, shall, should. They take no -s in the Mid person singular. She can sing wel. They come before the subject in questions ard ae flowed by “ro!” In negations. “May / use your phone?’ "Im airaid you can't’. The modal verbs, except for “ought”, are followed by an infitve without to. You ought to be there on time. Certain verbs and exprassions have vitally the same favaning 28 some modals. These are: need (= must), had better (= should), have to/have got to |= must), be able to (= can), used to (= would) etc. You'd better co. Modal verbs are used to express: ability, advice, Criticism, logical assumptions, necessity, offers, Obligation/duty, permission, possibility, prohibition, requests or suggestions. Identify the use of the verbs in bold, then write a synonymous expression. She can't have left yet. Her coat’ still here. Ihave got to meet my boss for lunch. May Ihave a glass of water? Shall we go and see Ancrea tonight? We should be home before midnight. ‘She can speak four languages fluently. Can | leave early today? You should stop spenaing so much money They must have got married recently. 10 You needn't buy a present 11 Peter might be able to come tonight 12 He could have at least phoned me last night. 18. Would you like me to make the arrangements? 44 You can't leave your bags here, sir. 15 All employees had to work overtime. 16 You don't need to book in advance, 17 Can you give Cathy a message? 418 She should phone to confirm her appointment. 49. Shall we go shopping at the weekend? B Fill in the blanks as in the example. r ©OrvoOoLeEn4 1 She could swim before she could walk... abty 2 | eT 3 Shall we have a barbecue tonight? suggestion 4 He fi busy. 5 finishing the report before you leave? Polite request . | show you the way? You 6 7 : exercise regularly 8 Children mustn't play on the grass. 8 You .= 0d him the truth 10 You wear a school uniform. obligation ie)... tonight. logical assumption 42 You may board the plane now. permission (formal) 13 -v» BOrrow your book, please? polite request “1 ‘send the letter today. : 45 She lost it logical assumption. sal don't think She was able to sim betore ‘he wasable to wall Pm sure he's an actor. Perhaps he's busy. Would you like me to show you the way? It's a good idea to exercise regularly. lt would have been better if you had told him the truth, ‘You are expected to wear a schoo! uniform. I don't think he’s coming tonight, It’s urgent that | send the letter today. ''m sure she hasn't lost itModals i USE ability ‘Summary of Functions of Modal Verbs PRESENT / FUTURE He can speck Japanese, She's able to make people laugh, ‘possiblity logical He can stil be at work. (€0% certain) She could be angry. (60% certain; it's possible she is angy) Sally may be teaching, (60% cortain; it's possible | that she is teaching) ‘You might need to come tomorrow. (40% certain; perhaps you need to come tomorrow) Itis likely that Sue will give up working. | Sue is likely to give up working, probability They will be in Spain tomorrow. (100% certain; prediction) ‘We should see him there. (9096 cert | i’s probable) | She ought to be in Canada by now. (90% certain; she will probably be in Canada) future only; He must be exhausted. (20% certain - positive; ‘assumptions \'m cura he's exhausted) | She can't be serious. (agate; m sure she's not serious) They couldn't be on holiday. (negative: 1 dont think they are on holiday) permission You can/can't have a party. (giving or relusing necessity permission; informa ould | be excused? (more poe; asking for | permission) You may be excused. (formal ving permission) Might | bring a friend to the wedding? (more “ora; asking for permission) I'm afraid you can’t/mustn't have visitors. (informal: refusing permission) Guests may not smoke in their rooms. {format refusing pormission — wren notice) | I must return these books scon. I say £0) She has to find a new job. (recessity coming from cutside the speaker} They've got to sell their caravan. (informal) The plan's need watering. or The plants need to be watered. is necessan) She doesn’t have to/doesn't need to/ needn't leave when they do. it ien't necessary ~ sbeonce of necessity) We ought to reply to the invitation. (t's rpcessary) PAST He could/was able to speck Japanese. (‘epeated action ~abilty in the pas!) ‘We were able to co on a three-month tour of Australia. (single action) We could have had an accident, (uckly wo dict) ‘John may have broken that vase. (perhaps he cd i) Jane might have lost our telephone number. (perhaps she has lost it) It was likely that she had taken the last tran, ‘She was likely to have taken the last train, He should have finished by now. (He has peobebly fished) : They ought to have started the course by now (They have probably started the course.) He must have won the pools. (positive; 'm sure “he has won the pools) She can't have married Ted. (negative: I'm sure she didn't mary Tec) They couldn’t have been friends. negative; | don't think they wera frends) He wasn't allowed to/couldn't board the plane. He was allowed to see the patient. (NOT: cous) | had to retum the books to the library. | was obliges to) She had to find a new job after she was dismissed. They had to sell their caravan. The plants needed watering. or The plants needed to be watered. (it was necessary) ‘She didn’t have to/didn’t need to work as hard ‘as me, (t wasn't necessary for her to work as hard as me and she didn’t absence of necessity) ‘She needn't have got a taxi. it wasn't necessary for her to get e taxi but she dic) bnt) i) - 17 Modals hori ni ov _ You should try to make more of an You should have paid more attention, effort. (ganoral advico; | advise you) (but you dia) ‘You ought to keep to the speed limit. She ought to have reserved a table, {\ advise you; most peopie beleve this) {out she cia) _ You had better not keep her waiting. (sot It would have been better if you hadn't | a 900d idea: advice on a specific situation kept her waiting. (but you die) _ Shall | aoply fr the job? (asking for acvice) - = She could at least wait until § o'clock. She could at least have waited unt § o'clock. ‘They should wan us. They should have wamed us. (but they didn’t) - You ought to be more polite to her. You ought to have been more polite to her. (t was the right thing to do, but you didn't do it) | must get more exercise. need te: | say so) I had to get more exercise because | was unfit. ‘have to get more oxercise.('m obiged IIhad to get more exercise because | was unfit = to; the doctor says so) I We ought to give more money to charity, | We ought to have given more money to {i's the right thing to do, bur we don't charity. (twas the right thing o do but we always doi) dnt do it) Gan | use your ohone? (formal = Could | use your phone? (poite) 2 May | make a phone call, please? (formal = Might | borrow your pen? Wery forma) i 2 Will you give me a hand? (very ten) = _ Would you mind helning me? (pit) - Can I/we do anything to hep? nica) - ~ Shall Viwe help you tidy up? (informal) | - _ Would you ike me to-do Rtor you? - | Shall we stop fora dink? | = ~ Viwe can always leave early. _ We could eat out tonight if you want, He could have asked for advice _ You can't wear jeans at work. (you aren't They couldnt wear jeans at work. they "allowed 10) ‘weren't allowed to) You mustn't walk on the grass. (t's forbidden) - You may not tak during the test. forma) = ~All membere must follow the rules. All members had to follow the rules. | People ought to Ive In peace. i's theright thing She ought to have treated us more fai t0.do, but people don't do it) | the right thing to do but she diin’t always do it) a Rephrase the following in as many ways as possi ‘7 She might have misunderstood you. 2 I'm sure they are tired. 3 They ought to pay more attention. 4) con't think she's sold her house. § It's likely that he'll object. 6 We may have to wait for them. 7 fr’sure she isn’t Australian. 8 I'm sure he is terrified. 9 We ought to offer to help. 10 They'll probably want SSmething to eat. 11 You can't park here, 12 He should have warned us about the dog.Modals i ‘Mustn’t - Needn’t = mustn't (t's forbidden) You mustn't cross the street wen the ight is roe 5 raestrit/ don’t have to (t isn't necessary) You needn't worry about, "1 do tin @ minute, Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 4. Soldiers are forbidden to leave the camp unless they get special permission. aos Soldiers ..must not leave the camp... unless they get special Permission- 2. Unauthorised personnel are not alowed to go beyond this point must Unauthorised personnel .. inl 43. Ikisn’t necessary for Jim to get up earty tomorrow as itis a holiday. have Jim oa naan up early tomorrow as itis @ holiday. ‘4. Readers are not allowed to take books out ofthe library without fist ing for. not Readers ‘out of the library without first filing in a form. 5 Itisn't necessary for Julie have Julie . B Fill the gaps with must, mustn't or nesdn't. « ore happy tha! you have come 10 woik for us, Beforo you sat work, | want 1o C famlirise you with some rules and regulations int of, you B) must. wear the uifoms wich ar supplied ond you 2) keep a yee aval mr, You 9)... « waar gloves unless you choose 1, @xCop spoil ores. You)». smoke anpwhare inthe factory apa rom he coon, ond Jou 8) ca, Forget to wosh your hands aor breaks. You 6) «0. 30Y inthe factory during tanya 7) neck in and ctf you do leave the premises: You 8) ‘to work today; she can have the day off siento today; she can have the day off your breaks, work overtime, but we do encourage our workers to do so if they wish to. Lost but not least, iF EF you have ony problems, you 9) env {10 your supervisor who wil help you lo sot them ou = | Needn't - Didn't need to ~ Needn’t have don't nave to/don’t need to!neednt + present infinitive (ts nat necessary nthe preset future) You don’t son are nced forneed' wear an evening dees 1S an informal party. (ts ne} rece weer.) * eae onder at have to (k was not neceesary Inthe pas and we May not know if eereh happened ace ree chant need fold’ have to wear an evening cress as it was an informal Par. (twasn’t or eseary for her to wear an evening ress, anc! we don't know f she oid or not) See 7 bare perfect infinitive (We know that something happened in the past although it was not necessary.) ret n't have cooked as much food as you did ast righ: (You di although it was rot necessary.) Use two to five words. sentences using the words in bol Complet + tt wasn’t necessary for him to write to his mum because she rang hin. Need.” He ..didn' need to write... to his mum because she rang him. 2. We took more luggage than was necessary on our holiday. = much luggage on our holiday. taken We on 3. There's no need for you to water the plants this morning. nave YOU erernnsnenenn are a the piants this moming. ‘4 nuvasn't nessery for Arthur to get the tain because his brother offered 10 give Nt it need Ahh wnnn eae the train because his brother offered to give him a lit She came early last night, which wasn't neoBssary because the party Gidn’t start til ten. rset ‘early last night because the party didn't start til ten. come sheInfinitive | I'm sure he studies a lot Perhaps he will study 2 fot. ent Cont. Infinitive _ sure he is studying, Perieps he will be studying. 