CE6192 STRESS ANALYSIS LABORATORY

MANUAL

CE61 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 CE6192 Stress Analysis Laboratory

L T P C
Pre-requisite: Nil
0 0 2 1
Total Hours: 28 Hrs.

Course Objectives:

1. To familiarise the latest methods of measuring deformations and strains.

2. To train the stakeholder in the operation of different loading systems and force
measuring device operations.
3. To impart the principles of NDT techniques on the hardened concrete.
4. To expose the students to new reinforced cementitious composites.

Measurement of Strain: - Mechanical Strain Gauges- Electrical Strain gauges-

Extensometers and Compressometers
Measurement of Deflection: - Dial gauges - Linear Variable Differential Transducers
Principles of operations of UTM, hydraulic loading systems, force measuring devices etc.
Study of the behaviour of structural materials and structural members- Casting and testing
of simple compression, tension and flexural members.
Introduction to Non Destructive Testing of RCC members.
New Reinforced Cement Composites: - Introduction to Steel fiber reinforced concrete –
Ferrocement – Polymer concrete - Self Compacting Concrete – High Performance
Concrete.

Course Requirement

Number of suitable experiments will be designed involving the use of above instruments,
so that a student on successful completion of the course shall be in a position to use any
of these instruments for experiments and testing work. A student will be required to
conduct specified number of experiments and submit a report/record of such work. The
grades will be awarded based on the performance in the laboratory work, report/record of
experiments and a viva-voce examination conducted at the end of the course.

Assessment Methods:

Continuous Assessment : 40 Marks

(Test 1: 15; Test 2: 25
Class Works etc : 60 Marks
Course Outcomes:

The student will be able to

1. Measure deformation and strain in RCC structures during laboratory testing and in
the field.
2. Carryout experimental research based on the knowledge gained.
3. Estimate strength and stiffness of RCC structures which will be useful in the areas
of rehabilitation or retrofitting of structures.
4. Utilise the new composites such as steel fiber reinforced concrete, ferrocement,
polymer concrete, SCC and HPC in the construction activities.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. STUDY OF DEMEC GAUGE

2. STUDY OF LVDT

3. STUDY OF DATA LOGGER

4. STUDY OF NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS

a. REBOUND HAMMER

b. ULTRA SONIC PULSE VELOCITY

c. CORROSION SCANNER

d. WINDSOR PROBE

e. CONCRETE CORE EXTRACTOR

f. CRACK DTECTION MICROSCOPE

g. PULLOUT TESTER

h. REBAR LOCATOR

5. STUDY OF NEW REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES

a. FERROCEMENT

b. FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

c. HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

d. SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

e. HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

f. GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
DEMEC GAUGE
Ex.No.1(a) STUDY OF DEMEC GAUGE

INTRODUCTION
The demountable mechanical strain gauge (DEMEC) was developed at the Cement and
Concrete Association to enable strain measurements to be made at different parts of a structure
using a single instrument. The DEMEC consists of a standard or a digital dial gauge attached
to an Invar bar. A fixed conical point is mounted at one end of the bar, and a moving conical
point is mounted on a knife edge pivot at the opposite end. The pivoting movement of this
second conical point is measured by the dial gauge.
A setting out bar is used to position pre-drilled stainless steel discs which are attached to the
structure using a suitable adhesive. Although originally designed for use on concrete structures,
the gauge is just as useful on any type of structure. In the case of steel structures, the locating
holes can be drilled directly into the steel if required.
The DEMEC Mechanical Strain Gauge was developed as a reliable and accurate way of taking
strain measurements at different points on a structure using a single instrument. With a
discrimination of two microstrains (on the 200 mm gauge) and gauge lengths of 50 to 2000
mm the DEMEC strain gauge is ideal for use on many types of structure for strain measurement
and crack monitoring.
PROCEDURE
Each time a reading has to be taken, the conical points of the gauge are inserted into the holes
in the discs and the reading on the dial gauge noted. In this way, strain changes in the structure
are converted into a change in the reading on the dial gauge. The gauge has been designed so
that only minor temperature corrections are required for changes in ambient temperature, and
an Invar reference bar is provided for this purpose.
SPECIFICATIONS
Microstrains represented by one division on the dial gauge
Gauge length (mm) Dial version microstrains
50 mm 20
100 mm 16
150 mm 10.7
200 mm 8
250 mm 6.4
300 mm 5.6
400 mm 4
500 mm 3.2
In the Laboratory, DEMEC gauge of 150mm gauge length and 0.002mm least count was used.
DIGITAL VERSION OF THE DEMEC
The digital DEMEC strain gauge incorporates a digital indicator with a resolution of 0.001
mm, zero set, preset and output for SPC. The indicator can be connected to a data processor
for recording and analysis of results. The indicator displays spindle movement digitally by
means of a linear encoder and has a response speed of 1000 mm/sec, and is battery operated.
RESULT
The study of DEMEC gauge was conducted.
OBSERVATION

