CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Background
A background in the structure course, there are lots of learning topics that we can
learn in it, of course, it can add to our knowledge in learning English. At the same time
honing us to get to know and understand more about the overall structure in the course.
The text in oral discourse is in written form. In addition, the text is a collection of
words where the words come out of the contents of each of our minds. Text is not just words,
sentences, or paragraphs. But there are many explanations in it about the text and about the
structure itself. So, not just what is text? But what about the explanation of the type of text,
its structure, and others.

2. Problem Statement
Based on the background above, the problem can be formulated as follows:
1. How is the structure in the report text?
2. How is the structure in the news item text?
3. How is the structure in the procedure text?

3. Purpose
The purpose of writing this paper is:
1. To find out how the structure in the report text.
2. To find out how the structure of the news item text.
3. To find out how the structure in the procedure text.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1.Report Text
Report text is one type of text in English that explains the details of an object. The
explanation in the report text is the result of observations, research, observations and studies
on various things. Report text has a purpose to describe the object as it is in accordance with
the author’s observations.

1.1 Report Text Structure

 General classification
The first structure is the first part that contains various general information based on the
observations made by the author, the results of these observations can be in the form of
animals, natural phenomena, plants and other topics in detail.

 Description
The second structure of the report text is in paragraph two and has the same function as
descriptive text, namely to describe more in detail the results of the author’s research in
detail.

Example of report text in a book: (chapter 7, page 99)

The word tornado comes from Spanish language and means to twist or turn. A
tornado is a whirlwind produced by atmospheric conditions, mainly extremely low pressure,
during a severe thunderstorm.
Tornadoes usually turn counterclockwise. They appear as funnel shaped columns of
violently rotating winds that reach down from a storm and touch the ground. Although a
tornado is not always visible to the eye, tornadic conditions can still be picked up on radar, or
the tornado may become visible once debris and dirt are pulled into it.
A tornado may also be referred to as a funnel cloud, but this is technically not a
correct term. While the two words are sometimes used interchangeably, a funnel cloud is
different, not in its make up, but in the fact that it does not touch the ground. Another name
that is often used to describe a tornado is twister, due to its violent twisting motion.
The tornado is one of the most unpredictable and destructive forces of nature, often
destroying everything in its path. A tornado is usually preceded by severe storms, which may
include lightning, high winds, and frequent hail. It can change course without notice, and is
usually accompanied by a roaring sound, or as some describe it, the sound of freight train.

Structure of the report text about tornado:

 The text about tornado above is called a factual report (information report). A factual
report aims to provide information about natural or social phenomena. In this case, the
text about tornado is an example of natural phenomena.

1. Articles:
(A)
- tornado
-A whirlwind
-A severe
-A storm
-A funnel
-A correct
-A roaring

(The)
-The word
-The ground
-The eye
-The tornado
-The fact
-The most
-The sound

2. Phrasal Verb
-Picked up: Dijemput
-Make up: Dandan

3. Tenses
The text uses the simple Present Tense
Sentence:
-The word tornado comes from Spanish language and means to twist or turn.
-A tornado is a whirlwind produced by atmospheric condition.
-Tornadoes usually turn counterclockwise.
-They appear as funnel shaped columns of violently rotating winds.
-That reach down from a storm and touch the ground.

Task 1
1. Do you know what a tornado is?
 Answer: A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the
surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.
2. What does a tornado look like?
Answer: Conical hurricanes are the most common, such as in parts of the Americas.

3. Where do you think a tornado is usually found?

Answer: Tornadoes usually occur in the afternoon or evening, and sometimes at night
and are more common during the changing seasons. Tornadoes are often found in
America.

4. Where did you find information about tornado for the first time?
Answer: On tv news.

Task 2
1. What does the word tornado mean?
Answer: To twist or to turn.

2. What is a tornado?
Answer: A tornado is a whirlwind produced by atmospheric conditions, mainly
extremely low pressure, during a severe thunderstorm.
3. How do tornadoes usually turn?
Answer: Counterclockwise

4. What do tornadoes look like?

Answer: They appear as funnel shaped columns of violently rotating winds that reach
down from a storm and touch the ground.

5. What are the other names of tornadoes?

Answer: Funnel clouds; twister.

6. Why is it technically not correct to refer tornadoes as funnel clouds?

Answer: Because funnel clouds do not touch the ground, whereas tornados do.

7. Why is a tornado described as a twister?

Answer: Because of its violent twisting motion.