1'm sure he didn’t study. 1'm sure he hasn't studied. _ I'm sure he hadn't studied. Cont. Infinitive | Pernaps he was studying Perhaps he has been studying. He must study a lot. He may/might study a lot. He must be studying. He may/might be studying. He can't have studied. He can't have studied. He can't have studied. He may/might have been studying. He mayimight have been studying, Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. fim cure she has given up smoking. have Sho ...must have given up. {fm sure she isn't feeling sick now. be She... ernape they were working forthe enemy. have They... Pechaps he vill be on time. be He Perhaps he was 100 it take part in the race. been He Fm cure they informed the police about the robbery, AVE THEY ceemsnne Perhaps Harry will be sunbathing this time tomorrow. be Harry ow. for the enemy. .. time, 10 take part in the race. sone about the robbery . lomorrow. fim sure he had wamed tne soldiers about the coming danger. have He fim sure Jenny hasn't been a wonkKa! thee ‘that long. ave Jenny an Perhaps she was telling you the truth. been She Perhaps she’s been working ‘Nard. been She Perhaps she'll come with us. may She .. miannen sos fi sre se hadn't prepared her spec, have She Perhaps he was asleep when we rang. BEEN HE rn Perhaps he'll be waiting when we get there. may He. . fim sure she didn't know about it. known She .. te ‘fm certain it has stopped raining now. have It. Ms possble that Jane has lt akeady have Jare .. aa . about the coming danger. there that long . the truth. hard. us. w»« Ner speech. when we rang. when we get there. abou 1 Faining now. already.Modals I _ Expressions similar to Modal Verbs ‘+ Be supposed to + infinitive means “should” but it expresses the idea that someone else expects something to be done. You're supposed to wear a suit to work. (Your employer expects you to.) You should wear a suit. (tis 2 good idea because it makes a better impression ‘+ Be to + infinitive means “must” but it expresses the idea that someone else demands something. | am to report for military training. (t's the law so | must obey.) | must report for military training. (1 don't, the army will look for me.) Be supposed to and be to are used to express what someone expects about a previously arranged event. Recruits are supposed to/are to have a haircut when they arrive. (tis scheduled.) * Be likely to means “may” (possibilty). To express possibilty in questions we don't use “may", we use: Is he likely to ..2, Is it likely that he ...2, Can he ..?, Could he ...2, Might he 2 's he likely to understand my feelings? Is it likely that he will understand my feelings? Could he understand my feelings? ‘+ Would you mind is used to express polite, formal requests. Would you mind holding this for a moment? * Let’s.../How about...2/Why don't we...?/What about...? are used to make suggestions. Let's stay in tonight How about staying in tonight? Why don't we siay in tonight? What about staying in tonight? + Would you like to/Would you like me to...? (= Shall...) are used when we offer to do something. Would you like me to read you a story? (Shall I read you a story?) ‘+ Be allowed to is used to express permission, to say what the rule is. He was allowed to visit the prisoner. (NOT: Goulet he-vist) Was he allowed to visit the prisoner? a How else can we say the following? 1 Itis likely that she has got lost....S is likely to have got lost. 2 Shall | book a ticket for you as well? .. 3 How about inviting Paul and Helen? 4 11am to welcome the guests and show them to their rooms. Might he have forgotten all about it? ‘You have to wait until dark before you leave. on a Fill in a modal or a synonymous expression and the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. ‘There’s no reply when I ring him. He ...must have left... leave) the office already. Don't give up s0 easily. You . (do) it if you tried a little harger. a »- (finish) this report by today ‘on the phone last night but I really can't remember. (walk) to work every day, 2 svn (take) it o the nearest police station, (not/walk) across the lines. They should use the footbridge, sssenmannnnne (KNOW) better than to tell her all your secrets. (destroy) the letter as soon as you receive it si sna (enter) the building if you have a special pass 44 Can you help Me? assis sven (find Out) What time the London train arrives, 12. He looks very annoyed. He areca .- (wait) for ages. MB cc ce emuiag swansea) the liDrary Books back yesterday but Horgot and now I'll have to pay a fine. 14 Increased sales mean that all employees .... sons (B® given) an extra Christmas bonus. 15 - {you/take) grandma to the cinema tonight 2s | have to go out? 48 When | was at school we .. 2 (not/wear) jewellery 47 You ... . “~~-new (OFINg) the map with you so we Wouldn't have to ask people the way. 18 Those bags look heavy. .. Sai (Wearry) some of them for you? 19 Don’t pretend you don’t know that you .. (have) a valid ticket on the bus. 20 You... - ‘ow you'd be late. | was worried. ‘That's no excuse! You know you He 1 2 3 5 Since she crashed the car, she 6 7 8 9 Ifyou find something valuable, you (Ping) me to let me knmay be working now. [sure he hasn't got the letter yet. *t have got the letter yet. ‘Sure she understood. help you do your homework? = you like me to help you do your homework? necessary for you to help her? you need to help her? the bridge collapsed because of the storm. He is likely to buy a sports car. Its Ikely that he will buy @ sports car He'll probably buy a sports car. ‘tisn’t necessary for him to work today. He doesn't have to/doesn’t need to/needh't work. today. It wasn't necessary for them to buy so much food. They needn't have bought so much food, It would be a good idea to avoid eating sweets. You should avoid eating sweets. Let's try doing this exercise, ‘Shall we try doing this exercise? Would you mind if | used your pen? May/Might | use your pen? The bridge ...may/might have collapsed... because of the storm. ‘Probably come to the party. teeey He a smustr't photograph any of the paintings. d You.. si si i to touch the statues in the museum. You .. he didn't cheat in the exam, He .. necessary for you to call a doctor? eed (Did. {carry your shopping for you? Would .. Aon : {ake some photos? Would . FS 20 and see “The Blob” tonight. Shall. ecessary for you to do that exercise, You secant < be a good idea to eat less high-cholesterol food. You ... = necessary for him to take a coat but HO esr i Ann spends all her money on clothes. Ann . a | ss necossary for you to say that? mee (id a a" knew what he was doing he did. He the party. any of the paintings. . In the museum. inthe exam. a doctor? -- your shopping for you? cn purpose. some photos? sve “The Blob” tonight? vse that exercise. .- high-cholesterol food, 1 Coat, on clothes. oo that? smu he was doing,14 Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. CELEBRITY CHEF Becoming (0) ..successful...m your career is often a SUCCESS @ of hard work, the right background and luck. Top COMBINE chef, Jamie Oliver, is a good example His parents were restaurant owners, so from an early age Jamie had the chance to develop his (2) skills in the kitchen. He CREATE attended colleges in London and France, and gained several years (3) con experience in London restaurants. In the PRACTISE famous River Café, in particular, Jamie made his TV debut when a @ about the restaurant was being filmed there. From DOCUMENT there, he has never looked back. His own (5) programme, COOK The Naked Chef, became a (6) favourite. He has also NATION published many highly popular cook books, ‘Two things have made Jamie stand out as a chef. The first is his chain of restaurants, Fifteen, that (7) in training young SPECIAL people from poor backgrounds in the catering business. The second is his campaign to ban (8)... junk food from being HEALTH served in British schools, replacing it with more nutritional meals. CTE TE a a Make speculations for the following pictures as in the example. Hei a disabled man. He can't walk He may have hada car accident, The lady may be his wife.be about to experience (usu bad) 'showmn in cinemas, theatres etc : 1) be equal to, 2) depend on ) (of machinery) stop working, ) lose contro! of feelings +4) (intr) enter by force, 2) (on) interrupt, 2) train 41) (t) enter by force, 2) burst into (song, 1) begin suddenly (war, disease, (of) escape trom a place 4) (intr) separate; split up, 2) stop for advertised in the local paper. taking some money BL Fitin the correct particle Consolidation [Li 1. After months of preparation, the director is ..about start shooting his now fim. 2 Irs you to decide what to do. 3. I thought the match would be by now. 4 I'matraid we're .. a bumpy flight, 5 Your work isn't . your normal standard, 6 My washing machine is being repaired as it broke sven YOSKORCAY. 7 The walter broke ‘our conversation to take our order. 8 She broke .......... their engagement because she tealised she didn't love him. 9. School breaks «0... for the Christmas holidays on 28rd December. 10. He broke after hearing the news of his wife's death, 11. Robbers broke .......... the bank yesterday. 412. Two dangerous criminals have broken ... 13. Their marriage broke after five years. 14. Mr Jones broke ‘the interview to answer the phone. 15. The horse must be broken before anyone can ride it He was anary Ann .» her behaviour. 12 The antique dealer took advantage ... the ‘customer's ignorance and sold him a fake. 13 She was very anxious him to arrive. 14 She was so anxious ........ her exams that she couldn't sleep. 15 Heagreed his boss that the office needed reorganising and agreed... do it himself. 16 Hor latest novel is based he life of Joan Collins. 417. I can see no basis now. 18 He enjoys betting ... changing our plans « the horses, you to check the details before you sign the contract. You ..had better check the details... bfore you sign the contract. necessary for you to drive me to the station. You no milk left. We . ‘blame me if there's no food it .. me to the station. 