O.M.

Nazirova

Namangan-2021
 Ushbu uslubiy ko’rsatma Dizayn (kostyum) hamda Yengil sanoat buyumlari
konstruktsiyasini ishlash va texnologiyasi (tikuv buyumlari) ta’lim yo’nalishlari 1-
bosqich talabalari hamda shu yo’nalishlarda ta’lim beruvchi o’qituvchilar uchun
mo’ljallangan.

Uslubiy ko’rsatma “Chet tillar” kafedrasi yig’ilishida muhokama qilingan va

foydalanishga tavsiya etilgan. (Bayonnoma № 1, 26 avgust 2021 yil)

Ushbu uslubiy ko’rsatma institut kengashida ko’rib chiqilgan va foydalanishga

tavsiya etilgan. (Bayonnoma №1, 28 avgust 2021 yil)

Tuzuvchi: katta o`qituvchi O.M.Nazirova, NamMTI

Taqrizchi: F.f.d. dots. D.M.Xoshimova, NamMTI

CONTENT
Lesson 1. Introduction. My family and Me;
Lesson 2. My Working Day.
Lesson 3. Describing People.
Lesson 4. My studies.
Lesson 5. Uzbekistan is my Motherland.
Lesson 6. English-speaking countries.
Lesson 7. World Awards;
Lesson 8. On-line Etiquette;
Lesson 9.The Importance of Economics;
Lesson 10.New Business Trends for Youth;
Lesson 11. Family budgeting;
Lesson 12. CV and Resume Writing;
Lesson 13. Writing Cover letter;
Lesson 14. Job Interviews;
Lesson 15. Recruitment;
Lesson 16. History of Fashion;
Lesson 17. Defining Fashion;
Lesson 18. What is a Fashion Designer;
Lesson 19. Haute Couture vs Pret a Porter.
Lesson 20. Famous people in Fashion World
Lesson 21. Fashion Designing & Accessories.
Lesson 22. Footwear: How a shoe is made.
Lesson 23. Fashion Producers: Couturier.
Lesson 24. Top Fashion Houses.
Lesson 25. Fashion Lines: Knockoffs.
Lesson 26. Avant Garde.
Lesson 27. Fashion Collection.
Lesson 28. Mannequins.
Lesson 29. Fashion Shows;
Lesson 30. Revision; Essay Writing.

LESSON 1
 MY FAMILY AND ME
Starter:
Here are some brothers and sisters (siblings) who have become famous.
Have you heard of them
 Michael Jackson, La Toya and Janet Jackson (singers)
 Venus and Serena Williams (tennis)
 Nicole and Antonia Kidman (actors)
 Prince William and Prince Harry (royalty)
 Kylie and Dannii Minogue (singers)
 Ben and Casey Affleck (actors)
 Chad and Kane Cornes (AFL footballers)
 Isaac, Taylor, Zac (Hanson - Pop group)
Can you think of other famous siblings

Vocabulary (intermediate)

1. consist of — tashkil topmoq 14. grandson — o’g’il nabira

2. relatives — qarindoshlar
3. close relatives — yaqin qarindoshlar
4. relations — qarindosh-urug’lar
5. relationship — munosabat
6. tight-knit – totuv, ahil-inoq
7. an only child in the family — oiladagi
yagona farzand
8. husband and a wife — er va xotin
9. sibling — tug’ishgan aka-singil
10. second cousin — amaki,amma tog’a
holaning nabirasi
11. great grandmother — katta buvi (buvining
onasi)
12. great grandfather — katta bobo (buvining
otasi)
13. grandparents — bobo-buvi
15. granddaughter — qiz nabira
16. grandchildren — nabiralar
17. (marry) get married smb — turmush
qurmoq
18. get a divorce — ajrashmoq
19. live on your own — mustaqil yashamoq
20. be on friendly terms — do’stona
munosabatda bo’lmoq
21. make dates — uchrashmoq
22. get on well — yaxshi chiqishmoq
23. look after children — bolalarga qaramoq
24. take care of children — bolalarga
g’amxo’rlik qilmoq
25. bring up — tarbiyalamoq
26. family life — oilaviy hayot

Answer the following questions before reading the text.

1. How big is your family?
2. What is your family like?
3. What are your parents?
4. What does your mother look like?
5. What is your father like?
6. What is your main characteristic?
7. Have you got any family traditions? What are they?

Reading: Topic «My Family and Family Traditions»

Family is very important in our lives. Our family gives us the sense of tradition, strength and
purpose. Our families show us who we are. The things we need most of all — love, respect, and
communication – have the beginning in the family.
Family is an emotional center of people's life. You can always find help and support in your family.
If you have any problems, you can consult your parents or relatives. You feel secure when there’s a
 family behind you. In happy families, parents are frank and honest with their children; they treat their
children with respect.
I would like to tell you about my family.
Well, let me start with what our family is like. We are a family of four: my father, mother, my
younger sister and me. We are very close, friendly and hospitable family. We live together in a new flat
in one of the best districts of Namangan*.
Now I would like to say a few words about each of us.
First of all, I want to describe my father as he is the head of our family. My father is 40. He is a
middle–sized man with short fair hair and hazel eyes. He works as a chief-engineer in a firm. He is very
hard-working. As for his character, I can say that he is cheerful and easy-going. He is very hospitable
and likes it when our friends and relatives come to see us. He is helpful and kind-hearted.
My mother is 39. She is a good-looking slim woman with dark hair and brown eyes. She is an
English teacher and likes her work very much. She is kind and patient. In her free time, she prefers
reading English books or translating poetry.
My younger sister is 14. She is two years younger than me. She is a pretty girl with brown hair
and blackish eyes. She is a pupil of the 9th form. She does well at school. Literature is her favourite
subject. I can say that we are on very friendly terms but we are completely different. I’m a bit moody,
my sister is shy, but we get on very well.
Actually, we have some other relatives who live far away. When they come to see us, we usually
go to the center of our city and walk around its streets. We visit our city’s places of interest or usually
go to the cinema to see a good film and sit in a cafe.
We have some family traditions. For example, we celebrate together family holidays and try to
visit museums and theatres whenever we have free time. Every year on holidays we go travelling around
Uzbekistan. We have already been to Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva.
All in all, we are a tight-knit family and enjoy spending time together. I am proud of my parents
and try to follow their example. I think, that’s all I can tell you about my family.

Discussion:

 What is better: to have a small family or a big family with a lot of children and other relatives? Why?
 What are your family’s favourite pastimes? What do you like doing together?
 In what way is your family important for you?
 What is an ideal family as you see it?

FAMILY DUTIES.
Vocabulary (intermediate)
1. lay the table – dasturxon yozmoq
2. clear the table, to clear away (the dishes) – dasturxonni yig’ishtirmoq
3. do the washing – kirlarni yuvmoq
4. iron — dazmollamoq
5. tidy up the room – xonani yig’ishtirmoq (tozalamoq)
6. do a room — xonani tozalamoq
7. do cleaning up – tozalov qilmoq
8. dust the furniture – changlarni artmoq (mebeldan)
9. air the room – xonani shamollatmoq
10. sweep the floor – polni supurmoq
11. wash the floor – polni yuvmoq
12. clean with a vacuum cleaner – changyutgich bilan tozalamoq
13. wipe the table — stolni artmoq
14. wash the windows – oynalarni yuvmoq
15. water the plants – o’simliklarga suv quymoq
16. wash the dishes (= to wash up) – idishlarni yuvmoq
17. empty the dustbin – axlat paqirni to’kib kelmoq
18. peel the potatoes – kartoshka archmoq
19. do household chores – uydagi vazifalarini (majburiyatlarni) bajarmoq
20. arrange the things – buyumlarni tartibga keltirmoq (scatter things – buyumlarni yoyib (sochib)
tashlamoq)
For ex.: Please arrange your things, they are scattered all over. — iltimos buyumlaringizni tartibga
keltiring ular har yoqda yoyilib yotibdi.