8. What usually precedes a tornado?

Answer: Severe storms, which may include lightning, high winds, and frequently hail.

9. What usually accompanies a tornado?

Answer: A roaring sound, or the sound of freight train.

10. What does the word some in the last line refer to?
Answer: People
Task 3
Severe : Berat, parah
Counterclockwise : Berlawanan arah jarum jam
Violent : Brutal
Visible: Bisa dilihat
Interchangeably : Secara bergantian
Debris: Puing
Make up: Dandan
Destructive: Destruktif
Precede: Mendahului
Course: Kursus

2.News Item Text

News Item Text is a type of text in English that provides information on an important
event that deserves to be made news (news). The purpose of this text is to provide readers
with information about important events.

2.1 News Item.Text Structure

 Main event

The part that tells about a summary of an event or main event in the text.

 Background event/elaboration

The part that tells about the background of events or events that occurred. This section

includes who was involved, and where, and how the event occurtext

 Source

The section that tells about comments, witnesses to events, expert opinions, and so on

regarding the events or events that are reported.

Example of news item text in a book: (chapter 13, page 196)

Indonesia Opens Regional Recycling Conference

Petrus Riski
February 25, 2014 1:44 PM
SURABAYA, INDONESIA—Indonesia has opened a regional recycling conference
aimed at increasing awareness of waste management for economic and environmental
benefits.
The Fifth Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific, which opened in Surabaya
Tuesday, is being attended by 300 participants from nearly 40 Asia and Pacific countries.
The city was chosen to host the event because of its success in managing municipal
waste through the 3Rs, Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
Mayor Tri Rismaharini said waste transportation is expensive and that the best way to
address the problem is at its sources, with every household involved in recycling activities.
“We can see that every year there is a reduction in the volume of trash that ends up in the
landfill. When I was the head of Sanitation and Parks, it was 2,300 cubic meters per day.
Currently it’s 1,200 cubic meters,” she explained. “So you can see the reduction, which goes
to composting centers, also in the community, and waste management centers.”
The mayor said the city also runs a program for children called eco school.
“The school does not only teach about the environment but also introduces
environmental-friendly practices, such as the eco school program where they bring their own
plates and cups to reduce plastic waste. They even don’t use drinking straws,” added Tri
Rismaharini.
The conference will continue until Thursday

Structure of Indonesia Opens Regional Recycling Conference Text:

 The text about Indonesia Opens Regional Recycling Conference above is called a
news item. The function of a news item is to inform readers or listeners about events
of the day that are considered important or nnewsworthy
 1. Articles:
(A)
-A regional
-A reduction
-A program

(The)
-The fifth
-The pacific
-The city
-The 3Rs
-The best
-The problem
-The volume
-The landfill
-The reduction
-The community
-The mayor
-The school
-The environment
-The eco
-The conference

2. Phrasal Verb
-Ends up: Berakhir

Task 4

Read the following news item of similar topic taken from a n ewspaper. What do you
learn from the text?
Answer: Surabaya has good waste management and other countries want to
learn about that.

Task 5
Find the boldfaced words in the text, then match them with their meaning below. Use the
context of the sentences in the text to decide which word matches which meaning.
Answer:
 a. Reduction: a decrease in the size, price, or amount of something or the act of
decreasing something.
b. Awareness: the knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or
situation.
c. Municipal: related to or belonging to the government of a town or city.
d. Landfills: a place where waste is buried under the ground.
e. Household: all the people who live in one house.
f. Trash: things that you throw away, such as empty bottles, used papers, food
that has gone bad.
g. Composting centre: places to make plants, leaves etc into compost

Task 6
1. What was the main agenda of the conference?
Answer: The main agenda of the conference is to increase people’s awareness of
waste management for economic and environmental benefits.

2. What was probably the main reason for holding the conference?
Answer: Awareness about waste management has not been good.

3. Why was Surabaya selected to be the conference venue?

Answer: International world thinks that Surabaya has been successful in managing
municipal waste through the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle).

4. How important was the conference for Indonesia?

Answer: The conference was important because Indonesian could contribute giving
ideas about how to manage waste and learn from other countries about the same thing.
The conference could also attract people’s attention in Indonesia, especially Surabaya
and increase their awareness about waste management.

5. Has Indonesia implemented the three Rs so far?

Answer: The 3R has been implemented in Indonesia, such as in Surabaya.

6. What did Rismaharini believe to be the best municipal waste management?

Answer: All households should participate in recycling waste activities.