2 milk. there’s no food in the house. uConsolidation ou & Diana moved to London after finishing her degree. since DIAN nnn ice ‘Our house is an hour's walk from the village. takes It. 7 She should be told the truth. better It nnn | should wash the curtains, need — The curtains © I'm sure he read about it in the newspaper. have He = | '» Read the whole passage at least once to become acquainted with the general meaning. ‘© Try to find out what kind of word is missing (noun, adjective, adverb, modal, article, preposition eto). Look at words which are close to each bank or in the same sentence but consider other words a5 well a) They were tired... they decided to have a rest for a couple of hours. (The second clause is @ result of the frst Clause, therefore we need “so”,) b) He has got...» fastest car 've ever seen. (The adjective is a supertatve - it needs “the”) () ss. awful weather! (The exclamation mark shows that this sentence is an exclamatory one, so we reed either “what” or “how” in this case “what” because there is an uncountable noun after the gap.) @) Ho Was... absorbed in the book that he didn't notice that someone had entered the room. (There is @ “that” in the sentence, therefore we need to use either “so” or “such” — in this case “so” because there is an adjective but no noun after the blank.) @) He didn’t have... money to go on holiday. (The infinitive construction shows that we need either *too" or “enough” to fil the gap. The word “money” determines that the gppropriate word is: “enough” because “too” can only be used with adjectives or adverbs.) + One area that needs particular care is constructions with modal verbs. You needn't. Jef $0 early. (the missing word is “have” ~ needn't + have + past participle) «Another area which needs particular care is constructions with relative pronouns/adverbs. é Claire, _.. has been in the USA for three years, has come back. (correct answer: who — that cannot be used after @ comme.) The man house belongs to isin Paris. correct answer: the/this/that) ‘+ When you have completed the cloze text, read the passage caretully to see ifit makes sense and is ‘grammatically correct. B Choose the correct she finished her degre 6 + She has got ..C.. loudest voice I've ever heard. 6 Jane,...... has just passed her driving test, ish Athis Ba C the a patty to celebrate. Avwhich — Bwho —C that 2 Thore were not... chairs for everyone. enough Bqute so 7 Thad... little time to go to the shops. A too Besuch C enough 3 | was ...... interested in what the teacher was saying that I didn't notice the time. 8 The woman... cat belongs to has gone away for A too Bas C50 aweek. A this, Bvhich of 4 These cars are not as big...... some I've seen in ‘America. This is the beach ...... we go every weekend. Athan Bas Cto Awhich — B where that 5 cars weren't so expensive, we ...... buyanew one.’ 10... tasty food! Ashi —B did © would AWhat — B So C How 12Consolidation [LI “= Cold to go for a swim in the sea. ‘they decided to take a taxi. B enough € too C that ~ drunk all the milk. ‘She was much ...... after she had changed her job. hed = Chas Abhrappiest. B happy © happier had given me the money, | put... in the Iwas ...... tired to watch television, so | went straight to bed. Bthem Cit Aqute Beso € too ... 2 good athlete that he is certain to make If only we ... left eartier, we would have been there by now. Bsuch —C too A did Bhad were {you look in that dress! ‘The weather in Greace is hotter... in England. BHow — C What Aas Bhan © ike ‘of the word which best fits each gap. Write only one word in each one. ‘Today English is, without doubt, the world’s (0).most... important language. One (1) cn. ten people speak it as their mother tongue and it has @ larger vocabulary than any other language. English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, (2). ‘developed from a parent language first spoken about five thousand years ago in central-northem Europe. From there, it spread to the {@) unm Of Europe and the Middle East, and overtime it developed into a series of new language groups. One of (@) was Germanic, which later spit into old English, Dutch, German end the Scandinavian languages. Old English was later heavily influenced by French following the Norman iwasion in the eleventh century. Then, in the sixteenth certury, due (5) the invention of printing, the increase in opportunities for education and the growth of intemational trade and communication, this fom of Engish, which is known as Middle English, changed into the language spoken nowadays, Modern English. % Language change continues (6)... the present day, although since 1800 | ish ‘the major area of change has been in vocabulary rather than grammar. Events E (P) sesusnes a8 the Industral Revolution and the two Werld Wars are among the Age ee ieoomen Of vocabulary. (8) nn factor is the growing influence of the media.Consolidation ub [E_Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. When it comes to choosing a (0) ...relaxing... holiday away from it all, the possibilities are (1) .. Stroll into any travel agent's office and you will find a huge range of glossy holiday brochures offering a wide choice from (2) care resorts to campsites. You can choose from the (3) imams of a Caribbean island during the dreary winter months to a peaceful visit to the Alps in spring. The air there is so (a) that the oxygen levels in your blood will rise! On the other hand, you may want to visit a large bustling capital city like New York or Tokyo, where ‘you will truly be in the heart of a shopper's paradise, even if the city atmosphere might seem a little (5) .. : Whatever choice of holiday you make, you will find your stay more (6) . if you make an effort to mix with the local people. in the countryside, especially, the locals are noted for their (7) sw and this may be a factor in explaining the (8)... f small family-run guest houses rather than large hotels. B Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five word: © Akind woman told us how to get to the museum. directions We ... were given directions to... the museum by a kind woman. 1. It’s not necessary to defrost this pie before cooking it. needn't — The pie... - 2 I'm sure you had a great time in the Bahamas, enjoyed You cise tain 3 The twins are so alike that you can't tell them apart difference The twins are so alike that you can't ... 4 The worst time to go into town is in the rush hour. worse There. 5 Thieves entered the building by force. broken The building 6 Ihave never had such an exciting holiday. before cooking to go into town than the rush hour . thie far Thisis ... holiday | have ever: 7 You ought to have apologised. } better Mt enn e ‘you had apologis 8 My brother said | could borrow his car. Permission My brother nn neneneninesenes BOMTOW HS Ca 14The Infinitive / -ing form / Participles Forms of the Infinitive Forms of the -ing form Aetive Voice Passive Voice ——=—Active Voice | Passive Voice (to) play {to) be played playing being played it Continuous (to) be playing = : = “(o) have played (to) have been played having played having been piayed Continuous (to) have been piaying —~ 1 - “Passive Prasent Continuous and Perfect Continuous Infinitives are rarely used. Forms of the infinitive corresponding to verb tenses rienece Forms of the Infinitive Simple/Future Simple Prosont cleansishe will clean (to) clean "Present Continuous/Future Continuous Present Continuous is cleaning/she will be cleaning (to) be cleaning ‘Simple/Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Future Perfect Perfect _she cleanedi/she has cleaned/she had cleanedishe will have cleaned (to) have cleaned Continuous/Present Perfect Continuous/Past Perfect Pertect Continuous “Continuous/Future Perfect Continuous “she wes cleaning/she has been cleaning/she had been cleaning/ (to) have been cleaning _ she will have been cleaning a Write the appropriate form of the infinitive. | 4 she finished (to) have finiche 6 itis brought 2 he was driving 7 they are studying | 3 thas been taught 8 it will be accepted 4 they had come 9 it was written 5 she tries 10. she has left nas, | B Fill in the correct form of the infinitive. em, 1 I've looked everywhere, but the fle appears ...to have been misplac: _ 2 He isnot old enough ———— (allow) to stay out late. our, 3 Since her illness, she seems ..... sn (find) work difficult. 4 Although Jane hops ~ (invite) to the embassy dinner, itis unlikely that she will be. ves. 3 The'litle dog seems a a renown ((OSe) Its master. * 8 I dor’t think I'l be able to make it tomorrow. I'm supposed (meet) Jane for lunch. 7 She was only pretending Cs (read); she was really daydreaming. hed No one is (admit) to the concert without a ticket. 8 The team Is said (win) the match through sheer luck. sed. $0 I need you help) me prepare the food for the party. $4 The accident is believed .. . (cause) by reckless driving. car, | 12 The newspaper received many calls trom peopie.claiming (see) UFOs 49 He was the first British writer (award) the Nobel prize for literature. +44 Aren't you supposed "(look after) your sister at the moment? 15_ The to-infinitive is used” + to express purpose. You should take a few days off to recover. ** after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, pian, promise, refuse eto). He agreed to mest us tonight. * after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry eto). Iwas sorry to hear about your accident after | would like/vould love/would prefer to express Specific preference, I'd love to visit Inca after certain nouns. it's such a pleasure to be with you. after too/enough constructions. it's too early to leave the party He's rich enough to afford a Porsche. There's enough food to go round. With: it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun), unkind of her to say that. with: 80 + agjective + as, Would you be 0 kind as to pass the sauce? with “only" to express an unsatisfactory result. He won in the lottery only to lose at the casino, after: be + the first/second eic/next/last/bast etc, She was the tirst to congratulate him. in the expression: for + noun/pronaun + to -inf. For John to lend you his car was very unusuel. in expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest etc. To be honest, | didn't know how to react. the “to” of the second infinite can be omitted prefer to go to.a disco and dance or talk to my fiends. _W The infinitive without to is used The Infinitive / -ing form / Participles Note: If two infinitives are joined by “and” or “or", The -ing form is used 8 @ noun. Smoking is harmful ‘after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, ‘escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (shysical activities, imagine, involve, keep (= continue), meni ‘mind, miss, object o, postpone, practise, prevent. ‘uit, recall, recollect, report. resent, resist risk, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand eto). They have postponed moving house til next ater dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, preter to ‘general preference. ike swimming, (in generel) * Note: like + to-inf = it's @ good idea lke to help people. after: m busy, it's no use, its (no) good, it's (not) ‘worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no (in), car’t stand, have difficulty (in), in adeltion to, well as, have trouble, have a hard/ditficult time. There’s no point in arguing. What's the use of crying? Ii was your fault after: spend/waste (time, money et). You waste too much time watching TV. after prepositions. He became rich by working and without borrowing from anyone. after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) otc J object to being told what to db with my fife. after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch, to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action. ! saw him throwing rubbish out of window. (| saw part of the action. 