Matching. Match the Household items with their translations (additional list):
1. supurgi sponge
2. changyutgich vacuum cleaner
3. cho’tka floor-cloth
4. latta rag
5. qozonsochiq buyum waste-bin
6. dazmol brush
7. kir uvish mashinasi bucket
8. paqir/chelak broom
9. axlat chelak washing machine
10. pol yuvadigan mato iron

Household Chores
There are typical responsibilities of the husband, the wife and the children. The husband goes
to work and earns money for the family. May be, at weekends he cleans his car and does some practical
things about the house. The wife goes shopping, does cleaning up, washing up and what not.
Personally, I think that both parents should take part in doing household chores. Also, when
children grow up, they should be given as much responsibility as possible. It’s very good for a child to
learn to be able to take care of himself and his things.
As for me, I don’t mind household chores and even like them. I do most of washing up, tidy my
room and make my bed. I often go shopping. Everyone in my family is responsible for cleaning and
repairing things when they have free time. We are loving family and try to help each other.

Pay attention to the bold words. You can use them in any type of spech (written and oral):
There are typical … — Odatiy …lar mavjud
Personally, I think that … — Shaxsan men o’ylaymanki …
As for me, I don’t mind… — Menga kelsak, men ….qarshi emasman

Answer the questions:

1. What are your household chores?
2. What are your parents’ household chores?
3. What is the ideal situation concerning household chores in a family?

Activity 1. Individual work. According to the questions given below, please introduce yourself.
 1. What is your name?
2. Where and when were you born?
3. How old are you?
5. Have you got a family?
6. How many people are there in your family?
7. Do you have brothers, sisters, grandparents in your family?
8. Where do you live?
9. Did you study well at school?
10. What school did you finish?
11. Did your teacher of English help you to choose your future profession?
12. What was your favourite subject?
13. What do you like to read?
14. What sport do you go in for?
15. What are you going to be?
16. Do you have a girlfriend / boyfriend?

LESSON 2
MY WORKING DAY

Daily Routine Vocabulary

1. do the same things every day — harkuni bir xil ishni bajarmoq
2. be the first / last to wake up — birinchi/ oxirgi bo’lib uyg’onmoq
3. make breakfast myself — o’zi nonushta tayyorlamoq
4. have a sandwich and a cup of tea — buterbrod va choy ichmoq
5. leave home for school / work — uydan maktabga / ishga ketmoq
6. it takes 2 hours to get to …. —…ga yetishga 2 soat ketadi
7. come back home at… — soat …da uyga qaytmoq
8. afford to relax a little — ozgina dam olishga ruxsat bermoq
9. sit up late at night — kech qolib ketmoq, kechgacha o’tirmoq
10. have a habit of … —…qilish odati bo’lmoq
11.
Examples of sentences on theme «My Typical Day. Daily Routine»
1. I do the same things every day.
2. Actually, I am the second to wake up in our family.
3. As my mother is still sleeping, I make breakfast myself. As a rule, it is a sandwich and a cup of tea.
4. At 8 o’clock I leave home for school.
5. It takes me 20 minutes to get to my study place on foot.
6. Usually I come back home at 16 o’clock as we have 3 or 4 pairs of lessons a day.
7. On the day when I don’t go to courses I can afford to relax a little.
8. I always sit up late doing my homework.
9. That’s why I am the last to go to bed in the family.
10. I have a habit of taking a walk after dinner.
https://englishinn.ru/my-typical-day-daily-routine

Reading
 Our life is going the usual way. To do the same things every day is sometimes boring, although
we get used to the routine with time. Definitely, all of us have the right to rest and relax. These are three
English proverbs that you may find useful. Try to remember them.
1. Try to wake up happy.
2. Keep calm and carry on.
3. Don’t put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
I am a first-year student of the Namangan institute of engineering and technology. My parents live
in Yangikurgan and I study in Namangan so I need some housing. There are two opportunities for me:
I can live in a dormitory (a students’ hostel), or to rent a flat (an apartment).
I decided to rent a flat. To make the rent smaller, I also decided to share my flat with another girl
— Sayyora. She studies at the institute, too, and she is my best friend now. I'll tell you more about her
later.
Now, let me describe my usual working day. My classes begin at 8:30. So on week-days I have to
get up at 7:15. I don't have an alarm clock and usually my roommate wakes me up and my working
day begins. I turn on the radio and do my morning exercises while Sayyora takes a shower. I don't take
a bath in the morning because I don't have enough time for it. I take a cool shower (that's when I
completely wake up), brush my teeth. After that I go back to our room and get dressed. I brush my hair
and put on a light make-up. Then we have breakfast. Sayyora makes breakfast every Monday,
Wednesday and Friday. I have to serve breakfast on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. I love to listen
to the latest news on the radio while I am eating and Sayyora prefers light music.
We leave the house at ten minutes past eight and walk to the nearest bus-stop. We live rather far
from the institute and it usually takes us about a quarter of an hour to get there by bus. Sometimes when
the weather is fine and we have enough time we walk to the institute. It is very healthy to walk much.
The classes begin at 8:30 in the morning and they end at 3:00 p.m. We have lectures in different
subjects. As a rule, we have three or four classes a day. Sometimes it is very hard to wait till they end.
Usually I don't miss my classes because I want to pass my exams successfully. But sometimes I
do, especially when the weather is fine and the classes are boring.
At 11:20 we have lunch. That's my favourite time. That is the time to share the latest news and to
gossip. My friends and I prefer not to go to the canteen and we often have lunch in a small cafe not too
far from the institute. At 12:00 we have to be back to our classes. During the working day we also have
several short breaks that last for ten minutes.
Occasionally I have to stay at the institute till 5 or even 6 o'clock in the evening because I go to
the library to get ready for my practical classes or to write a report. As a rule I have no free time on
week-days. So by the end of the week I get very tired.
We come home at about 7 o'clock in the evening. We eat supper together and share the latest news.
After supper we wash dishes, drink coffee or tea and watch TV. I prefer old comedies and Sayyora
likes serials or films about travelling. Sometimes Sayyora and I go for a walk in the park or visit our
friends.
At 11 o'clock I usually go to bed but sometimes I watch television till late in the evening and that's
why I may go to bed very late. I like to read something before going to bed and Sayyora likes to listen
to some music. But I always remember the proverb: "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy
wealthy and wise." Sometimes I fall asleep while I am reading and Sayyora gets up and switches off the
light and wishes me good night.
Vocabulary:
housing — turar-joy enough — yetarli
opportunity — imkoniyat, imkon completely — to’liq to’laligicha
dormitory, students’ hostel — talabalar to get dressed — kiyinmoq
yotoqxonasi make up — pardoz
to rent a flat (an apartment) — kvartirani to prefer — afzal ko’rmoq
ijaraga olmoq healthy — sog’lom, foydali
to share — bo’lishmoq to miss — qoldirmoq
week-days — hafta kunlari successfully — muvaffaqiyatli
alarm clock — budilnik (uyg’otadigan soat) boring — zerikarli
 usually — odatda to gossip — g’iybatlashmoq
roommate — xonadosh have to be back — qaytish kerak
rather — anhagina, juda, yetarli darajada break — tanaffus
to turn on (off) — yoqmoq (o’chirmoq) report — doklad, hisobot
canteen — oshxona

Discussion
1. How do you usually spend your week days?
2. Do you attend some clubs or courses after school?
3. What do you think about shedules and how do you usually plan your week?
4. What is the best way to relax, in your opinion?
5. What is the difference between adults and children spend their week days?