7. What made the mayor very convinced about her waste management?
Answer: After the involvement of the household in recycling waste activities, there
was reduction of trash that was taken to landfills. From 2,300 meter cubic per day, the
volume shrank into 1,200 meter cubic.

8. How did the mayor educate students to live a zero waste life?
Answer: The major launched a program which was called eco schools.

9. What do you think about the mayor’s concept on municipal waste management?
 Answer: It is very good because the waste management involve households so that it
can grow people’s awareness about waste management. It is also good because the
program –eco schools- can educate students about waste management.

3.Procedure Text
Procedure text is a text whose contents describe how something can be made or used
through a series of steps. In English it is better known as “how to something”. The form of
procedure text can explain how to do certain activities, how to use tools, and something that
is related to human habits or nature.

3.1 Procedure Text Structure

 Aims/Goals
The purpose of the procedure text will be found in its title. For example, to explain
how to make mango juice, the goal would be written into the title itself, for example
“how to make a mango juice”.

 Ingredients/Materials
Things can be materials or tools needed to make something. For example, to make
mango juice, the ingredients needed are mangoes, water, and so on.

 Steps
Contains steps or stages in making, doing, or operating something. This section is
usually written sequentially (chronologically), starting from the initial step to the last
process until finally the purpose of the procedure text is achieved.

Example of text in the book: (chapter 14, page 208)

How to Make Chocolate Dipped Strawberries

To make chocolate dipped strawberries, first, prepare all the ingredients:
 2 chopped squares semisweet or bittersweet chocolate
 ½ tablespoon whipping cream
 Dash almond extract.
 8 strawberries
Second, combine the chocolate and the whipping cream in a glass measuring cup or bowl.
Microwave at medium power for 1 minute until the chocolate melts, stirring after 30 seconds.
Stir in the almond extract and cool slightly.
Finally, dip each strawberry into the melted chocolate, allowing the excess to drip off. Place
on a waxed paper—lined baking fsheet. Refrigerate or freeze for approximately 15 minutes
until the chocolate is set.

Structure of How to Make Chocolate Dipped Strawberries Text:

 The text about chocolate dipped strawberries above is called a procedure. A procedure
text aims at describing how something is done or made through a sequence of actions
or steps.

1. Articles
(A)
-A glass
-A waxed

(The)
-The ingredients
-The chocolate
-The whipping
-The almond
-The melted
-The excess

2. Tenses
The text uses the simple Present Tense.
Sentence:
-To make chocolate dipped strawberries.
-Prepare all the ingredients.
-Combine the chocolate and the whipping cream in a glass measuring cup or bowl.

Task 2
1. Dipped: Entered
2. Chocolate: Brown
3. Semisweet: Tasty
4. Bittersweet: Tangerine
5. Chopped: Minced
6. Whipping cream: Topping
7. Stir, stirring: Blend
8. Melted: Change
9. Waxed paper: Kraft
10. Lined baking sheet: Container
Task 5
A: Do you like chocolate?
B: Very much.
A: Which one do you like, the semisweet or the bittersweet one?
A: Do you know how to make chocolate dipped strawberries?
B: Sure, first prepare the ingredients .
A: What are the ingredients?
B: 2 squares semisweet or bittersweet chocolate, ½ tablespoon whipping cream, dash almond
extract and 8 strawberries.
A: What’s the next step?
B: Mix chocolate and the whipping cream in a glass measuring cup or bowl. Then microwave
at medium power for 1 minute until the chocolate melts, stirring after 30 seconds. Stir in the
almond extract and cool slightly.
A: Why should it be cooled slightly?
B. To keep the strawberry dipped into it fresh and crunchy.
A: What’s the next step?
B: Dip each strawberry into the melted chocolate.
A: How long do you put it in the refrigerator?
B: About 15 minutes?
A: Do you know what text structure is used in the text about how to make chocolate dipped
strawberries above?
B: It’s a sequential text structure.
A: What’s the author do in this kind of text structure?
B: The author puts steps in making the chocolate dipped strawberries.
A: What’s the author’s purpose?
B: The author would like to inform the readers about the way to make chocolate dipped
strawberries.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

1.Conclusion
It turns out that after we peel a little bit, there are many types of texts in English such
as; Report Texts, news items, Procedure Text, and many others. Each of these types of text
has a different structure.

2.Suggestions
There are many types of texts in English, each of which has a different structure.
Therefore, by making this paper, I hope to be able to read and understand the types of texts in
English.