1 ain't wait un ‘he had finished. Perhaps he threw more rubbish.) BUT hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without express a complate action, something that one cr heard from beginning to end. ! saw him throw rubbish out of the wincow. (saw all of the rabbis being thrown out of the window.) + after most modal verbs (can, could, may etc). He can go if he wants to. * after had better/would rather/would sooner. You'd better go to bed. * after meke/let/see/near/feel in the active. She made the baby eat all his soup, But in the passive: be made/be heard/be ssen + to-inf. The baby was made to eat all his soup. ‘Note that “let” turns into “was/were allowed to” in the passive, Her parents let her stay out tl michight. She was allowed to stay out til midnight. the i reparations, \16 Note: The subject of the infinitive or the -ing form is omi verb. | would like to help with the preparations, When it itted when itis the same as the subject of the main’ different, however, it is not omitted, The subject of nitive can be an object pronoun, a name or a noun. | vould ike her/Mary/my assistant to help with2s, The Infinitive / -ing form / Participles Bo Write what each word is followed by: F.I, (full inf.), B.. (bare int.) or -ing form. wtuse + Fil ia 6 objectto + 12 ot + 2 fisn fe 7 promse + 13. hear +. Basikc +. 8 beknown + 44 it's no good + # would rather ¢ 2 9 would lke + 45 decide + Brod + 10 it'snouse + 16 deny + 11 admit + BB Fitin the blanks with the correct form of the infinitive or the -ing form. Mind the tenses, 7 ie Police made the bank robbers ...gve... (give) themselves up. 2 2 is not likely Zi ». (return) before five o'clock © The crminals were forced a (surrender) & They mgnt not .. (complain) about the meal it the service hadn't been so dreadful 5 Manis said... (invent) the wheel about ten thousand years ago, © You mst (starve) to have eaten such a big dinner last night 7 She'd better 3 (have) a good excuse for being so late. ® Tey hope. -vmmneane (Make) a lot of money in their new business. © The wind tends “rmnwenis inGrease) just Defore sunset. BE He should (tell) his parents the truth when they asked him, BF iragino (lve) in a big house like that! i (visit) my parents this weekend. BD Ste's too ted (concentrate) on her work today 3S You should -rwinnsewne (888) his face when she told him the news. SS Ewes such a shook (hear) from her after all these years 8S Aon would love = (lie) on a beach now, instead of typing reports, BE Te doctor worked for fifteen hours WithOUt acon (take) a break, 93 sohn's father let him (borrow) his car for the weekend, 3 There's no point... (get) there early because the gates don't open till 10 am, @® Sm doesn't have enough patience (be) a teacher. Fill in thi tanks with the correct form of the infinitive or -ing form. > ly ( SE Wt to China would be complete without 1) ..goiry... (go) to Srenghai, where you can expect 2) (find) afresh Seristicated new city awaiting you. While its sights may not Fons (De) 25 grand or historical ascites such as Bejing of San, there's certainly eMOUGN 4) ocwcnnnann (keep) you enchanted 25 your visit to this rich and cosmopolitan city which is said 3 wn (have) 2 shining future as Asia's major centre of economy and trade, Ne one anticipated the pace of change in Bejing 6) ..unan (be) quite 3 fest ast has been! In 1985, Shanghai had one skyscraper, now it has 20nd 3,000, in adltion t0 7) enemas (have) literally hundreds = new air-conditioned shopping centres and convenience stores, As well 35 8)... (drink) in the cty’s vibrant atmosphere, don't forget 9) eeu. (pend) some time Bee si aizz, (ean around the Old City to the west ofthe Huang Pu River that divides Shonghal rem. Above all, enjoy your trip! However, let me 11)... (Give) you a word of warning ~ it is pethaps best 2 {avold) Shanghat altogether during Chinése New Year, but i you do decide 13)... (go) dur ing Becennt Be Prepated 14) smn nnne (RAVE) Hard tM 15) wnnsenre (et) around in the Cowes for ho, shops, Susinesses and tourist attractions will be closed 16) (make) shopping difficult. 7The Infinitive / -ing form / Participles [i)_Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive with or without “to”. When Gilbert decided 1) ..c0 give up.. (give Up) his job aNd 2) vewnnsnsnens (lal his possessions, everyone thought he was mad. But, as it turned out, he was just the fist of many of my ftiends 3)... (do) this. in fact, escaping the pressures of everyday ‘working life has become a priority for many people these days. They can’t stand the idea of). (work) until they are 65, only 5) (retire) to some boring country village and 6) (waste) their time 7) .o....man: (dig) the garden or 8) (Gossip) with the neighbours. They would rather 9) (live) life to the full now, before they are too old 10) sone (Enjoy) it. 1) (buy) 2 motorcycle and 12) (tour) the world is a popular option. Other, less adventurous types might prefer 13) (buy) a small farmhouse and live off the land, Personally, | fancy 14) (sail) around the world in a yacht. As for Gilbert, he bought a house in a litle country village and spends his time 15)... (walk) around the village and 16) (talk) with the neighbours. a Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive without to. 1. I watched her ..get up... (get up) and walk slowly out of the room. 2 heard the phone son nmnnewsssnes (FING) twice and then stop. 3. Tim saw Jil (stand) outside the butcher's as he was driving to work. 4 Jane stopped to watch the river (flow) down the mountainside. 5 Listen to the wind (blow) through the trees. 6 We heard the workmen (drill) in the road as we were eating breakfast. 7 The witness Saw the BUGLE! ces. (break into) the house and steal the television, 8 Listen to her v-«: (Sing) the song and then tell us what you think of i. + begin, continue, intend, start + tovnf or -ing form, We don't normally have two -ing forme together. He began speaking/to speak. NOT: He-s-beginning-speaking- advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + object + to-inf. She doesn't allow them to talk in class. advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing form. She doesn’t allow talking in class. be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted, be required + to-inf. They aren't allowed to talk in class” need, require, want + t0-inl/-ing form/passive inf You need to wash tire car. Your car needs washing. Your car needs to be washed. B Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five word: 1 We weren't advised to book in advance. advise They ...didn’t advise us to... book in advance. ‘You really need to renew your passport before you go on rele needs Your passport 2 1. before you go on holiday 3. They require hotel quests to vacate thelr rooms by twalve noon. are Hotel guests nese theif rooms by twelve ni 4 The dietician advised us not to eat between meals. eating ‘The dietician between mes 5 They need to consider the proposals more caréhuly considered The proposals se ar i sstcnnnnnsnnee MOF CarefullyThe Infiniti ive / -ing form / Participles LZ) ‘Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing férm with a change in meaning + to-inf (= forget to do sth) forgot to switch off the TV. + -ing form (= forget a past event) Inever forget meeting Jane for the frst tine. ber + to-inf (= remember to do sth) ‘you'll remember to tidy your room. +-ing form (= recall a past event) Son't remember him over tidying up his room. + to-inf (= intend to) means to start 2 new life + -ing form (= involve) n't fake the job if it means moving to Scotiand. finish doing sth and start doing sth | 10 then; afterwards) St finished one letter anc went on to write another. -0n + -ing form (= continue) went on writing til the early hours ofthe moming + to-inf (= be sorry to) J regret to inform you et your services are no longer required. “feoret + -ing form (= have second thoughts about “Shalready done) He regrets misbehaving, d prefer + to-inf (specific preference) ‘Pe prefer to see you in private. ‘prefer + -ing form (in general) [prefer working on my own. _Brefer + to-inf + rather than + inf without to (say you ‘Je one thing instead of another) He prefers to paint " 7 thy + to-inf (= do one’s best; attemot) Try to eat less high-cholesterol food. {ry + -ing form (= do sth as an experiment) Try cutting down on fat. You might got thinner, want + to-inf (= wish) / want to stop smoking. want + -ing form (= sth needs to be dona) This room wants tidying up. stop + to-inf (= pause temporary) He stopped at the garage to have the tank filed, stop + -ing form (= finish; cease) He stopped behaving foolishly. be sorry + to-int (= feel regret about sth) I'm sorry to tell you your fight nas been cancelled. be sorry for + -ing form (= apologise for) He was sorry for hurting her feslings. hate + to-inf ( hato what one is about to do) | hate to cut in, but you must see the manager. hate + -ing form (= feel sorry for what one is doing) hate causing you so much inconvenience. bo afraid + to-inf (= be too tightened to do sth; hesitate) She was afraid to climb the tree. bbe afraid of + -ing form (= be afraid that what is referred to by the -ing form may happen) When she goes swimming, she's always atraid of being stung by jellfish & Oh, Mum, this programme's nearly finished. Can't I go on ...watching... (watch) TV for a while? = No, | want you to do your maths homework and then go on .. -» (write) your English ‘essay. You haven't even started it yet and it's due in tomorrow. © Your dress is fithy. it wants. © | know. | wanted ... & Don't you hate & Yes, | get very lonely, of friends, & Sil never forget sts = Yes, it was such a wonderful holiday. I & Why don't we stop. © OK, but we should really stop . & Him sony for... © That's OK. | was sorry © But isn't she afraid of (wash). . (take) it to the cleaner's yesterday, but they were closed, . (not/know) anyone here? ». (worry) my parents, so | tell them I've made lots (visit) Thailana for the first time. only I hadn't forgotten .. " « (get) something to eat o ? .. (take) my camera «--» (Spend) money on junk food. (spoil) your plans last weekend. +» (hear) you weren't feeling very wel & Jane doesn't know how to work the computer, but she’s afraid .. ee --: (gel) into trouble if she breaks it? (ask) for help,The Infinitive / -ing form / Participles 8 A: Did you remember... ftell) Tim about the party? 