STRUCTURAL ANALISYS EXPERIMENTAL REPORT

MODULE B

BEAM BENDING THEORY (STATICALLY INDETERMINATE)

GROUP 3

Afina Shafa Nada Sudrajat 2106657071

Dustin Mulyana 2106718060
Hansen Emmanuel Toviel 2106718086
Muhammad Rafly Putra Asmara 1906422754
Sami Haidar Moeljawan 2106718174
Shiela Ariesta Efendi 2106657771
Teuku Shaquille Farquhar Hasrul 2006488373

Date of Experimental : December 2nd, 2022

Experimental Assistant : Devita Yoselyn Nashwa
Date of Approval :
Score :
Assistant’s Signature :

LABORATORY OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT
ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK 2022
 Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

I. OBJECTIVE
This experimental work is intended to:
- Check the accuracy of the simple bending theory by comparing the value of E
(modulus of elasticity) obtained from experiment with existing Eliterature
subjected to point load and moment load of statically indeterminate structures.
- Check the accuracy of the moment theorem by finding the value of constant k
for the load moment at mid-span of statically indeterminate structures.

II. THEORY

The deflections and slopes of a beam or cantilever can be analyzed by several

theories, such as:

- The Moment Area Method/Conjugated Beam Method

- The Slope Deflection Method

For further information, ones should read, for example, Intermediate Structural
Analysis by C.K. Wang

III. APPARATUS
1. 1 – HST. 601 End support with clamping fixtures
2. 1 – HST. 602 End support with roller fixtures
3. 1 – HST. 603 Moment application complete
4. 2 – HST. 604 Double pulley brackets
5. 2 – HST. 605 Cord assemblies
6. 3 – HST. 606 Hanger clamps
7. 2 – HST. 607 Hanger links
8. 2 – HST. 608 Hanger (large)
9. 7 – HST. 609 Hanger (small)
10. 1 – HST. 610 Counterbalance hanger
11. 1 – HST. 611 Adjustable prop assembly
12. 1 – HST. 6m Dial gauges assembly
13. 1 – HST. 6c Al alloy
 Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

14. 1 – HST. 6d Perspex test beam

Figure 1. Structure model subjected to upward point load dan moment load

Source: Experimental Guidelines Structural Analysis Book.

Figure 1. above shows the application of upward point load and moment load on
a statically indeterminate structure. There are so many ways in order to show
slope (rotation) and deflection at the end support, hanged load, uniform load, or
others.

IV. PROCEDURE
A. Experiment 1

Figure 2.1 Point load application at mid-span of beam with fixed-supported

and pinned-supported end.
Source: Experimental Guidelines Structural Analysis Book.

1. Prepare two supports in 0,9 m length of span, insert thick iron rod at the tip
of the tools. Measure the dimensions of the thick iron rod and the distance
x.
2. Lock the drive arm at point C to set a fixed-supported condition and pull out
the key at point D to set a pinned-supported condition.
Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

3. Set a hanger load and clamp it at the mid-span and prepare dial gauges to
measure the deflection at a point load application. Check that the end
support of point D is free to rotate as the beam deflects.
4. Position loads one by one from 1 N to 10 N (variation of load can be
determined by the laboratory assistant). Record gauge readings at point A
(mid-span) and D (pinned-supported end).
B. Experiment 2

Figure 2.2 Point load application at mid-span of beam with two fixed
supported ends
Source: Experimental Guidelines Structural Analysis Book.

1. Prepare two supports in 0,9 m length of span, insert thick iron rod at the tip
of the tools. Measure the dimensions of the thick iron rod and the distance
x.
2. Lock the drive arm at point C and D to set a fixed-supported.
3. Set a hanger load and clamp it at the mid-span and prepare dial gauges to
measure the deflection at a point load application. Check that the end
support of point C and D are not free to rotate as the beam deflects. At some
distances from each end to mid-span of beam, the deflection and rotation of
beam is visible.
4. Position loads one by one from 1 N to 10 N (variation of load can be
determined by the laboratory assistant). Record gauge readings at point A
(mid-span).
C. Experiment 3
 Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

Figure 2.3 Moment load application at mid-span of beam with fixed-

supported and pinned-supported end.

Source: Experimental Guidelines Structural Analysis Book.

1. Prepare two supports in 0,9 m length of span, insert thick iron rod at the tip
of the tools. Measure the dimensions of the thick iron rod and the distance
x.
2. Lock the drive arm at point C to set a fixed-supported condition and pull out
the key at point D to set a pinned-supported condition.
3. Position load in two load hangers therefore couple moment acts on beam.
4. Position loads one by one from 1 N to 10 N (variation of load can be
determined by the laboratory assistant). Record gauge readings at point A
(mid-span) and D (pinned-supported end).
D. Experiment 4

Figure 2.4 Moment load application at mid-span of beam with two fixed
supported ends.

Source: Experimental Guidelines Structural Analysis Book.