Activity 1. Translate into English:

• kunduzgi bo’lim talabasi bo’lmoq; • sizga...haqida aytib beraman
• hafta kunlarida • uyqudan turmoq — ertalab 7da uyg’onmoq
• magnitofonni yoqmoq • dush qabul qilmoq
• tish tozalamoq • kiyinmoq • so’nggi yangiliklarni eshitmoq
• institutgacha mendan 1 soat vaqt ketadi • avtobus (taksi, metro)da bormoq
• darsga kech qolmoq • kechki 15:00da tugaydi • dars qoldirmoq
• imtixonni muvaffaqiyatli topshirmoq • vaqti-vaqti bilan
• darslarga tayyorlanmoq • qoidaga ko’ra • charchamoq
• uyga kelmoq • uyda bo’lmoq • bo’sh vaqti bo’lmoq

Activity 2. Tell about your typical day. The following questions will help you:
1. Do you get up early?
2. Is it easy for you to get up early?
3. Do you wake up yourself or does your alarm-clock wake you up?
4. Do you do your morning exercises?
5. What do you prefer: a hot or a cold shower in the morning?
6. How long does it take you to get dressed?
7. What do you usually have for breakfast?
8. Some people look through newspapers or listen to the latest news on the radio while having breakfast.
What about you?
9. When do you usually leave your house?
10. Do you work? If yes, where?
11. How long does it take you to get to your study place (Institute)?
12. Do you go there by bus/taxi or walk?
13. Where do you usually have lunch (dinner)?
14. What time do you come home?
15. How long does it take you to do your homework?
16. How do you usually spend your evenings?
17. Do you have a lot of free time?
18. Do you play any musical instrument?
19. Are you fond of listening to music?
20. What kind of music do you prefer?
21. Do you collect anything (stamps, records, postcards, coins, matchboxes, etc.)?
22. What time do you usually go to bed?

LESSON 3.
DESCRIBING PEOPLE

Starter. At first look at the people described in the following picture and name them. Try to describe
their appearance as you can.
Remember the following verbs:
1. to describe — ta’riflamoq, tasvirlamoq
2. to look good/great — yaxshi/ajoyib ko’rinmoq
3. to look like smb — biror kimga o’xshamoq (tashqi ko’rinish)
4. to have — bor bo’lmoq
5. to wear — kiymoq (ammo *mo’ylab qo’ymoq, *pardoz qilmoq)
6. to suit — mos kelmoq/ yarashmoq (yuziga tushmoq, qomatiga mos tushmoq)
7. to match — xil tushmoq/ uyg’unlashmoq (rangi mos bo’lmoq)

Reading

Nowadays people are more and more concerned about their appearance. Personally, I think that
looking presentable is very important for every person of every age. First of all, people who are satisfied
with their physical appearance tend to be self-confident. Indeed, by looking well-groomed and nicely
dressed one can easily communicate with others and achieve goals. Secondly, people who want to look
attractive tend to go in for sports. Most of them follow a diet and go to the gym. Thirdly, people who
care about their appearance look after their health. It is generally accepted that visiting a doctor for
regular check-ups can help prevent illnesses.
If you asked me to describe a person whose appearance I like, I'd talk about my aunt. Her name
is Sofia. She is middle-aged but has very youthful appearance. She is in her late forties but looks
young for her age. She has a friendly round face. Her hair is short and ginger. My aunt has very beautiful
blue eyes and long eyelashes. Her lips are red and plump. I like when she is smiley and happy. She is
rather tall and medium-built. She doesn't usually wear glasses but she puts them on when she reads or
watches TV. She has a lovely complexion. My aunt always looks fresh and seldom wears make-up.
She is fair-skinned but likes to sunburn in summer. I like the way she looks because she wears clothes
that are right for her age and always looks trendy and elegant. She prefers wearing suits and dresses.
Anyway, my aunt is a good-looking woman and always looks great.

Active Vocabulary. You have to learn following words:

physical appearance — tashqi ko’rinish
nicely dressed — chiroyli kiyingan
attractive — maftunkor
good-looking — yoqimli ko’rinishli
handsome — kelishgan, xushbichim (erkak)
lovely — yoqimtoy
pretty — jozibali (ayol)
middle-aged — o’rta yoshlardagi
an elderly person — keksa odam, qariya
to be in one's late twenties, thirties, forties, etc. — deyarli 20, 30, 40 yosh
to be in one's early twenties — yigirmadan baland bo’lmagan (yosh haqida)
fat — semiz
stout [staut] — to’la
a little overweighted [auve'weit] — biroz to’lishgan
medium-built — o’rtacha qomatli
thin — ozg’in
slender — nozik, xipcha bel

Task 1. Name the ages of women.

Baby, new-born baby, little (little one -kichkintoy, little boy), big (big girl), child, teenager, girl, young
man, young woman, adult (a grown up), middle-aged person, a man of sixty, elderly, old, old man an
old woman old lady person who is as old as hills

Task No. 2
More adjectives before a noun often follow this order:
opinion -size -age -shape -colour -origin -material -purpose -noun
What do the following adjectives express?
FOR EX.: big → sıze
old →
great →
English →
wooden →
electronic →
terrible →
red →
little →
round →

LESSON 4
MY STUDIES

Reading compehension

Everybody knows that education is an important part of life and it is necessary to be successful in
our life. People study at school, college or universities. Many people think that the most eventful and
interesting period of life is studying at school and at an university. Today I am going to describe you my
institute. I am really glad that I study here. It is one of the finest country's higher educational institutions.
It is located in Namangan. Many famous people have graduated from my institute, and not only engineers
or scientists, but many outstanding writers, actors, showmen and politicians. Studying here gives a solid
background in all spheres of knowledge and prepares for practical work. Many scientists work here,
that’s why different conferences and meetings are held here every year.
Our institute is quite large, but not so old. It was founded in 1960s as a branch of Tashkent Textile
institute. First, it was a small department of a large institute, but later it was rearranged into an
independent institution. Establishment has developed rapidly since then, now it has become one of the
finest institutes of the Republic. Nowadays it is a large school where about 5,000 students are currently
enrolled. About 4,000 are full-time students, like me, and the rest study by correspondence. There
are also many graduate students. They conduct independent research work and have pedagogical
practice.
The course of study lasts four years. The academic year lasts for 10 months and there are vacations
twice a year: in winter and in summer. There are 6 faculties in my institute. Here they are: the faculty of
Engineering technology, the faculty of Light industry technology, the faculty Chemistry technology,
Automation and Energetics faculty, Economics Faculty and the faculty of Agricultural products.
Today it gives students an opportunity to choose educational program from 25 leading directions. The
teaching is provided by the qualified specialists, professor-teachers.
Our institute is large and we have several buildings. One of the buildings is for lectures and
seminars only. There are many large halls there so that students of 3-4 groups together can fit in there.
The acoustics in such large halls is very good but sometimes it is very noisy when students chat during
the lecture.
We have three laboratory buildings which are equipped with up-to-date equipments and there
students can carry on lab works and conduct various experiments. Many active students do their own
research work.
There are several cafes at the institute. My favourite one is situated in a separate one-storeyed
building and people say that this is the oldest canteen or student's cafe. The food there is tasty and
affordable.
There is also dormitory or hostel building in the institute where students from other cities live. But
you know already that I don't live in a dormitory — I rent an apartment. I am very glad that I have chosen
this institute. Currently I am the student of this place and I am proud of it.

Vocabulary:

eventful – voqealarga boy Light industry technology – yengil

outstanding – taaniqli, yetakchi, mashxur
currently — hozirda
to be enrolled — talabalar safida turmoq
full-time students — kunduzgi bo’lim talabalari
part time-students — kechki bo’lim talabalari
to conduct — o’tmoq, boshqarmoq
course of study — ta’lim sohasi
chemistry technology — kimyo- texnologiya
engineering technology — muhandislik-
texnologiya
sanoat texnologiyasi
machine-tool — dastgox, qurilma
textile — to’qimachilik
noisy — sershovqin
to chat — suxbatlashmoq, gap sotmoq
affordable — arzon, hamyonbop (to
afford — ruxsat etmoq, ijozat)

Activity 1. Tell about:

a) your secondary school (college)
b) the faculty of your institute
c) your favourite teacher at school.

Activity 2. Do you know?