S.No. Load DEMEC DEMEC Deformation Stress (σ) Strain (ε)

gauge reading division
Ex.No.1(b) STRAIN MEASUREMENT USING DEMEC GAUGE

AIM

To plot the stress-strain characteristics of concrete using a concrete cylinder subjected to

compression test.

APPARATUS

 Compression testing Machine

 Standard concrete cylinder specimen (15cm dia X 30cm height)

 DEMEC gauge

 DEMEC points using studs

PROCEDURE

1. Before testing, Demec measurement points (studs) were glued at 150mm distant apart on

the concrete specimen.

2. The specimen was placed in the CTM.

3. The range of the CTM was selected.

4. Load was applied gradually on the specimen. The load was measured every time before

each strain reading was taken to ensure the correct value of the loading was applied.

5. Direct reading of the strain was shown on the DEMEC gauge.

RESULT

The Stress-Strain characteristics of the concrete specimen was plotted using DEMEC gauge.
COMPONENTS OF TRANSDUCER

DISPLAY UNIT
Ex.No.2(a) STUDY OF LVDT

INTRODUCTION
The term LVDT stands for the Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It is the most
widely used inductive transducer that covert the linear motion into the electrical signals.

PRINCIPLE
LVDT works under the principle of mutual induction, and the displacement which is a non-
electrical energy is converted into an electrical energy. And the way how the energy is getting
converted is described in working of LVDT in a detailed manner.

LVDT consists of a cylindrical former where it is surrounded by one primary winding in the
center of the former and the two secondary windings at the sides. The number of turns in both
the secondary windings are equal, but they are opposite to each other, i.e., if the left secondary
windings is in the clockwise direction, the right secondary windings will be in the anti-
clockwise direction, hence the net output voltages will be the difference in voltages between
the two secondary coil. The two secondary coil is represented as S1 and S2. Esteem iron core
is placed in the center of the cylindrical former which can move in to and fro motion as shown
in the figure. The AC excitation voltage is 5 to 12V and the operating frequency is given by
50 to 400 HZ.

WORKING OF LVDT
Case 1: On applying an external force which is the displacement, if the core reminds in the
null position itself without providing any movement then the voltage induced in both the
secondary windings are equal which results in net output is equal to zero.

Case 2: When an external force is applied and if the steel iron core tends to move in the left
hand side direction then the emf voltage induced in the secondary coil is greater when
compared to the emf induced in the secondary coil 2.

Case 3: When an external force is applied and if the steel iron core moves in the right hand
side direction then the emf induced in the secondary coil 2 is greater when compared to the
emf voltage induced in the secondary coil 1.

RESULT
The study of LVDT was conducted.
OBSERVATION

S.No. Load Gauge reading Deformation

Ex.No.2(b) STRAIN MEASUREMENT USING LVDT

AIM

To plot the stress-strain characteristics of concrete using LVDT

THEORY

LVDT can be fixed between two points on the concrete specimen which are at a known

distance apart. The LVDT can be used to measure the displacement of two points relative to

each other due to the application of load. Thus we can calculate strain.

APPARATUS

 Compression testing Machine

 LVDT

 Aluminium clamps

PROCEDURE

1. Before testing, two aluminium clamps are attached to the surface of the specimen to be

tested at a distance of gauge length apart.

2. The LVDT was attached to the aluminium clamps and then connected to the display unit

through one channel and the corresponding channel was selected for reading.

3. Load was applied gradually on the specimen.

4. Deformation corresponding to the load was noted from the display unit.

RESULT

The Stress-Strain characteristics of the concrete specimen was plotted using LVDT.
DATA LOGGER
Ex.No.3 STUDY OF DATA LOGGER

INTRODUCTION
The 20 channel data logger is a data acquisition system which is capable of accepting 20
inputs. The system mainly consists of processing instruments, strain gauge amplifier, load
and displacement amplifiers.