1. Prepare two supports in 0,9 m length of span, insert thick iron rod at the tip
of the tools. Measure the dimensions of the thick iron rod and the distance
x.
2. Lock the drive arm at point C and D to set a fixed-supported.
3. Position load in two load hangers therefore couple moment acts on beam.
4. Position loads one by one from 1 N to 10 N (variation of load can be
determined by the laboratory assistant). Record gauge readings at point A
(mid-span).

V. OBSERVATION AND DATA CALCULATION

 Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

Table 1. Experiment 1 Data

Dial A Dial B Modulus of Elasticity

No. P (N) Rotation
(mm) (mm) Deflection Slope
1 2 0 2,4 0,024 0,00 67500,00
2 4 1 5,25 0,0525 850500,00 61714,29
3 6 2 10 0,1 637875,00 48600,00
4 8 10,5 12,75 0,1275 162000,00 50823,53
5 10 12 16,8 0,168 177187,50 48214,29
Average 365512,50 55370,42
Source: Data computation of Group 3.

Table 3. Experiment 2 Data

No. P (N) Dial(mm) Modulus Elasticity E

1 2 2,5 97200
2 4 2,7 180000
3 6 3,7 197027,027
4 8 7,2 135000
5 10 7,7 157792,2078
Average 153403,847
Source: Data computation of Group 3.

Table 3. Experiment 3 Data

P Arm Length M Dial Dial D

No. ϴA ϴD Kmid/A Kright/D
(N) (mm) (N*mm) A(mm) (mm)
1 2 40 80 1 2,6 0,001 0,0026 11,52 4,43
2 4 40 160 3 5,6 0,003 0,0056 7,68 4,11
3 6 40 240 8 7,6 0,008 0,0076 4,32 4,55
4 8 40 320 9 9,9 0,009 0,0099 5,12 4,65
5 10 40 400 10 11,9 0,01 0,0119 5,76 4,84
Average 6,88 4,52
Source: Data computation of Group 3.
Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

Table 4. Experiment 4 Data

No. P (N) M (N*mm) Dial (mm) ϴ k

1 2 80 0,45 0,0045 2,56
2 4 160 0,9 0,009 2,56
3 6 240 1,1 0,011 3,14
4 8 320 1,1 0,011 4,19
5 10 400 1,1 0,011 5,24
Average 3,54
Source: Data computation of Group 3.

From the data above, the practician may show an example of each of the
calculation done for each experiment, as shown below:

1) Experiment 1 (Load Number 2):

7𝑃𝐿3
𝐸=
768. 𝐼. ∆

(7). (4). (900)3

𝐸 𝑛𝑜. 2 =
(768). (31,25). (1)

𝐸 𝑛𝑜. 2 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 850500 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0,03125𝑃𝐿2
𝐸=
𝜃. 𝐼

(0,03125). (4). (900)2

𝐸 𝑛𝑜. 2 =
(0,0525). (31,25)

𝐸 𝑛𝑜. 2 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 61714,29 𝑀𝑃𝑎

2) Experiment 2 (Load Number 2):

𝑃𝐿3
𝐸=
192. 𝐼. ∆
2. (900)3
𝐸 𝑛𝑜. 1 =
192. (31,25). (2,5)
𝐸 = 97200 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

3) Relative Error (RE) for Experiment 1 and 2

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸 − 𝐸𝑙𝑖𝑡. 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑅𝐸 =
𝐸𝑙𝑖𝑡. 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
191428,9224 − 200000
𝑅𝐸 =
200000
𝑅𝐸 = 4,29%

4) Experiment 3 (Load Number 1):

𝑀. 𝐿
𝑘=
𝐸. 𝐼. 𝜃
(80). (900)
𝑘 𝑛𝑜. 1 𝑚𝑖𝑑. =
(200000). (31,25). (0,001)
𝑘 𝑛𝑜. 1 𝑚𝑖𝑑. = 11,52 𝑁/𝑟𝑎𝑑

(80). (900)
𝑘 𝑛𝑜. 1 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
(200000). (31,25). (0,0026)
𝑘 𝑛𝑜. 1 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 4,43 𝑁/𝑟𝑎𝑑

5) Relative Error (RE) for Experiment 3

𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐾𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝐸 =
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑔.
11,52 − 4,32
𝑅𝐸 𝑚𝑖𝑑 = × 100%
6,88
𝑅𝐸 𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 104,65 %

4,84 − 4,11
𝑅𝐸 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = × 100%
4,52
𝑅𝐸 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 16,07 %

6) Experiment 4 (Load Number 1):

𝑀. 𝐿
𝑘=
𝐸. 𝐼. 𝜃
(80). (900)
𝑘 𝑛𝑜. 1 =
(200000). (31,25). (0,0045)
 Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

𝑘 𝑛𝑜. 1 = 2,56 𝑁/𝑟𝑎𝑑

7) Relative Error (RE) for Experiment 4

𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐾𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝐸 =
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑔.

5,24 − 2,56
𝑅𝐸 𝑚𝑖𝑑 = × 100%
3,54

𝑅𝐸 𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 76 %

VI. ANALYSIS
A. Experimental Analysis
a. Experiment 1

In the first experiment, the practitioner must use the theoretical

deflection formula (7.PL3/768.EI) and the theoretical slope formula
(0,03125 PL2/EI) to achieve the end result, which is the Modulus of
Elasticity (E). The result is then compared to the literature value of
steel's Modulus of Elasticity (E), which is 200.000 MPa. DGI (at point
D)/x is the slope or rotation during the experiment.