1) When was your University or Institute stablished?
2) Who was the first Rector?
3) Were there any famous a) scientists, engineers b) politicians c) artists among the graduates of your
Institute?
4) How many people are currently enrolled?
5) 5What is the most popular faculty in your institute?
 LESSON 5
UZBEKISTAN IS MY MOTHERLAND

Reading

I live in a country with a very ancient history and unique nature. Here, among the mountains
and deserts, a proud and strong people lived and hardened themselves in trials. Over the territory of
Uzbekistan for centuries the Great Silk Road, connected two different worlds, two different civilizations,
Europe and Asia. The Great Silk Road traveled fabrics, spices, precious stones and, of course,
knowledge. Knowledge, discoveries of science and technology were transmitted through vast distances.
There are many beautiful and attractive places in the world, Uzbekistan can be considered as
one of them. The Republic of Uzbekistan is one of the four Republics of Central Asia. It is situated
between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya,the greatest Asian rivers. It is the region of flat- lands, mountains
and deserts. The territory of the Republic covers 447,4 thousand square kilometers and is larger than
Great Britain or Italy. It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by
population. Population of the country is more than 33 mln people.Uzbekistan is bordered by five
landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the
southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest.Uzbekistan is prosperous one
among them. The republic consists of 12 provinces, 1 autonomous republic, and a capital city.
Uzbekistan proclaimed its Independence on August 31, 1991 and this event was a landmark in
the history of the Republic. Thereupon September 1 is widely celebrated as a national holiday.
Uzbekistan became a member of many international organizations, such as the CIS, OSCE, UN, and
the SCO.
The highest point in Uzbekistan is the Khazret Sultan, at 4,643 metres above sea level, in the
southern part of the Gissar Range in Surkhandarya Province.
Country’s climate is continental. A great number of bright sunny days are good for cotton
growing. Uzbekistan is one of the most important producers of cotton and silk. If you look at the map,
you will see coal, oil and natural gas resources, deposits of marble, non-ferrous and other metals
including gold.
Uzbekistan has great economic potential from its own natural resources. It has the fourth-largest
gold deposits in the world. The country mines 80 tons of gold annually, seventh in the world.
Uzbekistan's copper deposits rank tenth in the world and its uranium deposits twelfth. The country's
uranium production ranks seventh globally.
You can talk about the great culture of the Uzbeks without stopping. The culture and traditions
of the Uzbeks were known in history as great. If anyone has doubts, then it is enough to visit Uzbekistan
at least once and visit Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva. Uzbekistan is famous, in the world, for its
hospitality and friendship. It is believed that the person who was born even in desert would say that it
is paradise because it is his or her motherland. Uzbekistan is my motherland and I love my country. I
just can compare it with paradise because there is nothing more like it.
Activity 2. How well do you know your Homeland?
What is (are):
 • the biggest uzbek region?
• the longest uzbek river?
• a city with historical value?
• autonomous part of uzbekistan?
• agricultural regions?
• old historical cities?
• places of recreation and tourism?

Activity 4. Please, write a short story about your visit to Tashkent. The following questions will
certainly help you:
 Have you ever been to Tashkent?
 If yes, when was it?
 Was it a business trip or a pleasure tour?
 Did you fly, take a bus, taxi or a train to Tashkent?
 What railway station (airport) did you arrive at?
 What was your first impression of Tashkent?
 What places of interest have you visited?
 Where did you stay in Tashkent?
 How long did you stay in Tashkent?
 Did you enjoy your visit to Tashkent?

Vocabulary:

motherland — ona shaxar (tug’ilgan joy) the CIS— MDH

unique – o’ziga xos, yagona OSCE — YeHHT
trial - sinov UN — BMT
attractive — jozibali, maftunkor SCO— ShHT
fabric – mato above sea level— dengiz satxidan yuqori
precious stones – qimmatbaxo toshlar continental— mo’tadil
to be transmitted – jo’natilmoq, tashilmoq deposits of marble — marmar zahiralari
flat-lands — tekisliklar globally — dunyo miqyosida
desert — saxro, cho’l non-ferrous — rangli (metal)
landlocked — quruqlik bilan o’ralgan great economic potential — katta iqtisodiy
proclaime — e’lon qilmoq foyda
landmark — bu yerda: buyuk voqea deposit — zahira
thereupon— shundan keyin rank— o’rin
paradise — jannat hospitality — mehmondo’stlik

LESSON 6
ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES

Reading

English spread all over the world. Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are
English speaking countries. Why English is so extended language in the world?
During the 17th and 18th centuries British navigators sailed across the seas with the aim of extending
Britains power and prosperity. They colonized new territories around the world, taking their language
with them. The first New World settlement was established in Jamestown in America in 1607. Canada
was won from the French in 1763. During the 17th century British rule was established in the West Indian
islands of Antigua, Barbados, Jamaica, St Kitts and Trinidad and Tobago. Australia and New Zealand
 were discovered during Capitan Cook’s voyage in 1768. English was imposed as the official language
of the new colonies; it was the language of education and administration.
English speaking countries are situated in different parts of the world and differ in many ways. The
weather and climate of these countries, and the way of peoples life differ. Each country has its own
history customs, traditions, and its own national holidays. But they all have a common English
language.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is parliamentary monarchy with more
than 67 mln people. There are no high mountains, no very long rivers, no vast forest areas in U.K. Great
Britain is Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. Christmas day is one of
their favorite holidays.
The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. The population of the USA
is about 325 million people. Most of Americans speak English. But there we can also meet French,
German and other languages. The USA is a highly developed industrial country.
Canada also located in North American continent and has two official languages - English and
French. It has the population of more than 36 mln people.
Australia and New Zealand are situated in the southern hemisphere, so the warmest month is
January, and the coldest winter month is June. Snow falls only on the mountain there. The population of
Australia is about 25mln and in New Zealand live more than 4 mln people.

Vocabulary:

spread — yoyilmoq vast — keng, katta

extend — cho’zilmoq forest — o’rmon
navigator — dengizchi continent — qit’a, materik
prosperity — gullab-yashnash, ravnaq proud of — faxrlanmoq
impose — yuklamoq highly developed — yuqori rivojlangan
colony — mustamlaka official=formal — rasmiy
custom — urf- odat southern — janubiy
tradition — an’ana hemisphere — yarim sharlar
monarchy — yakka qirollik

Do you know that…

 The English word alphabet comes to us, by way of Latin, from the names of the first two letters of the
Greek alphabet, alpha and beta.
 There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. 20 consonants and 6 vowels. These 26 letters produce 44
phonemes.
 The sentence that contains all 26 letters of the alphabet is Pangram.
 The best-known example is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." A more efficient pangram
is "Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs."
 The older pronunciation of "zed" was inherited from Old French. The American "zee," a dialect form
heard in England during the 17th century (perhaps by analogy with bee, dee, etc.)
 A lot of songs are devoted to the English alphabet.
 It is one of the shortest alphabets in the world and it is very easy to remember.
 If you don’t believe, then look and learn…

Climate of Great Britain

Answer the questions based on the information you have learnt:
1. What is the British climate like?
2. What is the British weather like?
 The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the
climate of the islands. It is mild all the year round. It means that it’s never too hot or too cold. Winters
are extremely mild. Snow may come but it melts quickly. The coldest months are January and February,
the warmest ones are July and August. But the climate is not the same in all parts of England. The
western part is warmer than the east. It has also more rain. The North is colder than the South, but in
winter the coldest districts are the eastern ones. There is much humidity in the air of England. It is well-
known as a foggy country.

Activity 1. Matching. Match the words 1-12 with definitions a-l

1. Christmas a) Shrove Tuesday

2. Pancake day b) a Christian festival when Jesus Christ's return to life is

celebrated. It is celebrated on a Sunday in March or April.
3. Veteran’s day c) the first day of the year; in the modern Western calendar

4. Bank holiday d) a day celebrating the anniversary of national independence

5. Boxing day e) 25 April, a public holiday in Australia and New Zealand

commemorating the Anzac landing at Gallipoli in 1915
6. Easter f) a public holiday celebrated on the first day (strictly, the first
weekday) after Christmas Day
7. Anzac day g) an annual day of holiday celebrated in thanksgiving to God
on the fourth Thursday of November
8. Thanksgiving h) the annual Christian festival celebrating Christ's birth, held
on 25 December
9. New Year’s i) a day on which banks are officially closed, observed as a
Day public holiday
10. Labour day j) the eve of All Saints' Day celebrated on Oct. 31 by
masquerading and involving dressing up as ghosts and the wearing
of masks
2. Independence Day k) people honour those who have served or are serving in the
armed forces on that day.
3. Halloween l) a public holiday or day of festivities held in honour of
working people