2 L don't remember wrneem soon (tell) him, but I'm sure | dd. 9 A: Do you regret a (otter) him the job? Yes, | regret. Jvnnnmnres (S2Y) he’s Not 2 reliable employee. 410 A: Ithink I'd prefer . Juss (GO) O7 holiday to Greece this year and spend some time visi ancient sites. Yes, | prefer sss. (40) something interesting to just... (sit) on a beach all And I'd prefer wnnnsn (go) somewhere warm rather than . (stay) in England. 41. A: Did you mean (park) so far away? Yes. Otherwise, it would mean .. (pay) to get into a car park. 12. A: Fv DEON tIYINg wenn “ (eontact) Mr Isaacs all morning ‘Why don't you try ae “= (phone) his club? oD Complete the sentences using the infinitive or the -ing form of the verb in brackets. 1. His lawyer advised him ...to take... the journalist to cour. (take) 2 I wouldn't advise ............ - that dog - it might bite you. (touch) 3. The boss doesn't 't encourage in the office. He's a non-smoker. (smoke) 4 Why do you keep me such stupid questions? (ask) 5 | would offer Sa ou with the housework, but I'm rather busy. (help) 6 Students are not allowed sons Guting the exam. (talk) 7 Thay don't lov arene in this park because some boys used to ride around too fast. ( 8 Ireally hate... cveromnen Caught in the rain. (get) 9 Your childish behaviour is beginning me. (annoy) 10 She is afraid ..... the lift, so she uses the stairs. (take) 11 Remember ... .... the cat or she'll starve to death. (feed) 12 It's hot in here. Do you | mind . the window? (open) 13 The bank manager agreed ........ ... me £5,000. (lend) 14° She put off her bags until a few hours before her flight. (pack) 45. Our dog Timmy 10¥@8 «enn cnn: With Fis ball in the garden. (play) 16 She wrote him a note to remind him ... ssesnee his laundry at 2 o'clock. (pick up) 47. Steven is exhausted because he isn't used to sno 80 MUCH exercise. (do) 48 She looked so funny in her new nat we couldn't help... : (laugh) 49 You should practise .. this tune on the piano until you perfect it. (play) 20 | regret ...... oe you that your bank account is overdrawn. inform) ij Participles : Present participles (verb + ing) describe what Past participles (verb + ed) describe how someone fe ‘somebody or something is. They were bored by the lecture. (How did they feel it was @ boring lecture. (What kind of lecture? Boring.) during the lecture? Bored.) a Underline the correct participle. 1 He was encouraging/encouraged towards his 6 We were shocking/shocked by his behaviour. children. T She told us a very entertaining/entertained 2. They found the film very excited/exciting, 8 They were all surprising/surprised when 3 He was exhausting/exhausted after the marathon. tured up at the party 4 They were worrying/worried that they woul be 9 That book is really interested/interesting. late 40. They were fascinated/fascinating by the view. 5 Her behaviour is extremely annoying/annoyed, 20The Infinitive / -ing form / Participles Put the verbs brackets into the infinitive 61 ing form. otland was the perfect place 1)...t0 grow up... (grow up). My 5 visiting Parents had spent years 2)........... (save up) because they I day mented 3) .. wverenseeees (buy) @ small farmhouse in the Scottish and IIMB sslocs Shorty ater wes born the dren came ie snd oer SE in the country began. To begin with, | was probably too young » ~-sseu« (appreciate) the fresh air and breathtaking views, but as PSH Up, Fegan 5) seen (enjoy) exploring the unspoilt country. SS= | s00n got used to 6) (have) to walk miles to the shops, Ps since it was too far 7) (travel) to the nearest primary Sool, my parents did their best 8)... (educate) me at home. Pewever, | never felt lonely and was usually too busy 9) ..... PReip) my father on the land to worry about 10)... (not/havey Sy friends. My brothers and sisters were also starting 11) SGrow up) fast and we had no difficulty 12)... (amuse) Seselves for hours on end. When | reached the age of eleven, my fi Perents decided it was time 13) (send) me to secondary boa =ool 2s they didn’t feel they were capable of 14) Provide) me with the range of skills | would need for my future life. This WOuld Involve 15) (travel) twenty miles to the nearest town 2s twenty miles back, | Was SOrTY 18) nnn e-nun (549) Goodbye to my BS way of life, but at the same time | looked forward to 17)... HPO) with new people. After 18) .ocecccesnon (finish) school, | was forced ™ (move) to Edinburgh to look for work and I have now Fede the city my home. Although | love the cosmopolitan lifestyle, 1 SSmetimes can't Help 20) seen. (Wish) I was back in the Highlands. BI in other Words 1) 5s exciting to watch a football match, We were bored by the film. Besching a otnat mach exch We loud the fr coreg BE 26 6: time go enim The fm bored us, Bier warm snogh ohio go Sining Head fet tr hear he rasie bats so cold that he can't go swimming, It was difficult for him to hear the music. They mace hort vo ah Hsfound tatet hea he muse She was mace to tell the truth. He could harclly near the music. Beets wating toring ao They alma! nfo ater the esting. Ibe to wal ator an ts abi Ho was cowed ts atend the mocing ‘ould you open the door? It took her an hour to reach the station. Would you mind opening the door? She took an hour to reach the station. r Reaching he eaten Yok heron hou an an he a Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words, 7 He arrived too late to catch the 9.90 train. arrive He ...didn't arrive early enough... to catch the 9.30 train, = Preparing the meal took her three hours. Prepare She the meal,10 " 12 13 4 15 16 7 18 19 25 26 22 The Infinitive / -ing form / Participles ‘These trousers are too small for me. enough These trousers ie Poltiians found the rut of the local ction suprising were Politicians... aa Could you pass me the cheese, please? mind Would ... They made her pay £2,000 tax. to She ‘She was allowed to stay at her friend's house. her They .. He wasn't tall enough to become a policeman. short He He had difficulty seeing in the dark room hardly He It took her six months to lean how to drive. took she ae | preter going out to staying at home. than I prefer to Would you mind keeping quiet while she's talking? keep Could .. sn The runner could hardly keep up with the others. had The runner | think it's interesting to visit other countries. visiting | think... She prefers taking the train to traveling by coach. take She prefers Could you run through the details once more? mind WOU nn «the details once They took ages to reach a decision. 3 them tte ‘ sens @ JECIS The police et the suspect make one phone call. was ‘The suspect as : . .one phone The tourists found the carnival fascinating. were The tourists . si the cari it was citficult forthe jury to reach a verdict. difficulty The [ury .. The 17-year-olds weren't old enough 0 get into the club. too ‘The 17-year-olds recites She prefers speaking French to writing it. than She prefers Learing about other cultures f important. learn tt a ‘They made him work overtime. was He During the rush hour it takes me over an hour to get to work. getting During the rush hour, eae The instructions were so complicated that I couldn't follow them. too The instructions were It was difficult for me to hear what he was saying, hardly Va Could you keep the noise down? mind Would r. They made the passengers wait atthe airport for hours. were The passengers < 2 at the aiport for hi have difficulty in understanding his accent. find I et Sea arctaseanacimitianied HOme. tion. tax. use. nan. 20m. rive. me. ing? nets. ting. ach. ore? te I ures. ime. nour. low. ying, wn? Dur. sent, The Infinitive / -ing form / Participles © FE) complete the sentences using the words in bold, Use two to five words. = @ John was late for work because his train was delayed. ume Ifthe train ..htad been on time..., John would not have bean late for work. 4 Both James and Bill dislike football. keen Neitner : . on football 2 Mother made us clean our rooms on Saturday. made We eae our rooms on Saturday by our mother. & ind it difficult to stick to a diet. Gifficulty 1. toa diet. + Let's cat out tonight, | _ going How pinta est sss @ meal tonight? 'S She would rather not drive to London feel a to London © People say leaming a new language is difficult. Supposed —_Leaming a new language ..... 7 The boy wouldn't apologise for breaking the window. sorry The boy refused... + & Mary telephoned the secretary to say che would be late. received The secretary 2 i . difficult breaking the window. Mary to say she would be late. ‘Smiths went on an excursion last Sunday. Use the list below and your own ideas to tell SETUPS ee oc Use infinitives or -ing forms. forward to, enjoy, spend time, discuss, would rather, expect, decide, easy, involve, stop, Surprised, want, see, too frightened, suggest Fre Smiths had been looking forward to having a day out for agesbring about: cause to happen bring back: 1) recall, 2) reintroduce bring down: 1) cause to fall, 2) reduce prices bring forward: suagest an idea bring on: cause, usu sth unpleasant | ring out: publish, release sth to the public | bring round: 1) help sb regain consciousness, bring to, 2) persuade sb to change opinion bring up: 1) raise a child, 2) vornit, 3) introduce @ subject, 4) mention | be/get carried away: be/get excited ‘carry off: do sth successfully carry on (with): continue esp despite difcuities cearry out: perform, complet ‘carry over: postpone carry through: 1) complete despite difficulties, | 2) help sb survive during troubled times B Look at Appendix 1, then fill in the correct preposition. “They congratulated him ...or.. getting his degree. The airport was crowded ......- holidaymakers. ‘She keeps boasting .......... her new house. The Prime Minister refused to comment .. the rumours about his resignation. 5 He's very clever .. solving crosswords. 6 She's capable ........ answering all the questions herself. 7 The cause .. 8 Don't put the blame 9 0 none . the fire was never discovered. him. It’s not his fault. Stealing the money. the number of He blamed John ‘They were astonished candidates who had succeeded. 44 Which poitical party do you beIong wm. 42. Concentrate... what you're doing, 117] Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. I'm sure he didn't steal the money. stolen He ...can't have stolen... the money. 2 tis likely that he will travel to Europe. probably He 3. He didn’t manage to catch any fish. succeed HE enn 4 Whatever you say to Julie, she doesn't listen matter Julie doesn’t listen, 5 The car wes so expensive that we couidn’t Buy it for The car ... . 24 Fill in the correct particle( 1. The corruption scandal brought ...dowt.. government. 2 The cold weather probably brought iliness. Stephen King’s publisher is bringing new book next month. 4. A.wet cloth helped to bring the unconscious 5. She's brought ......... five children on her 6 My father didn't want to let me buy a car, the end, | managed to bring him .... 