PROCESSING UNIT
It consists of keyboard for setting, enabling or disabling a channel on for transferring data to
the computer, a power on switch and inter connections from other units and serial
transmission port.

STRAIN AMPLIFIER (Channel 1-7)

A strain gauge is an instrument transducer which is used for sensing strain induced in
materials due to load, Pressure, Vibrations, etc. The strain measuring system consists of 10
independent channels built with an option of interchanging facility to the required slot. Each
unit accepts input from strain gauge bridge and signals are routed to output terminals. This is
displayed in units of micro-strains.

LOAD AMPLIFIER (Channel 8-13)

It consists of five independent channels built with an option of interchanging facility to the
required slot. It includes an excitation source for load cell, Zero adjustment potentiometer, a
low noise high gain instrumentation amplifier.

DISPLACEMENT AMPLIFIER (Channel 14-19)

It consists of 5 independent channels and includes 5kHz oscillation to excite the LVDT, AC
Amplifier, Phone sensitive demodulator, DC Amplifier.

VIBRATION AMPLIFIER (Channel 20)

It consists of one channel with option of interchanging facility to the required row.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
The main cable is connected to the rear panel and all units are interconnected. Strain gauge
are connected and gauge factor and arm position are selected. Starin gauge bridge is balanced
under no strain condition and power is switched on.
The load cells and displacement sensor cables are connected to the respective sockets on the
rear panel. The load cell is connected to the respective display and adjusted to zero reading.
The display responds to the change in loading on the load cell or movement of the
displacement sensor and indicates at any time the load or displacement directly in the
specified unit.

RESULT
The study of Data Logger was conducted.
 SECTION OF REBOUND HAMMER OPERATION OF REBOUND HAMMER

CORRELATION CHART

OBSERVATION

S.No. Impact Direction Rebound Hammer Compressive Strength of

Number (RHN) Concrete Specimen
 STUDY OF NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS

Ex.No.4(a) REBOUND HAMMER

INTRODUCTION
A Schmidt hammer, also known as a Swiss hammer or a rebound hammer, is a device to
measure the elastic properties or strength of concrete or rock, mainly surface hardness and
penetration resistance. Rebound hammer test is done to find out the compressive strength of
concrete by using rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) – 1992.

PRINCIPLE
The rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which its mass
strikes. When the plunger of the rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the
concrete, the spring-controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such a rebound depends upon
the surface hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound is taken
to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound value is read from a
graduated scale and is designated as the rebound number or rebound index. The compressive
strength can be read directly from the graph provided on the body of the hammer.

CHECKING OF APPARATUS
It is necessary that the rebound hammer is checked against the testing anvil before
commencement of a test to ensure reliable results. The testing anvil should be of steel having
Brine11 hardness of about 5000 N/mm2. The supplier/manufacturer of the rebound hammer
should indicate the range of readings on the anvil suitable for different types of rebound
hammers.

DIGI-SCHMIDT 2000 CONCRETE TEST HAMMER

The DIGI-SCHMIDT 2000 Concrete Test Hammer performs rapid non-destructive quality
testing. It provides automatic conversion of rebound values to the concrete's compressive
strength. Factors can be selected to adjust for concrete age and specific test specimen
differences, maintaining accurate measurement over a wide range of test parameters.

PROCEDURE
1. For testing, smooth, clean and dry surface is to be selected. If loosely adhering scale is
present, this should be rubbed off with a grinding wheel or stone. Rough surfaces resulting
from incomplete compaction, loss of grout, spalled or tooled surfaces do not give reliable
results and should be avoided.
2. The point of impact should be at least 20 mm away from any edge or shape discontinuity.
3. For taking a measurement, the rebound hammer should be held at right angles to the surface
of the concrete member. The test can -thus be conducted horizontally on vertical surfaces or
vertically upwards or downwards on horizontal surfaces.
4. Rebound hammer test is conducted around all the points of observation on all accessible
faces of the structural element and the Rebound hammer number is noted.
5. The compressive strength of the concrete can be estimated from the correlation chart
provided on the rebound hammer.