LESSON 7
WORLD AWARDS
Reading comprehension
An award, sometimes called a distinction, is something given to a recipient as a token of recognition
of excellence in a certain field. When the token is a medal, ribbon or other item designed for wearing, it is
known as a decoration. A prize is an award to be given to a person or a group of people (such as sporting
teams and organizations) to recognize and reward their actions and achievements. Official prizes often
involve monetary rewards as well as the fame that comes with them. Some prizes are also associated with
extravagant awarding ceremonies, such as the Academy Awards.
An award may be described by three aspects: 1) who is given 2) what 3) by whom, all varying according
to purpose. The recipient is often to a single person or a representative of a group of people, be it an
organisation, a sports team or a whole country. The award item may be a decoration, that is an insignia
suitable for wearing, such as a medal, badge, or rosette (award). It can also be a token object such as
 certificate, diploma, championship belt, trophy, or plaque. The award may also be or be accompanied by a
title of honor, as well as an object of direct value such as prize money or a scholarship.
Furthermore, an honorable mention is an award given, typically in education, that does not confer the
recipient(s) a higher standing but is considered worth mentioning in an honourable way. An award may be
conferred as a state decoration by sovereign state, dynasty or other public authority (see fount of honour), or
else a private organisation or individual. The latter may also include ecclesiastical authorities, such as in the
case of ecclesiastical awards.
For example, the Nobel Prize recognizes contributions to society, while the Pulitzer prize honors
literary achievements. An award may also simply be a public acknowledgment of excellence, without any
tangible token or prize.
Awards for sports tournaments often take the form of cups, following a tradition harking back to the
ancient Greek tripod given to winners in athletic contests. The Stanley Cup is a modern example. In contrast,
awards for employee recognition often take the form of plaques or crystal pieces. An award may carry a
monetary prize given to the recipient. Finally, an award may recognize participation rather than victory.
International Awards are the honors or recognition of an individual or a community. Usually, these
recognitions are in the fields of Science, Mathematics, Literature, Technology, Community Services,
Environmental Services, Architecture, Bravery, Philanthropy, Arts, Sports, Movies, Theatre and other fields.
Here are some of the most popular awards and honors bestowed by the International community.
 Nobel Prize
 Booker Prize
 Academy Awards
 BAFTA Awards
 The Palme d’Or
 Pulitzer Prize
 The Golden Globes
 BRIT Awards
 The Grammys
 MTV Video Music Awards

 DO YOU KNOW THIS…

THE NOBEL PRIZE
The Nobel Prize is five separate prizes that, according to Sir Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded
to ”those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind."
Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and
Peace (Nobel characterized the Peace Prize as "to the person who has done the most or best to advance
fellowship among nations, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses"). In 1968, Sveriges
Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Sir Alfred
Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards
available in their respective fields.Sir Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist
most famously known for the invention of dynamite. He died in 1896. In his will, he bequeathed all of
his "remaining realisable assets" to be used to establish five prizes which became known as "Nobel
Prizes." Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901.
The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient (known as a "laureate") receives a gold medal,
a diploma, and a monetary award. In 2020, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 10,000,000 SEK, or
US$1,145,000, or €968,000, or £880,000. A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals,
although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people. Although
Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it,
the prize is presented.
The Nobel Prizes, beginning in 1901, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, beginning
in 1969, have been awarded 603 times to 962 people and 25 organizations. Four individuals have
received more than one Nobel Prize.
 LESSON 11
ON-LINE ETIQUETTE

NETIQUETTE IS A SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Netiquette is an on-line etiquette, abbreviation of Internet etiquette or network etiquette,
guidelines for courteous communication in the online environment. It includes proper manners for
sending e-mail, conversing online, and so on. Much like traditional etiquette, which provides rules of
conduct in social situations, the purpose of netiquette is to help construct and maintain a pleasant,
comfortable, and efficient environment for online communication, as well as to avoid placing strain on
the system and generating conflict among users.
The term "netiquette" refers to online etiquette over networks, such as emails, online
communities, forums, and the online learning environments. The following netiquette rules will help
people better understand you and your messages.
Every country, every region has its own culture. The Internet also has its own culture. It is
important anytime you enter into a new country you learn, understand, and practice the culture that you
are entering.
 Activity 1.

Quick List of Standard Guidelines:

 Remember the human, be friendly - Before writing a post or response, ask yourself, "Would I say this
to a person face to face?" If the answer is no, do not post or send it. There is a human being on the other
side of the computer screen.
 Adhere to same standards of behavior online that you follow in real-life - When you are in your
room in front of your computer, the law seems far away. Be ethical. Remember breaking the law is really
bad netiquette.
 Avoid using all caps - (IT'S LIKE SHOUTING!) You should only capitalize individual words in a
sentence to highlight or emphasize a point, not an entire sentence or paragraph.
 Avoid responding when emotions are high - If you are angry or have a strong opinion about something
someone has written/posted, wait to reply until after you have calmed down. Writing to express a strong
opinion is "flaming" and can lead to "flaming wars". No one will win those wars. Don't feed the flames;
extinguish them by guiding the discussion back to a more productive direction.
 Respect the privacy of other - Do not forward emails without permission or copy discussions or chat
dialog and post publicly. Before you send an email, make sure you have correctly addressed it to the
intended recipient. Good rule of thumb is if you forward someone else's email, include the person who
wrote the original email in cc of the forward.
 Respect intellectual property of others - Be ethical, academically honest, and follow copyright
laws. Cite ideas and quotes that you have used from other people.
 Make yourself look good - Post intelligent messages despite the informality of the conversation. Avoid
posting messages with grammatical, spelling, and typographical errors.
 Be forgiving of other people's mistakes - Remember everyone at one time was new to online. Be gentle
with those that might make mistakes. Blasting out all the errors in grammar, spelling, or sentence
structure is often troubling for someone who does not take criticism well. Private corrections are the
responsibility of the instructor.
 Texting & Abbreviations - Texting has a place, and it is not in an online course. It is probably safe to
use emoticons and abbreviations in chatting but not messages or emails. Suggestion - follow the
instructor's lead. Does the instructor use emoticons? Does the instructor use common abbreviations and
acronyms such as FYI, BTW, IMO, LOL? Not sure? Ask the instructor.
 Know where you are in cyberspace - Netiquette varies from domain to domain. For example, an online
course may have a gaming environment or a virtual world simulation. What may be appropriate in one
place, may not be appropriate in another. Get a sense of how other people act, then go ahead and
participate.

LESSON 9
IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS

What is economics and why should you spend your time learning it?
Economics is probably not what you think. It is not primarily about money or finance. It is not
primarily about business. It is not mathematics. What is it then? It is both a subject area and a way of
viewing the world.
Economics is the study of how humans make decisions in the face of scarcity. These can be
individual decisions, family decisions, business decisions or societal decisions. If you look around
carefully, you will see that scarcity is a fact of life. Scarcity means that human wants for goods, services
and resources exceed what is available. Resources, such as labor, tools, land, and raw materials are
necessary to produce the goods and services we want but they exist in limited supply. Of course, the
ultimate scarce resource is time- everyone, rich or poor, has just 24 hours in the day to try to acquire the
goods they want. At any point in time, there is only a finite amount of resources available.
Economy is life itself. Since the ancient times, people have had to use their resources
economically to sustain their lives. That’s why it is important for many areas of society. It can help
improve living standards and make society a better place. Economics is like science in that it can be
used to improve living standards and also to make things worse. It partly depends on the priorities of
society and what we consider most important.
Economics is a way of life. In business world, economics plays a very significant role. Economy
as a science learns us how to live and how to interact with others.

Importance of studying economics

So, why do we study economics? Here are five reasons why studying economics is important.
1. Informs decisions
Economists provide information and forecasting to inform decisions within companies and governments.
This knowledge of economics – or economic intelligence – is based on data and modelling.
2. Influences everything
Economic issues influence our daily lives. This includes issues such as tax and inflation, interest rates
and wealth, inequality and emerging markets, and energy and the environment. A broad subject,
economics provides answers to a range of health, social and political issues that impact households and
wider communities.
3. Impacts industries
Firms of all sizes and industries have to rely on economics, whether that’s for product research and
development, pricing strategies or how to advertise. This wide influence means studying economics can
open up a variety of career options across all sectors of the economy, from agriculture to manufacturing,
to banking and consultancy.
4. Inspires business success
Understanding how consumers behave is vital for a business to succeed. Economists use theories and
models to predict behaviour and inform business strategies. For example, how to analyse ‘big data’.
5. International perspective
Economics affects the world we live in. Understanding domestic and international perspectives – historic
and current – can provide a useful insight into how different cultures and societies interact. For
international corporations, understanding the world economy is key to driving success.