7 Jane carried .. her part in the play difficuty. 8 “Carry teacher. 9 Tom got carried wouldn't stop singing. 40 If we don't pay the ransom, the kidnappers, CALTY smn their threats, une your Work please,” said by the music 13. He charged me £10... the repairs 44. She was charged ......... murder. 15 The police are holding three suspects connection the bombing in Brighton week. 46 |s there any connection... ‘skin cancer? 47 More money is needed to help care homeless. He cares deeply students. 49 Italian is frequently compared they are from the same language family. 20 The standard of education at Mount C: College compares favourably standards elsewhere. “sunbathing the welfare of FreConsolidation [Pll ssseseenee UM the lights Off. ‘turn the lights off before you leave. Before you leave, . at office parties. whole passage at least once to understand as much of the general meaning as possibi four choices given for each gap and try to reduce the choices you have to make by eliminating the ly incorrect ones. .. the world record for tne long jump in 1992, B broke made ~ D reached “record” is not used with “do” or “make”. Also we do not say “reach” a record - you “reach” a destination. B: broke is the correct answer, hhave finished, read the text again to see if it makes sense and is grammatically correct. ple at the beginning (0). d the text below and decide which word A, B, C or D best fits each space. There's an ld paintings which (1) . ‘by JMW Turner, which were on (2) rt theft increases, empty walls are becoming an increasingly familiar (3) usually members of professional gangs who study the layout of their target in (4) becoming better at overcoming the tightest security. The thieves in Frankfurt (6)... The Lost Art of Old Masters (0) ...C... spaces along the wall of the Frankfurt Schitn Galler Ty have probably been photographed more there until last Thursday. That was the day when thieves stole two from London's Tate Gallery. 10 pm, overpowered the security guard before he could ti 5 to 3 waiting car. The paintings are valued at £37.7 million and, since they are too famous to sell, that the thieves will hold them to ransom. A £62,800 reward is being (6) . European Union policy has made it easier for thieves to (7) . To discourage thieves, galleries may have to (8). in Europe's galleries. The beforehand. . until the gallery on the alarm system and escaped with . for information. . borders and harder for police to themselves into high security fortresses. A vacant B open ©)empty —_D free A hung B walted —C held D fixed A advance B trial © credit =D oan A sight B scene site D look A fact B addition C detail general A stayed B remained Chung D waited A given B offered C provided presented A enter B break = pass D cross A B continue © tumConsolidation Bb [El_Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in ‘the same line. Paying an (0) ...insurance... premium may seem like a waste of money, but on the other hand, it can also be an (1) wise investment, saving you from serious (2) the future. FINANCE ‘There are various kinds of insurance policies covering such things as houses, cars, personal (3)... _ and healthcare. Some forms of insurance POSSESS are compulsory and others are (4) . ; ‘OPTION -not TEND. ‘One example of insurance which many people have a (5) 2 to bother with is holiday and travel insurance. They feel that spending extra money to cover themselves in the unlikely event of something ‘going wrong while on holiday is not an (6) wn. . idea. They prefer ATTRACT to tisk it and hope that all will be well while they are away. So, 2 understandably, they avoid this kind of insurance, but more (ee types will be willing to pay the premium to feel covered in CAUTION any (8)... .. that may arise. SITUATE in bold. Use two to Complete the sentences using the wore 0 | had never met John's sister before. first It ..was the first time... lhed ever met John’s sister. 1 Please don't mention the subject of food when I'm on a di rather vd = : 2 After being out in the rain, Sally caught a cold. down Sally . si a sonnei @ 601d after being out in the: 3. Mary called me when she got hom call received ~ a i jnninen When she got 4 Michael is very sorry he bought a second-hand car. regrets Michael... ‘ 5 This washing machine is inefficient and expensive. only This washing machine is 6 It’s your duty to deal with clients. responsible You ... i 7 Athough we worked late, we still didn't finish the project. fact In sa we worked late, we still didn’t finish the pro 8 You will find Jimmy very different from the last time you saw him. difference You will find. eB couvw ditpeny from the last time you saw a Fill in the following collocation grids. abus a sailing boat acar ahorse —acamel bike ayacht v . the subject of food when I'm on ad a second-hand & 26Practice Test 1 For questions 1 - 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). tric or $e Or Med, always been very (0) ..€.. of their eccentres. Even today, British cecentrics are considered to be the strangest, (1)... to American psychologist, David Weeks. Take the Leopard Man, for example, He lives alone in a cave on the Isle of Sige, He is tattoved from (2)... o toe with leopard spots, and (3)... living “selling scafood. But is this bizarre behaviour a type of mental illness? It has long believed that creativity and insanity are (4) .... In the last 30 years or s0, ogists have tried to find evidence to support this belief. One study found that people have a Jot in (S) .... with eccentries, and also, that they are more ‘0 suffer from extreme depression, which is often associated with mental But during David Weeks’ detailed (6)...... into the personalities of ‘eccentrics, he found that they are (7) wu. the happiest and healthiest of people. Not only do they vist their doctors mueh less often than the rest of us, but they are also usually (8)... in several things at one time, so they always have a goal in lite B caring conceming B considering © responding head B hair skull creates makes gets common, check with A A A A A joi connected combined A A A A interested28 Practice Test Part 2 For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). MIGHT MARES Nightmares, like most dreams, occur during the stage of sleep (0) .When.. the brain is very active and sorting through experiences and new information for learning and memory. The vivid images the brain is processing can seem as real as the emotions they (9)... tigger. ‘This part of sleep is known as the rapid eye movement or REM stage because the eyes are repidly moving beneath closed eyalids. Nightmares tend to happen during the second half of a night's sleep, (10) ......... REM intervals are longer. No one knows exactly what causes nightmares. Dreams and nightmares seem to be one way kids process thoughts and feelings (11) situations they face, and to work through worties and concerns. Most times, nightmares occur (12) no apparent reason. At other times, they happen when a child is experiencing stress or change. Events or situations that might feel unsettling = such as moving, attending @ new school, the birth of a sibling, or family tensions — might 180 (13) nu... teflected in unsetting dreams. For some kids, (14) those with a good imagination, reading scary books or watching scary movies or TV shows just (15) bedtime can cause nightmares. Parents can’t prevent nightmares, but can help kids (16) 1a good night's sleep, by soothing them before bedtimeFor questions 17 - 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of ‘some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). ETS ca Teens Go Without Meat The (0) ...decision... to become a vegetarian is a personal one, made for any number of reasons. There are many different (17) sn. that teens in Particular give for choosing a meatless lifestyle. One group claims that their choice is based on certain food (18) they simply don’t enjoy the taste of meat. Others are concerned about animal fights and the way animals are treated in the moat (19) ..nniomemnn Process. Yet more young people may be influenced by (20) or cultural beliefs which prohibit the consumption of meat. A further reason is that teenagers feel that it is A) essere, NOt t0 eat meat and that they can Control their weight more easily as vegetarians. In many cases, too, it may be a (22) family decision in order to reduce food bills! However, it is important to note that in some cases, teens who adoot a strictly vegetarian diet may be in danger of developing an eating (23) such as anorexia. If parents have any (24) vn Of this kind, they should contact their child's doctor. DECIDE EXPLAIN LIKE PRODUCE RELIGION HEALTHY JOIN ORDER ‘SUSPECTte Practice Test HI Part 4 For questions 26 - 80, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meani the first sentence, using the word given, Do not change the word given. You must t between two and five words including the word given, There is an ‘example at the beginning (0). © They worked hard on the project. effort They ...puta lot of effort... into the project, 25 He did the same job as his father, as it was exoected of him, footsteps He followed . wn @S it was expected of him. 26 They should have told him the truth, better ie w they had told him the truth. 27 She spent ages planting the new flowers, took es . the new flowers. 28 | prefer watching westems to watching romances. Preference Thave romances. 29 They made him work overtime, was é He overtime. 30 People say this is the best film ever made. Supposed i TRIS scene the best film ever made,Present Forms. Present Continuous | —_—_—Present Perfect temporary situations recently compieted actions ‘Hes spending the week She has dyed her hair black with his mother. changing or developing situations She is getting more and more impationt. hair is now dyed black - ‘evidence in the present) frequently repeated actions with always, constantly, continually, expressing ‘annoyance or eritcism He's always getting into trouble. (Here “always” ‘means constantly.) complete past actions connected to the present with stated or unstated time reference: He has bought a house, (Now he owns a house.) He has just returned from Pans. (stated time reference) actions happening at or around the moment of speaking The sun is shining now. He is studying for the exams. fixed arrangements in the heer future Vm going to the theatre this evening. personal experiences/ changes which have happened Uhave lost weight recently fables/programmes ture reference) train leaves at 8,00. exclamatory sentences goes the bus! ‘emphasis on number He has seen three films this week. She has had four cups of coffee since she woke up. Present Continuous now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always, still ete in the moming/ a/atternoon, «have never won... (neverfwin) anything like this before! 