RESULT
The study of Rebound Hammer was conducted.
 ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY INSTRUMENT

UPV TRANSDUCERS
Ex.No.4(b) ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOSITY METHOD

INTRODUCTION
This test is done to assess the quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method as per
IS: 13311 (Part 1) – 1992. The ultrasonic pulse velocity method could be used to establish
the homogeneity of the concrete, the presence of cracks, voids and other imperfections,
changes in the structure of the concrete which may occur with time, the quality of the concrete
in relation to standard requirements, the quality of one element of concrete in relation to
another and the values of dynamic elastic modulus of the concrete.

PRINCIPLE
The method consists of measuring the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing through
the concrete being tested. Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when concrete quality
is good in terms of density, uniformity, homogeneity etc.

APPARATUS
The apparatus for ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement shall consist of the following:
a) Electrical pulse generator
b) Transducer - one pair
c) Amplifier
d) Electronic timing device

TECHNIQUES OF MEASURING PULSE VELOCITY THROUGH CONCRETE

a) Direct Transmission
b) Indirect Transmission
c) surface transmission

INFLUENCE OF TEST CONDITIONS

a) Influence of Surface Conditions and Moisture Content of Concrete
b) Influence of Path Length, Shape and Size of the Concrete Member
c) Influence of Temperature of Concrete
d) Influence of Stress
e) Effect of Reinforcing Bars

PROCEDURE
1. Before testing, A reference bar is provided to check the instrument zero. The pulse time
for the bar is engraved on it. Apply a smear of grease to the transducer faces before placing
it on the opposite ends of the bar. Adjust the control until the reference bar transit time is
obtained on the instrument read-out.
2. Measure the path length ‘L’ of the material to be tested. Apply couplant to the surfaces of
the transducers and press it hard onto the surface of the material. Do not move the transducers
while a reading is being taken, as this can generate noise signals and errors in measurements.
3. Continue holding the transducers onto the surface of the material until a consistent reading
appears on the display, which is the time ‘T’ in microsecond for the ultrasonic pulse to travel
the distance ‘L’. The mean value of the display readings should be taken.
4. The pulse velocity ‘v’ is calculated by L/T (path length/Travel time)

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS (IS 13311-Part 1)

Pulse Velocity by Cross Probing ( km/sec) Concrete Quality Grading
Above 4.5 Excellent
3.5-4.5 Good
3.0-3.5 Medium
Below 3.0 Doubtful
OBSERVATION

S.No. Path Length of the Travel Time (T) Pulse Velocity Quality of Concrete
Specimen (L) (L/T)
ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT
The ultrasonic concrete tester measures the transmit time through small specimens with an
accuracy of 0.1μs. This method is ideally suited for field investigations when the path lengths
are longer.

RESULT
The study of Ultrasonic pulse velocity test was conducted.
CRACK DETECTION MICROSCOPE
Ex.No.4(c) CRACK DETECTION MICROSCOPE

INTRODUCTION

The Crack Detection microscope is a high quality product designed for measuring crack

widths, both in concrete and other materials. British made, the high definition microscope is

connected to an adjustable light source which provides a well - illuminated image under all

working conditions.

The image is focused by turning the knob at the side of the microscope and the eye - piece

can be rotated through 360° to align with the direction of the crack under examination.

The 4mm range of measurement has a lower scale divided into 0.2mm divisions. These

0.2mm divisions are sub - divided into 0.02mm divisions. The Crack detection microscope is

very easy to use.

SPECIFICATION

Magnification = x 35

Measuring Range = 4 mm

Divisions = 0.02mm

RESULT

The study of Crack detection microscope was conducted.

 WINDSOR PROBE TEST

Relationship between exposed probe length and compressive strength of concrete as obtained by
different investigators.
Ex.No.4(d) WINDSOR PROBE TEST

INTRODUCTION
The Windsor Probe system rapidly and accurately determines the concrete compressive
strength of a structure by driving a probe into the concrete with a known amount of force.
There are two power settings available, low and standard power. The low power is used where
concrete strength is less than 19.4 MPa. The newly designed silver probes can be used for
high performance concrete with strength up to 110 MPa. The probes are made of a high
strength alloy, specially heat treated and annealed to achieve a hardness of Rockwell C 48.

DESCRIPTION
The Equipment consists of a powder-actuated gun or driver, hardened alloy probes, loaded
cartridges, a depth gauge for measuring penetration of probes and other related equipment. A
probe is driven into the concrete by means of a precision powder charge. Depth of penetration
provides an indication of the compressive strength of the concrete. During testing, it is the
exposed length of probe which is measured by a calibration depth gauge.