LESSON 10
NEW BUSINESS TRENDS FOR YOUTH
You don’t have to be an adult to start your own business. In fact, there are many different business
opportunities that teens can use to get their entrepreneurial journeys started. Here are some business
opportunities for teens. These business ideas are excellent first ventures for young entrepreneurs.
Business success can come at any age, and you never know who will think of the next big idea. If
you have an industrious teen with an entrepreneurial spirit—or if they’re just looking to make some extra
spending money on their own schedule—launching their own business could be the answer. Let's look
at some business ideas for teens that are perfect for a first business.
What makes a good business idea for teens?

There are a few criteria that will make a business idea slightly easier for teens to start and operate. After
all, they’ll need to work around a full class schedule and will likely have limited resources—including
startup capital. As you evaluate the following small business ideas for teens, keep these things in mind.
1. Home-based or easily accessible
Depending on the age of the teen, transportation can be a major concern. For teens who aren’t old enough
to drive or are just learning, a home business will be much easier to operate.
2. Flexible hours
Just like many adults who start a side hustle, teens are working a full-time job while starting up their
business. While school isn’t traditionally considered a “job,” it does take up eight to 10 hours of each
weekday, depending on their extracurriculars. The best business ideas for teens will have flexible hours
that will allow them to work in the evenings and on weekends.
3. Low financial investment
While most potential business owners are looking to make as small of a financial investment in their
new business as possible, most teens will have limited savings and have minimal access to outside
financing (especially if you don’t want the “bank of mom and dad” to be on the hook). Choosing a
business idea for teens that has a low-cost financial investment is key to success. The fewer things needed
to operate the business, the less they will need to buy before getting started.
SOME BUSINESS IDEAS FOR TEENS

There are so many cool business ideas for teens out there. You can start with something traditional like
babysitting in your neighborhood or helping kids with homework, but technology has opened the doors
to so many other, new opportunities.
With the above criteria in mind, let’s take a look at 28 business ideas for teens.
1. Academic tutor
An easy business idea for teens is to become an academic tutor. Everyone has unique skills, so whether
you’re good at math, science, writing, or reading, you have the skills to teach someone else who may be
struggling in that subject. An academic tutor can also help with test prep for the SATs, ACTs, AP tests,
or other standardized tests.
2. Car washing
Everyone loves to have their car looking shiny and new, but not everyone has the time to dedicate to
washing it. A car washing business is simple to start, all you need is a bucket, soft sponge, window
cleaner, and elbow-grease for polishing. This can be a great weekend job for teens.
3. Child care
A tried and true business idea for teens is to operate a child care or babysitting business. On the weekends
or even during the week after school, you can help neighbors or family friends by caring for their young
children. If you want to stand out from the competition, many communities offer local classes on child
care and babysitting.
4. Pet sitting or dog walker
For kids who love animals, there’s no better way to get time with animals and start a business than by
pet sitting or dog walking. Both of these businesses also offer flexible hours and your clients will provide
all the supplies you’ll need, from leashes to treats and more.
5. Lawn care business
If one of your teen’s chores is to mow the lawn, they already have the skills needed for this business. By
marketing their services around the neighborhood, they may be able to drum up a lengthy client list, and
an especially popular time for a lawn care business is the summer, when your teen will have lots of free
time on their hands.
6. Housecleaning
For any kid who’s been helping out with chores around the house, they’re likely already familiar with
all the skills they’d need to start a housecleaning business. Nearby homeowners would likely be happy
to pay a teenager to help them dust, mop, and vacuum their home.
7. Housesitting
During the summer and scheduled breaks from school, many families take this opportunity to travel.
While they’re away, they need someone to stop by the house, take in the mail, water the plants, and
perform other small daily tasks. Starting a housesitting business can be a great way for teens to earn
some extra money while filling a need in their community.
8. Selling handmade crafts
Artistic teens who are good at crafts can hone their skills and make some money by selling their
creations. This can be a local endeavor, or they can set up their own business website to sell their crafts
to a larger audience. Check out our list of the best craft business ideas.
9. Making greeting cards
One specific idea for a handmade craft that teens can create and sell is greeting cards. Many people are
returning to handwritten notes. By creating personalized designs or eye-catching artistry, teens can easily
sell their own greeting cards to be used by friends and family.
10. Art teacher
The ability to draw, paint, or do any other kind of art is a skill, just like being able to solve complicated
math equations. Teens who are looking for a business idea and are good at art should consider starting a
business as an art teacher. They can offer lessons to peers or younger children in the neighborhood.
11. Musician
Not every artist works with a pen in their hand—some are gifted with music. For those passionate about
playing or writing music, their teen years are an opportunity to get together with friends, form a band,
and perform locally. This is a good business idea for teens that should also be a lot of fun.
12. Graphic designer
For a tech-savvy teen who is also artistically inclined, there’s an opportunity to start a graphic design
business. This can be as simple as creating a few cool designs and then putting them on T-shirts for
friends or could involve doing freelance work for local business’s marketing efforts.
13. Technology tutor
While some older adults don’t know how to use their smartphones, tablets, or computers, kids are
growing up with this technology and know it better than anyone. If your teen has the patience and the
skills, they can make some extra money as a technology tutor.
14. Blogger
With a dash of tech know-how, some skill for writing, and a passion for a specific topic, your teen could
launch a business through a blog. Keep in mind, this business idea will take a little more time to turn a
profit. First, they’ll need to grow an audience, and then they will have the opportunity to partner with
advertisers and affiliate partners to bring in revenue. If they can optimize their blog, though, this could
be a simple way to make extra money.
15. Photographer or videographer
With a small investment in equipment or some skill with a smartphone, teens can start a business as a
photographer or videographer. There are many niches within this type of business, so teens can specialize
in pet photography, events, family portraits, or creating social media content for local businesses.
16. Web designer
A little knowledge can go a long way toward supporting this business idea for teens. Many small
businesses need websites and may not have the cash to hire a professional. By offering their services at
a discounted rate, teens can start their own business as a web designer. This is a great way to practice
skills and make some extra money.
17. Data entry
For most future professions, teens will need to know how to use spreadsheets and work with data. To
learn these skills, teens can start a business in data entry. This type of business offers teens a flexible
work schedule and the ability to learn an important new skill.
18. Create an app or online game
Anyone can create an app or online game these days, including teens. If your teen has a great idea and
the technical skill to make it into a reality, they could turn this into a business. Completed apps and
games can then be featured on various app stores, which return a percentage of the profit to the creator.
LESSON 11
FAMILY BUDGETING
Starter: Look at the photo and share your ideas about it

Before leraning about family budget let’s talk about FUNCTIONS OF MONEY. Money is any
good that is widely accepted in exchange of goods and services, as well as payment of debts. Most people
will confuse the definition of money with other things, like income, wealth, and credit. Three functions
of money are:
1. Medium of exchange: Money can be used for buying and selling goods and services. If there were
no money, goods would have to be exchanged through the process of barter (goods would be traded for
other goods in transactions arranged on the basis of mutual need). For example: If I raise chickens and
 want to buy cows, I would have to find a person who is willing to sell his cows for my chickens. Such
arrangements are often difficult. But Money eliminates the need of the double coincidence of wants.
2. Unit of account: Money is the common standard for measuring relative worth of goods and service.
3. Store of value: Money is the most liquid asset (Liquidity measures how easily assets can be spent to
buy goods and services). Money’s value can be retained over time. It is a convenient way to store wealth.

What is Budgeting? What is a Budget?

Budgeting is the process of creating a plan to spend your money. This spending plan is called a
budget. Creating this spending plan allows you to determine in advance whether you will have enough
money to do the things you need to do or would like to do.