2) tons in my lf, 80 this is a big surprise Of course, 13) in Hawaii for ton days now, and we 6)... . (already/see) ail the sights and my wife 8) - (send) postcards to all our friends to show them how we 1m =, we really 11). (enjoy) ourselves. In fact, we 12) . Tense Forms [&} (The action is complete - her Time expressions usually used with Present Forms Present Perfect & Present Perfect Continuous just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions), always, how long, s0 far, recently, since (= from a starting point in the past), for (= over a pariod of time), today, this week/month ete For and since are usually used with Present Perfect Continuous to emphasise the duration of an action, (watch) TV ule shave for yeas, -- (think) of taking part in more. The prize is wonderful. We 5} . . (have) 2” teat time. We ~- (buy) lots of souvenirs, We 9) (want) to stay forever. Present Perf. Continuous actions started in the past and continuing up to the present. She has been doing her homework for an hour. (She started an hour ‘ago and she's still doing it) Past actions of certain uration having visible results or effects in the present He has been running. That's why he's out of breath, to express anger, iritation, annoyance, explanation or criticism ‘She has been using my ‘make-up. (annoyance) Present Perfect Continuous is normally used with for, since or how long to put ‘emphasis on duration He has been feeling unwell for days. .. (only/enter) a few . (stay) (spend) our time.Tense Forms Stative verbs express a permanent state rather than an action and are not used in the continuous forms. T are: verbs of the senses used to express involuntary actions (feel, hear, see, smell, taste etc), vorbs of fell and emotions (adore, detest, dislike, enjoy, foraive, hate, like eto}, verbs of opinion (agree, believe, su ‘underatand etc) and other verbs (beteng, concem, depend, know, mean, own, possess, need, prefer, want ‘see someone coming. She hates pop music. | don’t agree with you, He knows a lot about computers. Note: and hurt can be used in either continuous or simple forms. She feels/is feeling better. Look, watch and express deliberate actions and can be used in continuous forms. He is listening to some records ll ‘Some stative verbs ibe, love, see, smel taste, think etc] have continuous forms but there is a difference in meenir a sare ‘Ann is polite, (= her characteris) * How are they liking the party? (= are they enio {'m thinking about his suggestion, (= Im consi * Tom is being very impolt. (= he is. behaving impoltey) + They are looking at the statue. (= they're viewing + I see them coming towards us. (= | have the ability) She's seeing her doctor today. (= she’s visiting) ‘These flowers smell nice. (= they have a nice smell) * ‘Why are you smelling the food? Has it gone off? ‘+ This soup tastes delicious. (= its flavour is good) ‘= Itfeels like velvet. (= it has the texture of) ‘She's tasting the soup. ‘+ He has 2 house. (= he possesses) ‘+ He's feeling the cloth. (= he's touching the cloth) Do you like his new car? (= Is it nice?) © We're having a nice time. (= we're enj + I think he has left. | suppose, | believe) ourselves) It looks as ifit's going to snow. it appears) E_Fitin with Present Simple or Continuous. 1A: |4)...2ee... (see) there's a great film on at the cinema tonight. Would you like to go? NO, 12) srs ar snnves (988) the Gentist about my tooth 2011).. a vv (think) about going on a picnic this after | wouldn't bother. 12) 4 K} it’s Going to 3 A: Is Jonn feeling OK? He 1) 3 (Vook) very red in the : Yes, I know. | 2) ... sia {nnn (100K) for the doctor's telephone number 4 & How 4) .... nee = (yourlike) your stay in Budi | am really enjoying myself. | particularly 2). owes like) the Hungarian 5 A Why 1) -ne (yOurtaste) the {tin you need to add some apices: (taste) a bit 6 A Why) (yousfee)) the radiator, I don't think it's working; it 2) i sun (feel) Vary cold in PR Teint) cemncampcrociencareene : a con (8) usualy @ very quiet Yes, but he 2) a (be) very noisy 8K A) sericiainion ? sci (you/have) 2 Yes, BUEN 2) «- (have) some problems with it, 80 t's at the garage. 9A Why Yeon Cz (you/smell) the roses? They alWayS 2) errisnnennnsinnnnnnennmnnee (BMOll) SO WONdertUl at this time of year. a Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present forms. Jane, Thanks for agreeing to look after my flat while 'm away. | 1) ...have cleaned... (clean) the flat thoroughly, but as | 2) . Gwworkd late all Week, 1B) eon nnn (notthave) time to cook any food for you. My dog, Rover, 4) (eat) atin of dog food every “aa ‘and the plants 5) (need) watering once a week. Tonight, | 6) (stay) at the Hutton Hotel so you can contact me there if you need me. |. DonnaTense Forms Have gone to / Have been to / Have been in. lings: He has gone to Scotland. (He's on his way to Scotland or he's there now. He hasn't come back yet.) pose, He has been to Munich once. (He has visited IMunich, but he isn't there now. He has come back.) pe He has been in Rotterdam for two years. (He lives in Rotterdam now.) Fill in has/have been to/in, has/have gone to. 4 Bertha’s not here. She ...has gone to... the lirary. Isc Madrid, but | only spent a few days there. SHOW ION en you swine Birmingham?” “For nearly two years.” Tom is alone because his parents... the seaside for the weekend. 5 Julia svn the Supermarket ~ she'll be back in about an hour. 9) ft? Since expresses a starting point. 've been here sinee March For expresses the duration of an action. We've been here for three months. wut) th) Fill in since or for. ‘See Wilson has been involved in sports 1) ...fr... more than 25 years, Her first interest was gymnastics, which “She has been actively involved in 2)... she was ten, but she has also been interested in other forms of Sort 3) many years. She has been a keen cyclist 4)... 1980, when she made her first bicycle “Sour of Eurdpe, and 8)... her marriage to all-round sportsman Tom Wilson in 1985, she has tried her hand = climbing, sailing and skydiving. Her talent as a writer has kept her busy 6) the past ten years, and “Se has become familiar to TV viewers as a sports commentator 7) . her frst TV appearance in 1988. ‘Fe plans for the future? “I've been interested in the role of women in soorts ever 8)... was a teenager. ‘Bw, after being So bUSY 8)... all these years, I've decided to take some time off so | can write a book ‘bout it.” Since Sue has been part of the sporting world 10). -». 80 long, her book should be fascinating. Look at the notes below, then write an article using the appropriate present forms. er many years researchers - try — determine whether animals — share with humans the ability to use SSouage/One particular researcher in America — spend — sixteen years exploring the degree to which a parrot ~ fand ~ what he ~ say/He ~ find that the bird ~ be able to - answer questions about objects and also - ‘Secerstand numbers/At the moment the researcher try ~ to determine whether the bird actually ~ know what it = s2y ~ of whether it simply imitate ~ a collection of sounds. (For many years, researchers have been trying to determine whether animals... Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present forms. > First of all, sorry | 1) ...haven't written... (notiwrite) for so long, but I was on holiday. ‘ Bi (vou/get) your exam results yet? I'm sure you 3) ox (pass) them all “ you always 4) (study) so hard. 1 §)..... (wait) for mine at the moment, and I (try) not to worry! Well, 17) ......0..0..... (write) from my new flat. Yes, 18). VE) house! NOW, WED) ....urssasesenen (paint) anc 10) «se: (Chean) the place to make It look When it’s finished, | am going to have a party and because | 11)... ' (not/see) you for (want) you to come. Write soon and let me know if I'll see you there,Tense Forms o Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present forms, 4 Alan ...is flying... (fly) to Barcelona tonight. He nn (already/pack) his suitcase but he {not/eall) a taxi yet. His plane. (eave) at 8 pm. Ann and Sally. (be) flatmates. They sometimes ... (argue) because Sally. (always/make) a mess in the kitchen. “Look over theral it's John Cooper.” "Oh yes! But he vanvnnme (l00k) 60 different He . (put on) at least 15 kilos, and |... (think) ne (wear) a toupee” Ever since the accident, Susan (be) afraid to drive. Next week, she (see) a psychologist who... (Specialise) in that sort of problem. “What a great match! JONSON wn... (ass) the ball to Green, who .. (shoot) a0 ws (SCORE)! "What on earth ve...» (you/do)? Your clothes are all dirty!” “Well, | _ (work) in the garden ay. Look! | (already/plant) « lot of flowers. I... (plan) to cut the grass now. b | Past Forms z Past Simple { PastContinuous Past Perfect | Past Perf. Conti past actions which action in the middle of past action which occurred _ action continuing over & happened one immediately | happening at a stated past before another action or period up to a specific after the other time before a stated past time | time in the past She had She woke up, got out of | This time lest weok Iwas By his second day at camp | been saving for a whole bed and made a cup of travelling across Arica, he had made several year before she bought tea. friends. ticket to Australia. past habit or state past action in progress complete past action past action of cera He rode his bike 10 Interrupted by another past _ which had visible results in duration which had visi ‘school every day wher he | action. The longer action is _ the past results in the past was a child. inthe Past Continuous, the | She felt much safer after He had been shouting. ‘complete acon orevent shorter action is inthe’ she had locked ail the ‘loudly that he had a sore \which happened at a Past Simpie. doors. throat. stated past time Iwas taking a shower She sold her carlast. when | heard the telephone week "When?" “Last. ring. week." - stated past time) complete past actions {Wo of more simultaneous _the Past Perfect isthe past _ the Past Perfect Cont. is at connected tothe past actions of certain equivalent of the Present the past equivalent of th present with a stated or duration Perfect Present Perfect Cont Implied time reference ‘was washing up while The room was empty | The parfy wasa great ‘Shakespeare wrote at he was drying the dishes. everyone had gone out. __ success because he had feast 36 plays. background descriotion to (Present Perfect: The room | been preparing fori 2 (Shakespeare is dead-he events ina story/narration fs empty ~ everyone has week. (Present Perfect: won't wite any more)‘ was walking along gone out) party isa great success because he has been ‘preparing fort all week) Past Simple Past Continuous i Past Perfect Past Perf. Continuous! yesterday, last week etc, while, as, the for, since, already, after, for, since {row long) ago, then, | moment that etc just, never, yet, before, just now, when, in 