PROCEDURE
1.Actuating: Load the driver with a power load and probe suited for the type of concrete being
examined. Place the driver firmly on the actuating template and fire. The locating template is
then used to locate the probes at the corners of a fixed triangle.
2. Measuring: The electronic measuring device is menu driven and programmed for selection
according to the following parameters.
 Aggregate hardness
 Light weight, normal, or HP concrete
 American or Metric units
The Standard Windsor Probe System includes a depth gauge and “Strength Chart" for
determining the concrete strength.

RESULT
The study of Windsor probe test was conducted.
CONCRETE CORE EXTRACTOR

CONCRETE CORE SAMPLE

Ex.No.4(e) CONCRETE CORE EXTRACTOR

INTRODUCTION
Core extraction and testing of concrete covers obtaining, preparing, and testing cores drilled
from concrete for compressive strength test of casted concrete structures.

Apparatus for Core Extraction of concrete:

 Core drill, for obtaining cylindrical core specimens with diamond impregnated bits
attached to the core barrel.
 Saw for trimming the ends of the core. The saw shall have a diamond or silicon
carbide cutting edge and shall be capable of cutting specimens that confirm to the
prescribed dimensions.

PROCEDURE
1. Samples of hardened concrete for use in the preparation of strength test specimens shall
not be taken until the concrete is strong enough to permit sample removal without disturbing
the bond between the mortar and the coarse aggregates.
2. Core specimen shall be drilled perpendicular to the surface and not the formed joints or
edges.
3. The preferred length of capped specimen is between 1.9 and 2.1 times the diameter.
4. The ends of core specimen shall be flat, and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. This
can be achieved using saw.
5. The compressive test of the specimen using the computed cross sectional area based on
average diameter of the specimen. If the L/D ratio is 1.75 or less, correct the result obtained
by multiplying with correction factors as given below:
L/D Ratio Correction Factor
1.75 0.98
1.5 0.96
1.25 0.93
1.0 0.87
6. The value obtained is equivalent strength of a concrete cylinder having L/D ratio of 2.
7. The equivalent cube strength can be calculated by multiplying the corrected cylinder
strength by 5/4.
8. Samples containing embedded reinforcement cannot be used for the test

RESULT
The study of Concrete Core Extractor was conducted.
CORROSION SCANNER
Ex.No.4(f) CORROSION SCANNER

INTRODUCTION
The half-cell method is used to identify active corrosion of rebars based on the electro
chemical properties of reinforced concrete.

DESCRIPTION
Electrical potentials are the most common technique used for assessment of the extent of
reinforcement corrosion. A copper sulfate half cell held against the concrete surface can be
considered as a battery with one side of the battery being the copper rod in the copper sulphate
solution (called a ‘reference half cell’) and the other side the steel bar in concrete. The
potential difference (voltage difference) is measured by a voltmeter connected to the rebar
and copper rod. The reference half cell is moved from point to point on the concrete surface.
As the potential of the copper rod in coper sulphate solution is constant the different voltages
measured are the difference in potential created by differences in potentials at the bar
surfaces. However the measurements are not the actual bar potentials, only a reflection of
them. The measured values are affected by the resistivity of the concrete, the cover and
various other factors.

Results obtained by means of the hand held equipment are not accurate, because there is a
concrete layer between half-cell and steel with variations in resistance and thickness. To
avoid negative effects of the concrete layer, half-cells can be embedded in concrete close to
the reinforcing steel. Different reference electrodes are commercially available. The
advantage of the method is great sensitivity, which makes the method suitable for
measurements of pitting corrosion at the large concrete structures.

RESULT
The study of Corrosion Scanner using Half-cell method was conducted.
PULL OUT TESTER

Fig 1: LOK TEST

Fig 2: CAPO TEST

Ex.No.4(g) PULLOUT TESTER

INTRODUCTION
Used for determining the pullout strength of hardened concrete in test specimens or structures
by measuring the force required to pull an embedded metal insert and the attached concrete
fragment from a concrete mass.

PRINCIPLE
The fundamental principle behind pull out test is that the test equipment designed to a specific
geometry will produce results (pull-out forces) that closely correlate to the compressive
strength of concrete.