Budgeting is simply balancing your expenses with your income. If they don't balance and you spend
more than you make, you will have a problem. Many people don't realize that they spend more
than they earn and slowly sink deeper into debt every year.
If you don't have enough money to do everything you would like to do, then you can use this
planning process to prioritize your spending and focus your money on the things that are most important
to you.
What is the importance of family budget?

A family budget is essential to managing your money. That’s because a family budget helps you: spend
your money wisely on the things you must have – these are your needs. save money for the things you
like but can live without – these are your wants.
What are importance of budgeting?
Since budgeting allows you to create a spending plan for your money, it ensures that you will always
have enough money for the things you need and the things that are important to you. Following a budget
or spending plan will also keep you out of debt or help you work your way out of debt if you are currently
in debt.

What are the benefits of preparing family budget?

Having a budget keeps your spending in check and makes sure your savings are on track for the future.
 It Helps You Keep Your Eye on the Prize.
 It Helps Ensure You Don’t Spend Money You Don’t Have.
 It Helps Lead to a Happier Retirement.
 It Helps You Prepare for Emergencies.
 It Helps Shed Light on Bad Spending Habits.

What is a family budget?

A family budget is a system that shows how your money (aka your income) is distributed between
different expenses, like rent, car payments, and credit card payments. Your money is divided into
different “buckets,” or categories, including income and expenses.
What are the basic elements of budget?
All basic budgets have the same elements: income, fixed expenses, variable expenses, discretionary
expenses and personal financial goals. By combining these elements, a person can create a simple
monthly budget.
What are the classification of budget?
There are four common types of budgets that companies use: (1) incremental, (2) activity-based, (3)
value proposition, and (4) zero-based.
What is an example of budgeting?
A budget is defined as a plan or estimate of the amount of money needed for cost of living or to be used
for a specific purpose. An example of budget is how much a family spends on all expenses in a month.
An example of budget is how much a person plans on spending on a new bed.
What is budget in your own words?
A budget is a spending plan based on income and expenses. In other words, it’s an estimate of how much
money you’ll make and spend over a certain period of time, such as a month or year. Budgeting can
involve making a comprehensive list of expenditures or focusing on a few categories.
What are the factors that affect family budget?
 Income of the Family.
 Size of the Family.
 Composition of the Family.
 Occupation of the Family members.
 Intercity Differences.
 Family Goals.
 Socio-economic Status of the Family.
 Gainful Employment.

What are the major expenses of family?

 The Most Common & Highest Expenses in the Family Budget
 Housing. Housing is generally the largest item in a family budget.
 Food. When you were a kid, it likely seemed that your refrigerator was magically restocked by kitchen-
servicing elves.
 Vehicles.
 Education Costs.
 Child Care.
What factors affect a budget?
Here are 5 factors to think about as you prepare your budget:
 Your Income Structure. The way in which money comes into your income statement is critical for
planning cash flow.
 Your Spending Habits.
 Your Use (or Not) of Credit & Debt.
 Your Tech Savvy.
 Your Personality.
(https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-the-importance-of-family-budget/)

Supplementary information: Why is Budgeting so Important?

Since budgeting allows you to create a spending plan for your money, it ensures that you will always
have enough money for the things you need and the things that are important to you. Following a
budget or spending plan will also keep you out of debt or help you work your way out of debt if you are
currently in debt.

What about Budget Forecasting and Planning?

Once you create your first budget, begin to use it and get a good feel for how it can keep your finances
on track, you may want to map out your spending plan or budget for 6 months to a year down the road.
By doing this you can easily forecast which months your finances may be tight and which ones you'll
have extra money. You can then look for ways to even out the highs and lows in your finances so that
things can be more manageable and pleasant.
Extending your budget out into the future also allows you to forecast how much money you will be able
to save for important things like your vacation, a new vehicle, your first home or home renovations,
an emergency savings account or your retirement. Using a realistic budget to forecast your spending for
the year can really help you with your long term financial planning. You can then make realistic
assumptions about your annual income and expense and plan for long term financial goals like starting
your own business, buying an investment or recreation property or retiring.

Activity 1. Discuss the following diagram in pairs

LESSON 12
CV AND RESUME WRITING

A resume is a one- to two-page document presenting key facts about your professional experience,
educational background, and skills. A CV (Curriculum Vitae) is a longer document that details the whole course
of your career. A resume is used for job search, a CV—for academic purposes.
 A CV (full form Curriculum Vitae which is Latin for “course of life”) is an in-depth document which
describes the whole course of your career in full detail. It’s usually two- or three-page long but can just as well be
laid out over 10+ pages, if necessary. A Curriculum Vitae contains details about your education, professional
career, publications, awards, honors, and other achievements. In the USA and Canada, a CV is used only for
academic applications: academic jobs, grants, research fellowships, etc.

What to Include in a CV:

 Contact Information
 Research Objective, Personal Profile, or Personal Statement
 Education
 Professional Academic Appointments
 Books
 Book Chapters
 Peer-Reviewed Publications
 Other Publications
 Awards and Honors
 Grants and Fellowships
 Conferences
 Teaching Experience
 Research Experience / Lab Experience / Graduate Fieldwork
 Non-Academic Activities
 Languages and Skills
 Memberships
 References

Resume
A resume (or résumé, from French “to sum up”) is a short, concise document used for job applications in the US
and Canada. The purpose of a resume is to provide recruiters with a brief overview of the candidate’s work history.
A good resume should be targeted at a specific job and one to two pages long.

What to Include on a Resume:

Contact Information including Job Title
 Resume Summary or Resume Objective
 Work Experience
 Education
 Skills
 Additional Sections (Awards, Courses, Resume Publications, Licenses and Certifications, Interests, etc.)
Prepare your own CV
RESUME SAMPLE
Now according to the given info prepare your own resume or CV
 LESSON 13. COVER LETTER WRITING

A cover letter (covering letter, motivation letter) is a document attached to your job application
that shows why you’re the best candidate. It introduces you in a more personal way and compliments
the info on your resume or curriculum vitae, expanding on the skills and achievements, and highlighting
a selection of your greatest career successes.
Unlike a resume, a cover letter lets you can introduce yourself to the hiring manager, provide
context for your achievements and qualifications, and explain your motivation for joining the company.
But you can’t just write a cover letter. It has to be perfect. So… How do you write the perfect
cover letter You know—the kind of letter that will make the employer call you up in the middle of the
night? Give us 10 minutes and you’ll know how to write a cover letter like that.

COVER LETTER
 LESSON 14
JOB INTERVIEWS

Activity 1. Read and translate the text:

A job interview is an interview consisting of a conversation between a job applicant and a
representative of an employer which is conducted to assess whether the applicant should be hired.
Interviews are one of the most popularly used devices for employee selection. Interviews vary in the
extent to which the questions are structured, from a totally unstructured and free-wheeling conversation,
to a structured interview in which an applicant is asked a predetermined list of questions in a specified
order; structured interviews are usually more accurate predictors of which applicants will make suitable
employees, according to research studies.
 A job interview typically precedes the hiring decision. The interview is usually preceded by the
evaluation of submitted résumés from interested candidates, possibly by examining job applications or
reading many resumes. Next, after this screening, a small number of candidates for interviews is selected.
Potential job interview opportunities also include networking events and career fairs. The job
interview is considered one of the most useful tools for evaluating potential employees. It also demands
significant resources from the employer, yet has been demonstrated to be notoriously unreliable in
identifying the optimal person for the job. An interview also allows the candidate to assess the corporate
culture and demands of the job.