1992 . by, by the time etc etc 34Tense Forms By) Putitne verbs in brackets into the correct pabt forms. t year, Tom and Fiona decided. (Secide to buy a house. They 2) for ages, and by the end of May, they 3) house. They 4) a ‘that she 6). More than they 10) more closely at the interior, they 12) before, 14) 5 ‘convince Tom that, despite the price, it 17) . (live) in a tiny flat at the time and Fiona 5) .. (Want) @ house with a big garden. They 7) only a few days when they found exactly what they 8). house in nearly an acre of garden. Unfortunately, the owner 9)... (be) willing to pay, and when they “1... (See) that whoever 13) (make) an absolute mess of the walls and Floors. stil, Fiona (like) the garden and the location so much that she 16) - (But by) enough for the deposit (search) ~« (100K fOr) — a two: woe (SK) (live) (manage) . (be) the perfect house for them. a Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past forms. Lest summer, some friends and | 4) ...arranged, ferrange) to go camping. We 2)... - look) ‘Sevard to going for weeks when finally the date of Sparture 3) sve (artive). We 4). - #220) the car with our luggage and 5) (set ‘of early in the morning. The weather was perfect, the =n 6). .. (Shine) brightly and the wind a (blow) gently. There 8) fPottbe) a cloud in the sky! Shortly afterwards Present Perfect He has left. (unstated time; we don’t know when he left) ‘She has been in Rome for twa months. (she's stil in Rome - action connected to the present) He's been to the cinema five times this month. (it's stil the same month - action connected to the present) ve seen Matt Dillon. (action connected to the present - he’s stil alive ) The Queen has decided to give up the throne fennouncing news) a Fill in with Present Perfect or Past Simple. “Is Paul there, please?” 4) Really? What a coincidence! | 2) I need a holiday. 1 1) Yes, but last year you 2) My father once 1) Well, | 2) The chairman 1) Yes, actually he 2) DROPOroran “Sorry, he 1) ...left... eave) about 10 minutes ago”, | think he 2)... (live) in Lisbon for two years now. we 9) vw» (travel) along the motorway, we 10) sr (notice) that the car 11)... (make) a strange noise. Pete, who 12)... (drive) very fast, suddenly 13)... . (stop) the car. Everyone 14) + (Get out) and 18)... (g0) round to the back of the car. To our surprise the oot was wide open whoever 18) ..u.nmm (OBd) the luggage 17) (not/close) it property, and everything 18) (fall out) Past Simple He left a minute ago. (stated time - When? A minute ago.) She was in Fome for two months. (she isn’t in Rome any more - action not connected to the present) He went to the cinema five times last month. faction ‘not connected to the present - it's the folowing ‘month now) | saw Sir Lawrence Oliver (action not connected to the present - he's dead) She announced her decision this morning. (Giving details of the news - stated time in past) vse (go) to the library. (ive) there for a year before moving to America. (only/nave) two days off this year. (g0) on holiday four times! svernesw (888) Elvis Presley in Las Vegas. (See) his daughter, Lisa, many times. She lives near me. » (decide) to retire. {inform) the managing director of his decision this morning.SJ\ Tense Forms i Used to - Be used to + ing form/noun/pronoun - Would - Was going to + Used to expresses past habitual actions and When | was young, | used to go climbing once a montii permanent states. (Note that stative verbs are not (also: would go) used with “would”,) Ho used to live in Paris. (NOT: wad - state) Would expresses past repeated actions and When | was a child, | would go to the cinema routines - not states. every Sunday. (aso: | used to go ..) Be used to means “be accustomed to", ‘be inthe Little children are used to going to bed early in habit of" the evening. ‘Was going to expresses actions one intended to do He was going to buy a house but he lost al his but didn't do, money at the racetrack. E_comlete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words. 4 Sally went to ballet classes three times a week. go Sally ...used to go to... ballet classes three times a week. 2. It was my intention to phone you last night, but | forgot. going > = Lying on the beach all day is an unusual experience for me. used ' . When I was young, | used to visit my grandmother every day after school. would When | was young, - Ba Read the notes, then write the story of Beatrix Potter using appropriate past forms. ‘When she - grow up Beatrix Potter ~ be - very fond of animals and - always draw - pictures 0 her pet rabbit/She — earn a living as an illustrator for several years before her dream o becoming an author come true/t ~ be the result of a letter - she —send to a sick child describit ‘the adventures of four rabbits/She — later publish it~ as “The Tale of Peter Rabbit"/It - becor ~ an instant success and more tales ~ follow/By the time Beatrix - die ~ she - write over tye! five tales and - achieve recognition as one of the greatest children’s writers. When she was growing up, Beatrix Patter was very fond of animals, B Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate past forms. Bill ..was painting... (paint) his front door when the telephone conn (start) tinging. meen “ (answer) the phone and soins (Speak) to his friend, Later, (notice) that Ne .n..nemimen (leave) red fingerprints all over the phone. i (Tony/ring) you last night?” “Yes. He vn (wait) for days for you to pho! him, but since you .. sone (NOUPHONE) he “mus (ell) his motorbike to someone e' “Your hair .. look) different last night." “I know ~ (want) to dye it bullussenne (not/pay) attention when |. (buy) the Gye and | (not/realise) until it (be) too late that I. seo (BUY) the wrong colour.” (One day, my Sister... (cally me. She “nos: (OWKnOW) what to cook for a din party She ch. (give) that evening and she .. (give) her some simple recipes, but | ounnusmanmn (De) surprised that si ea (not/contaet) our mother. When I... sve (@8K) Why, 8h oi (reply), “She's one of the quests." Last Friday, | ssn (walk) to work. when | snsnses (800) an old friend | (novsee) for a long time. |... cso (throw) my arms around him. He with an open mouth. To my horror, | (realise) |Future Forms. ite Simple Be going to Future Continuous taken at the actions intended to be actions in progress at a tof speaking (on- performed in the near stated future tine decisions) future This time next year, sho hungry. '! cook {'m going to join a gym on be running her ovin thing t0 eat. Saturday, business. fears, threais, planned actions or actions which are the Promises, intentions result of a routine (instead me, Predictions, Now that she's passed her of the Present Continuous) , Comments eto, exams, she's going to. I'l be playing tennis on with: expect, hope, train to be a solicitor. Sunciey. play tennis every I'm sure, I'm ‘Sunday - it's part of my probably etc routine) Epromise Ill be on time. ot ers Predictions evidence that something when we ask poltely about " [7 ich may (act/happen in | will definitely happen in the people's arranigemerie wo ‘fe future Hel probably — near future ‘ee if they can do sth for Bass his crivng test. Those dark clouds mean | us or because we want to 5 ‘Factions which we ‘t's going to rain soon. offer to do sth for them Samet control and will It's so hot-'m going to; Will you be going ‘pevitably happen faint. shopping at the will be here soon, supermarket today? Can you buy me some rik? we are not yet sure things we are sure about or ‘or we haven't we have already decided to Present Simple ith future mean fodoyet | dointenaarttre ih future meaning pe mm hatte: | They re going ts operete | Sesame ar his lg. thas bean | 7 Play bogine at 7 i" ected) 2 ‘Shall is used: Tense Forms | Future Perfect actions finished before a stated future time They will have emigrated to Canada by Cheistmas. Note: by or not... untill are used with Future Pert, Untivil are normaly used with Future Perf. only in negative sentences. He wif ‘have completed his studies by the end of the year. (NOT: se Ho wort have arrived unt tonne. Future Perf. Continuous duration of an action up to a certain time in the future By his sixtieth birthday, he will have been teaching for 35 years. Present Continuous (with future meaning) fixed arrangement in the near future She's meeting her aunt this weekend. i Will is used: ‘with we in questions, suggestions, offers or wnen to express offers, threats, promises, progictions, “asking for advice. warnings, requests. hopes, fears, on-the-spot docisions, ¢ Stall we go home now? ‘comments (mainly with: think, expect, believe, 'm sure, Pe Birt stall | wear? hope, know, suppose and probably) hope you will keep in touch with me. a Time expressions used with: “Sorrow, tonight, next week before, by, by then, by the time, by... for "Zonth, in twovthree etc days, the (until is used only in negative ‘Sy after tomorrow, soon, ina sentences with this tense) “seeldmonth etc ‘PFiiture simpie & Be going to | Future Perfect | Future Perfect ContinuousJ) Tense Forms B Fill in the correct future form: Technology has made such dramatic advances in the past decade that by the year 2100 who knows what changes 1) ..willhave taken... (take) place? Ics quite likely that by 2020, we 2) (use up) most of the earth's natural resources, and s0, We 3) «~~ (rely) on wind power and hydropower for our eneray needs. As a resut of this shortage of energy, itis quite probable that scientists 4) (find) a way for us to live on another planet. By the next century, it's possible that people 5) (live) in cities on the Moon or perhaps in cities on the seabed. Itis hoped that scientists 6) (discover) cures for fatal diseases such as Aids and, due to the advancement of genetic fengineering, hereditary diseases passed down from generation to generation ” (exist) no longer. It is quite possible that by 2100, life expectancy 8) {increase) to 100 and that we 9) - (be able to) enjoy a healthier existence than is now possible. Another area likely to have been further affected by technology in the next years is education. In schools, computers 10) “-(replace) teachers and many students 11) .. (tay) at home to complete their education. We 12) (see) changes in the work-place too. The two main areas of employment 13) (be) the so-called creative and caring professions, and the disappearance of jobs in manufacturing 14) (result) in massive unemployment. © We never use future forms after: as long as, as soon 2s, after, before, by the time, if (conditional), unless, case, untiltill, when (time conjunction), whenever, while, once, suppose/supposing, on condition that ¢ Let’s buy some extra food in case they call round. (NO) if-ease 4) » When used as a question word and if meaning “whether” (especially after | don't know, | doubt, | wong etc) can be used with future forms.

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