PROCEDURE
This correlation is achieved by measuring the force required to pull a steel disc or ring,
embedded in fresh concrete, against a circular counter pressure placed on the concrete surface
concentric with the disc /ring. For hardened concrete, an expandable steel ring is used instead.
This ring expands to fit a specially drilled hole and routed recessing the concrete. The first
method, shown in figure 1 using the cast steel disc is called LOK test. The second method
shown in fig.2 using expandable ring is called CAPO test (i.e. Cut and Pull out Test). The
diameter of both the disc and ring is 25mm. The distance to the concrete surface is also 25mm.
The inner diameter of the counter-pressure is 55mm.
The relationship between the pullout force in kN and compressive strength in MPa is given
in fig.3.

RESULT
The study of Pullout tester was conducted.
REBAR LOCATOR
Ex.No.4(h) REBAR LOCATOR

INTRODUCTION

Rebar Locator or Covermeter are devices that give information about concrete cover to steel

reinforcement using magnetic fields.

PRINCIPLE

It works on the principle that the steel affects the alternating magnetic field. When a hand-

held search unit is moved along the concrete surface, a beep indicates that the unit is located

directly above a reinforcing bar. These meters can also be used to estimate the depth of a bar

if its size is known, or estimate the bar size if the depth of cover is known.

However, detailed calibration is needed to get satisfactory results. The bars may be located

within 175 mm of the concrete mass but the method is not effective in heavily reinforced

sections, sections with two or more adjacent bars or nearly adjacent layers of reinforcement.

Inaccurate results may occur when the depth of concrete cover is equal to or close to the

spacing of the reinforcing bars. During this test, steel or other metals must not be present

close to the area under examination. Some results from tests must be calibrated by chipping

of concrete to confirm concrete cover and bar size.

RESULT

The study of Rebar Locator was conducted.

Ex.No.5 STUDY OF NEW REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES

a) FERROCEMENT
Ferro-cement (also called thin-shell concrete or ferro-concrete) is a system of
reinforced mortar or plaster (lime or cement, sand and water) applied over layer of
metal mesh, woven expanded-metal or metal-fibers and closely spaced thin steel rods such
as rebar, metal commonly used is iron or some type of steel. It is used to construct relatively
thin, hard, strong surfaces and structures in many shapes such as hulls for boats, shell roofs,
and water tanks. Ferrocement originated in the 1840s in France and is the origin of reinforced
concrete. It has a wide range of other uses including sculpture and prefabricated building
components.

b) FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its
structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and
randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural
fibers – each of which lend varying properties to the concrete.

c) HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

Hybrid Fibre is a combination of two or more types of Fibres.mThe hybrid combination of
metallic and non-metallic fibres can offer potential advantages in improving concrete
properties as well as reducing the overall cost of concrete production. Another beneficial
combination of fibres is that of long and short fibres. Different lengths of fibres would control
different scales of cracking. It improves ductility and Structural strength of the concrete.

d) SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing concrete mixture that is able to consolidate
under its own weight. The highly fluid nature of SCC makes it suitable for placing in difficult
conditions and in sections with congested reinforcement. Use of SCC can also help minimize
hearing-related damages on the worksite that are induced by vibration of concrete. Another
advantage of SCC is that the time required to place large sections is considerably reduced.

e) HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

High performance concrete is a concrete mixture, which possess high durability and high
strength when compared to conventional concrete. This concrete contains one or more of
cementitious materials such as fly ash, Silica fume or ground granulated blast furnace slag
and usually a super plasticizer. The term ‘high performance’ is somewhat pretentious because
the essential feature of this concrete is that it’s ingredients and proportions are specifically
chosen so as to have particularly appropriate properties for the expected use of the structure
such as high strength and low permeability. Hence High performance concrete is not a special
type of concrete. It comprises of the same materials as that of the conventional cement
concrete. The use of some mineral and chemical admixtures like Silica fume and Super
plasticizer enhance the strength, durability and workability qualities to a very high extent.

f) GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Geopolymer concrete results from the reaction of source material (Fly ash, GGBS, Silica
fumes, Metakaolin, Kaolinite, etc.,) that is rich in silica and alumina with alkaline liquid
(Sodium Hydroxide & Sodium Silicate). The alkaline liquid dissolves the silica and alumina
in source material to form monomers. Applying heat to these monomers causes them to
polymerize or link together and form rigid chains.

RESULT
The study of new reinforced cementitious composites was conducted.