Activity 2: Learn the new words and their definitions:

vary–differ in size, amount, degree, or nature from something else of the same general class / farq
qilmoq; o’zgarmoq
in the extent to– related to / darajasiga ko’ra
free-wheeling– willing to experiment and take risks / erkin
precede– come before (something) in time; go in front of or ahead of / oldin kelmoq
résumés– a written compilation of your education, work experience, credentials and
accomplishments/ishga kirishda shaxsni ishga munosibligini ta’riflovchi hujjat
career fairs– an event at which people looking for a job can meet possible employers / ish yarmarkasi
notoriously–used to emphasize that a quality or fact, typically a bad one, is well known / yomon
darajada, yomon bo’lib
negotiation– discussion aimed at reaching an agreement / muzokara, muhokama

5 STEPS TO A SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEW

Step 1 PREPARE for the Interview
Gather Information
First, make sure that you know the time that the interview is scheduled for, where the interview will take
place, the name and job title of the person who will interview you, and whether you need to bring
anything to the interview.
Then gather as much information as you can about the company. Having this background information
also makes it easier for you to think of questions to ask the employer during your interview. Find out the
essential elements of the job and think about how they match your skills and interests.
Knowing in advance where the interview will take place increases your confidence and decreases the
possibility of arriving late. Allow extra time for unexpected delays. If the place of interview is in a busy
part of town or where parking spaces are limited, you may want to consider using public transportation.
What to Bring
Paper and pen for taking notes
Your driver's license (if applicable)
Samples of your work
Copies of transcripts, educational certificates, and professional qualifications
Copies of your résumé
A copy of your application
Your reference list
Your list of questions that you would like to ask
Step 2 DRESS for Success
Your appearance says a lot about you. To make the best first impression at your interview, be clean, well
groomed, and nicely dressed. A good rule of thumb is to dress one step above what you would wear on
the job, or at minimum in good, clean dress clothing.
Before your interview, you need to:
Get a haircut
Groom your hands and nails
If you have a beard or moustache, trim it so it looks neat
Lay your clothing out the night before so you are sure it is clean and all there
Get a good night's sleep
To prepare the morning of the interview you need to:
Take a shower or bath
Wash your hair
Use extra unscented deodorant
Do not use perfume or aftershave (some people are allergic)
Cover visible piercings or tattoos
Eat a light meal or snack before the interview
Brush and floss your teeth
Use mouthwash or breath mints
Light makeup (women)
Bring a small mirror, brush, and/or comb
Learning how to dress smart for your interview will create a great impression and also give your self-
confidence a real boost. Do not wait until the night before to prepare. Your job interview is too important,
so get yourself organized early.

Step 3 PRACTICE Makes Perfect

Try a mock interview. Several days before your interview, have a friend or family member ask you
interview questions.
Prepare for your interview by reviewing sample interview questions you could expect an employer to
ask you such as:
Why do you want to work for this company?
What are your strengths? Weaknesses?
Tell me about your education and training background.
What was your favorite subject or activity in school?
Review these strategies for the interview:
Be honest and think quickly.
Speak clearly and maintain eye contact with the interviewer.
Explain what you can do for the employer and why you want the job.
Remember to use good examples to illustrate your point and your skills.
Express yourself in a positive manner.
Avoid appearing desperate or overly confident for the position.
Avoid saying negative things about previous employers.

Step 4 The INTERVIEW

Most interviews start with introductions, handshakes, and casual conversation. Remember that the
interviewer may be nervous too! This conversation helps everyone relax a bit. Be energetic and
enthusiastic, smile, and offer a firm handshake. It is fine for you to initiate the handshake. If you are
meeting someone who is unable to shake hands for some reason, it is still polite for you to offer your
right hand.
Sit up straight in the chair, leaning forward occasionally. Look the potential employer straight in the eye,
because good eye contact means that you are interested in the person and confident in yourself. It is
alright to smile and laugh during the interview, as long as it is appropriate.
 The interviewer may give you a lot of detail about the job, or he or she may start by asking about you.
Many times job interviews turn into conversations, and that is fine. Feel free to ask questions throughout
the interview. Remain composed and enthusiastic to show how well you work under pressure.
It is also important to articulate your skill set to the interviewer. Although you need to answer the
questions they ask, it is essential to illustrate your skills and abilities through your answers to the
questions and make your qualifications clear to the interviewer. It may feel uncomfortable to be so
forward about your abilities, but this is not the time to be shy!
Expect that the interviewer will have a prepared list of questions and may take notes as you answer the
questions. Do not be concerned if the interviewer is writing things down.
Here are a few key tips on what to bring and what to do:
 Bring your handbag, briefcase, and/or portfolio.
 Go alone and arrive 10 to 15 minutes early.
 Visualize the interview going well, take deep breaths, and relax.
 Do not chew gum during an interview.
 Avoid swearing or using slang.
Questions to Ask
The employer may ask directly if you have any questions about the job. It is very important that you
have some questions to ask. It is helpful if you think of these questions in advance, using the information
you learned when you researched the company. Keep in mind that while the interviewer is determining
whether you are a good fit for the job, you are determining whether the job is a good fit for you.
Your questions should relate to the company or the job duties, but it is not appropriate to ask how much
the job pays. Use the following questions to help you think about what you may want to ask your
interviewer.
 When do you expect to fill the position?
 May I see the area where I will be working?
 What education and training does the company provide?
 Why is this a good place to work?
 Will I work alone or with other people?
 Is there a probation period?
 What opportunities are there for advancement?
 What tools, safety gear, or uniforms are required? Do I purchase them, or does the company supply
them?
Discussing Salary
You may be asked, "What is your expected salary?" Keep your answer as general as possible, because
employers would not consider you if your amount is too high. If you are pressed for a dollar amount,
you could say, "I would like to earn approximately the average salary for someone with my experience."
Finish with Confidence
At this point, the interviewer may ask you if you have anything else that you would like to tell them.
This is a great opportunity to emphasize your skills and abilities in a concise and confident manner, and
to share information that did not come up in the interview. Keep it brief, around 30 seconds to one
minute. Remember, it is up to you to explain why you are the best person for the position.
It is appropriate to shake the interviewer's hand again at the end of the interview, thank him or her for
taking the time to interview you, and say goodbye.

Step 5 AFTER the Interview

Write and send a thank you letter to your interviewer and anyone else you spoke with during your
interview. Type your thank you letter on a computer. Be sure to check your spelling of all names and
titles. Thank the interviewer for the time he or she took to interview you, re-emphasize your skills,
talents, and abilities, and include anything you may have forgotten to add during the interview or in your
résumé that might help get you the job.
 What to do after the interview:
 Send a thank you letter.
 If you take the job, do not be shy about negotiating a salary.
 If you did not get the job, get feedback on why you did not get the position and stay positive.
 Reflect on what went well and what did not go well to improve for the next interview.

LESSON 15
RECRUITMENT

Activity 1. Read the following information about recruitment procedures:

A. Recruitment.
Recruitment refers to the overall process of identifying, attracting, screening,
shortlisting, and interviewing candidates for jobs (either permanent or
temporary) within an organization.
The process of finding people for particular jobs
is recruitmentor, especially in Am. English, hiring. Someone who has been recruited is a recruitor, in
Am. English, a hire. The company employer hires them; they join the company. A company may
recruit employees directly or use outside recruiters, recruitment agenciesor employment
agencies. Outside specialists called headhunters may be called on to headhunt people for very
important jobs, persuading them to leave the organizations they already work for. This process is called
headhunting.
B. Applying for a job
Fred is a van driver, but he was fed up with long trips. He looked in the situations vacant pages of his
local newspaper, where a local supermarket was advertisingfor van drivers for a new delivery service.
He applied forthe jobby completing an application formand sending it in.
Harry is a building engineer. He saw a job in the appointment pages of one of the national papers. He
made an application, sending in his CV(curriculum vitae –the “story” of his workinglife) and a
covering letterexplaining why he wanted the job and why he was the right person for it.
Note: BrE: CV; AmE: resumeBrE: covering letter; AmE: cover letter.
C. Selection procedures
Dagmar Schmidt is the head of recruitment at a German telecommunications company. She talks about
the selection process, the methods that the company uses to recruit people:“We advertise in national
newspapers. We look at the backgroundsof applicants: their experience of different j obs and their
educational qualifications. We don’t ask for handwritten letters of applicationas people usually apply
by email; handwriting analysis belongs to the 19thcentury.
We invite the most interesting candidatesto a group discussion. Then we have individual
interviewswith each candidate. We also ask the candidates to do written psychological tests to assesstheir
intelligenceand personality.
After this we shortlistthree or four candidates. We check their referencesby writing to their referees:
previous employers or teachers that candidates have named in their applications. If the references are
OK, we ask the candidates to come back for more interviews. Finally, we offer the jobto someone, and
if they turn it downwe have to think again. If they acceptit, we hire them. We only appointsomeone if
we find the right person”.