Experiment Name

Determination of Blood Clotting time

Lab Report # 01
Group 06
Human Physiology and Anatomy 2 LAB(BME-205)
Submitted to:
Ma’am Afifa Barakullah
Submitted by:
Aqsa Kainat
(2022-BME-19)

University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Biomedical Engineering Lahore
New Campus
 Date of Experiment: 11-09-2023
Title:
Determination of Blood Clotting time.
Objective:
How to learn:
▪ The determination of clothing the blood by specific time period (15 sec) by
the use of filter paper.

Material:
➢ Filter Paper
➢ Alcoholic Wipes
➢ Pen
➢ Blood lenticets

Procedure:
• Begin by obtaining blood lancets, filter paper, and alcoholic wipes from the lab
instructor.
• Label a piece of filter paper with 120 marks, each representing 15 seconds.
• Thoroughly wash your hands.
• Next, use an alcoholic wipe to clean your finger from which the blood sample will
be taken.
• After sanitizing your finger, gently touch it to the designated "0" point on the
filter paper.
• At intervals of 15 seconds, repeatedly touch your finger to the filter paper.
• Continue this procedure until there is no longer any visible blood on the filter
paper.
• Make note of the locations where the blood marks appeared on the paper.
• Show the recorded blood marks to the lab instructor.
• Dispose of the used pins and alcoholic wipes in the designated bin after
completing the experiment.
Result:

❖ The experiment revealed the blood clotting time using a specific time interval on
filter paper.
❖ Results indicate the blood clotting time measured through the use of filter paper
with designated time gaps.
❖ By employing filter paper at specific time intervals, the blood clotting time was
successfully determined.

Observation:
▪ The blood clotting process concluded in a span of 60 seconds, suggesting a
sufficient platelet count in the individual.
▪ This observation signifies that the person possesses an adequate number of
platelets necessary for effective blood clotting.
▪ Additionally, it was noted that blood consistently coagulated every 15 seconds,
indicating the individual's overall good health.
Discussion:
Blood clotting, also known as coagulation, is the physiological process by which
blood changes from a liquid to a gel-like state to stop bleeding when a blood
vessel is injured. This complex process involves various components, including
platelets, clotting factors, and fibrin, working together to form a blood clot, which
seals the wound and prevents excessive blood loss.

When there is an injury, platelets release molecules into the blood that help turn
on clotting factors.
These are the following factors.
❖ Fibrinogen
❖ Prothrombin
❖ Thromboplastin

Fibrinogen:
Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the
blood of all vertebrates. During tissue and vascular injury, it is converted
enzymatically by thrombin to fibrin and then to a fibrin-based blood clot. Fibrin
clots function primarily to occlude blood vessels to stop bleeding.
Prothrombin:
The prothrombin time – along with its derived measures of prothrombin ratio and
international normalized ratio – is an assay for evaluating the extrinsic pathway
and common pathway of coagulation. This blood test is also called protium INR
and PT/INR.
When bleeding occurs in the body, prothrombin doesn't
change as quickly as normal, you may have a blood clotting disorder prothrombin
quickly changes to thrombin. The prothrombin time test measures how quickly
prothrombin changes to thrombin to stop the bleeding.
Thromboplastin:
Thromboplastin is derived from cell membranes and is a mixture of both
phospholipids and tissue factor, neither of which are enzymes. Thromboplastin
acts on and accelerates the activity of Factor Xa, also known as thrombokinase,
aiding blood coagulation through catalyzing the conversion of prothrombin to
thrombin.
Large blood clots that do not break down can cause serious health problems.
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
• Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
• Arterial Thrombosis.
• Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APLS)
• Factor V Leiden
• Prothrombin Gene Mutation
• Protein C Deficiency, Protein S Deficiency, ATIII Deficiency
Factor V Leiden thrombophilia is an inherited disorder of blood clotting. Factor V
Leiden is the name of a specific gene mutation that results in thrombophilia,
which is an increased tendency to form abnormal blood clots that can block blood
Vessels.

Stages of Blood Clothing:

❖ Constriction of the blood vessel.
❖ Formation of a temporary “platelet plug”.
❖ Activation of the coagulation cascade.