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Psoriasis

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Psoriasis

Introduction

Psoriasis is a common dermatological disease affecting many people across the world. It

is characterized by red dry, crusted patched on the skin (Armstrong, A. W & Read, 2020). They

usually appear scaly with a silvery outlook. Around 2% of Americans suffer with psoriasis.

Itching and burning of the skin are common, and the disease can be fatal in certain cases. In

healthy skin, proliferation happens throughout a 28-day cycle. In psoriasis, skin proliferation

slows to four days when keratinocytes rapidly cluster at the skin surface, resulting in loose

scaling. The aim of this paper is to explore the causes of psoriasis, its signs and symptoms, and a

comparison of other diseases.

Causes

While the specific cause of psoriasis is uncertain, experts believe it is an autoimmune

disorder. Autoimmune illnesses have an effect on the immune system, which generates T cells in

response to infection (Armstrong, A. W & Read, 2020). Triggers can lead the genes of psoriasis

sufferers to direct the immune system's attention to the wrong cells. They respond to stimuli as if

they were fighting an infection or mending a wound. They produce pro-inflammatory

compounds. Autoimmune activity promotes excessive skin cell growth in psoriasis. Skin cells

renew in about a month. It takes 3–4 days in psoriasis. Skin injuries, stress, infections, and

changes in hormone levels are all typical psoriatic triggers, although each person's experience

will be unique.

Signs and symptoms

Psoriasis causes scaly patches of skin to grow on the surface due to an accumulation of

skin cells. On light skin, psoriasis manifests as pink or red spots with silvery-white scales.
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Psoriasis manifests as regions of purple or dark brown skin with gray scales. Symptoms of

psoriasis can fluctuate between flares and remissions (Armstrong, A. W & Read, 2020).

Remissions last an average of 1–12 months. It is difficult to estimate the duration of flares and

remissions. Minor to severe symptoms vary according to the type of psoriasis.

Fibrocystic breast disease

Premenopausal women are disproportionately affected by noncancerous fibrocystic breast

disease. The common sign is breast soreness or discomfort and the rapid presence or

disappearance of palpable benign masses, or lumpy, free-moving masses in the breast (Malherbe,

Khan & Fatima, 2021). Unlike malignant breast tumors, fibrocystic breast disease is non-

cancerous. As compared to breast cancer, fibrocystic is characterized by pain in the lump just

before menstruation.

Fibroadenoma

A fibroadenoma is a noncancerous (benign) breast tumor. A fibroadenoma is a smooth,

soft mass that glides easily beneath the skin of the breast (Ajmal & Van Fossen, 2018). Although

fibroadenoma are usually innocuous, they can be irritating or painful, particularly before

menstruation. The extent of fibrocystic changes varies throughout the menstrual cycle. They are

frequently disagreeable and bilateral in nature.

Malignant breast tumor

Breast cancer tumors are malignant. If left untreated, malignant cells can spread beyond

the main tumor to other parts of the body (Cancer.org, 2022). Tumors originate as a mass or

calcium deposit formed as a result of abnormal cell growth. While the majority of breast lumps

are benign, others are premalignant. Unlike breast cancer, a fibroadenoma remains in the breast
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tissue and does not spread to other organs. Breast cancer should be taken care of immediately

after diagnosis to avoid it spreading to other organs or even death.

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References

Ajmal, M., & Van Fossen, K. (2018). Breast fibroadenoma. Retrieved from europepmc.org.

Armstrong, A. W., & Read, C. (2020). Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of

psoriasis: a review. Jama, 323(19), 1945-1960.

Cancer.org. (2022). What Is Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society. Retrieved 10 January

2022, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/what-is-breast-

cancer.html.

Malherbe, K., Khan, M., & Fatima, S. (2021). Fibrocystic Breast Disease. Retrieved 10 January

2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551609/.