Date of Experiment: 11 Sep,2023

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Department of Biomedical Engineering
New Campus

Human Physiology and Anatomy 2 Lab (BME-205)

Lab Report # 1
Experiment # 1:
Determination of Blood Clotting Time
Submitted By:
Nimra Shahnaz
(2022-BME-33)
(Group 6)
Submitted To:
Ma’am Affifa Barakullah
 Date of Experiment: 11 Sep,2023

❖ Objective:
• To learn how to determine the time it takes for the blood to
clot by using filter paper.

❖ Materials:
• Filter Paper
• Pricking Pin
• Alcoholic Wipes
• Stop Watch
• Pen

❖ Procedure:
• First of all, all materials required for the experiment ( alcoholic
wipes, pricking pin , filter paper) were taken from the lab instructor.
• Filter paper was marked about 120 seconds at the border. Group
name and volunteer name was written at the centre.
• After that hands were properly washed and cleaned with alcoholic
wipes.
• Then a small sample of blood was taken by pricking the fingertip.
• Drop of blood was placed at the filter paper at starting point 0 and
time of 15 seconds was noted by using stopwatch. This process was
repeated after every 15 seconds by touching the fingertip to the
filter paper until the there was no mark of blood left on filter paper.
• After 45 seconds blood has been clot.
• Then the filter paper marked with blood, has been shown to the
instructor.
• At the end, all waste materials were discarded into the dustbin.
 Date of Experiment: 11 Sep,2023

❖ Results:

❖ Observations:
• After every 15 seconds the quantity of blood to flow were decreasing.
• It has been observed that the time of my blood to clot is 45 seconds because after 45
seconds the flow of blood from my fingertip has been stopped
 Date of Experiment: 11 Sep,2023

❖ Discussion:
➢ Blood Clotting:
Coagulation, also known as blood clotting, is a vital mechanism that
safeguards against excessive bleeding when blood vessels are
damaged. It involves the collaboration of platelets (a type of blood
cell) and proteins in the liquid component of blood, called plasma, to
create a clot at the injury site, which stops the bleeding.[1]

Normally, the body naturally resolves these blood clots after the
injury heals. However, in certain cases, clots can form inside vessels
without apparent injury or fail to dissolve on their own. Such
 Date of Experiment: 11 Sep,2023

situations pose risks and demand precise diagnosis and proper

treatment. [1]

➢ Blood Clot Types:

Blood clots, also known as thromboses, can develop within various
blood vessels throughout the body. Persistent large clots can lead to
severe health complications.[2]
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT):
DVTs are clots that originate within deep veins, typically in the legs or
pelvis but occasionally in the arms. Symptoms may encompass leg
swelling or pain. Fragments of these clots breaking away and traveling
elsewhere can trigger heart attacks, strokes, or lung issues.[2]
• Pulmonary Embolism (PE):
When a DVT detaches and travels to the lungs, it’s termed a
pulmonary embolism. A clot lodging in a lung artery can result in lung
damage, harm to other organs, or even fatal consequences.[2]
• Arterial Thrombosis:
Arterial thrombosis refers to the formation of a clot in an artery. If
these arterial clots disintegrate, they can harm various organs in the
body. [2]
➢ Platelets:
Platelets are found in the blood. Their function is to accumulate near
the site of injury or puncture to seal the wound and reduce or stop
the amount of blood that is flowing away from the body.[3]
 Date of Experiment: 11 Sep,2023

➢ Disorders of bleeding:
Signs of bleeding disorders may encompass:
1. Persistent, profuse bleeding that doesn’t cease with applied
pressure following an injury, dental operation, or surgical procedure.
2. Frequent spontaneous nosebleeds.
3. Presence of blood in urine or stool.
4. Frequent occurrence of sizable bruises or small red or brown spots
beneath the skin.
5. Experiencing redness, swelling, pain, or stiffness due to bleeding
into muscles or joints.
6. Copious menstrual bleeding during periods. [3]
➢ Normal time of Blood Clotting:
In a clotting time test, the typical range for a normal blood clotting
time falls between 8 to 12 minutes. If the time taken is longer than
this range, it could indicate the presence of a clotting disorder.
Conversely, if the time is shorter, it might suggest the presence of
factors that impede clotting or a decrease in clotting factors. [4]
References:
1. https://www.hematology.org
2. https://www.froedtert.com/benignhematology/conditions/clott
ing-disorders
3. https://medlineplus.gov/labtests/coagulationfactortests.html
4. https://www.vinmec.com/en/news/health-news/what-is-the-
normal-blood-clotting-time/
Date of Experiment: 11 Sep,2023