The theoretical value of the Young’s Modulus (E) due to deflection uses
the formula:

7𝑃𝐿3
𝐸=
768𝐼𝜃

While for the theoretical value of E caused by the rotation, the formula
below is used:

0,03125𝑃𝐿2
𝐸=
𝜃. 𝐼

b. Experiment 2

In the second experiment, the Modulus of Elasticity (E) is determined by

first calculating the theoretical deflection using the formula (PL3/192.EI).
Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

The result of this calculation is then used to determine the value of E. The
result of E can then be compared with the figure that has been documented
in the literature for the steel's modulus of elasticity, which is 200,000
MPa.

For these first two experiments, the Modulus of Elasticity (E) of both
experiment is average, and then analyzed with the Modulus of Elasticity
of steel according to theory, therefore obtaining a relative error (RE).

c. Experiment 3
With the use of the theoretical slope formula, the final result of the third
experiment should be the stiffness (k) of both the right-hand side of the
beam as well as the left-hand side of the beam. After that, the practitioner
will be able to calculate the relative experimental error (RE). DGI (at point
D)/x represents the slope or rotation that occurred during the experiment
at point D.
The formula for stiffness (k) according to literature is:

𝑀. 𝐿
𝑘=
𝐸. 𝐼. 𝜃

d. Experiment 4

Finding the stiffness (k) of both the right-hand side and the left-hand side
of the beam is the goal of the last experiment. This goal is the same for
both sides of the beam. In addition to this, the theoretical slope formula is
used. After that, the practitioner will be able to calculate the relative
experimental error (RE).

B. Result Analysis
From the data calculated, the practician may know the result of the E for
experiment 1 is found out to be 365512,5 MPa (deflection) and 55370 MPa
(rotation). For experiment 2, the Modulus of Elasticity is calculated to be
153403,847 MPa. As mentioned before, the result of experiment 1 and 2 will
 Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

be average in order to obtain the relative error (RE) which is 4,29 % when
compared with the E literature of steel, with an average E of 191428,92 MPa.
The Modulus of Elasticity (E) of a material describes the relationship between
a force applied to the material and the deformation it undergoes. As a result,
the higher a material's E value, the less it deforms under specified pressure.
After that, the practician continues to experiment 3, the stiffness (k) value of
the middle is 6,88 N/radians with an average RE of 104,65 % and for the right
is 4,52 N/radians with an average RE of 16,07 %. Experiment 4 has a k value
of 3,54 N/radians with an average RE of 76 %. The middle k value shows the
resistance of the beam against rotational forces, while the right k value shows
the resistance of the beam against shear forces. The stiffness (k) value of a
beam gives the practician an overall analysis of the structure, whereas a bigger
k value shows that the beam has little deflection or slope compared to that of
a smaller k value.
According to the calculated relative errors, experiments 1 and 2 have the
lowest RE of 4,29%, whereas experiments 3 and 4 have high RE values of
104,65% and 76%, respectively. This demonstrates that the formula for
deflection and slope in experiments 1 and 2 is appropriate, however the
formula used in experiments 3 and 4 can be regarded unsatisfactory.

C. Error Analysis

The potential errors that may occur during this practicum are:

1. The deflection or rotational dial data may be inaccurate as a result of error

of the apparatus, which might be brought on by the tool's age or the fact that
it hasn't been used in a while, resulting in less-than-ideal tool movement.
2. Inaccurate dial readings might come from the practitioner being inattentive
and not standing perpendicular to the dial gauge, or they can result from tool
damage that causes the erroneous results to be shown.

V. CONCLUSION

The practician may conclude the experiment as such:

Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

- The purpose of this experiment is to determine the Modulus of Elasticity (E)

and Stiffness (k).
- Modulus of Elasticity (E) is the ratio between stress and strain of a material.
- Stiffness (k) is the resistance of an object when applied a certain force to
deformation.
- The purpose of this experiment is to determine the Modulus of Elasticity (E)
and Stiffness (k).
- Modulus of Elasticity (E) is the ratio between stress and strain of a material.
Stiffness (k) is the resistance of an object when applied a certain force to
deformation.
- The average practical value of E exp. 1 and 2 is 191428,92, with a combined
average relative error of 4,29 %.
- The Kmid and Kright exp. 3 is 6,88 with a relative error of 104,65 % and 4,52
with a relative error of 16,07 %.
- The value of K exp. 4 is 2,54, with a relative error of 76 %.
- The formula for deflection and slope in experiments 1 and 2 is appropriate,
however, the formula used in experiments 3 and 4 can be regarded
unsatisfactory.

D. REFERENCE

(LABORATORY OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL, 2013)

Structural and Material Laboratory
Civil Engineering Department – Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

E. APPENDIX

Attachment 1. The practician when in the laboratory

Source: Documentation of Group 3 Experiment.