PAPER

THE BASIC CONCEPT OF EARTH SPACE AND CHEMISTRY

IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

CLOUD AND WIND

ARRANGED BY GROUP 6 :
RIZLA ERSA ROMADHIA (19129059)
TRININDI ERISWAN FITRI (19129174)
JELIANA (19129239)
NILA OKTAVIA (19129270)

19 INTERNATIONAL CLASS

LECTURER: ATIKA ULYA AKMAL, S.Pd, M.Pd

DEA STIVANI SUHERMAN, S.Pd, M.Pd

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER EDUCATION

FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2020
 FOREWORD
Praise be to God Almighty for the blessings of his grace, and that we were
given the opportunity to be able to compile a paper entitled "Cloud and Wind" is
properly and correctly, and on time. The preparation of this paper aims to fulfill one
of the tasks of our courses which is Basic Concepts of Earth and Space and Chemistry

The realization of this paper is inseparable from the help and enthusiasm of
various parties. Therefore, on this occasion the author would like to thanks to
Mss.Atika Ulya Akmal, S.Pd, M.Pd and Mss.Dea Stivani Suherman, S.Pd, M.Pd as
the lecturer supporting The Basic Concepts of Earth and Space and Chemistry course
that has guided the author in the preparation of the paper and to all those who have
helped in the completion of this paper.

The preparation of this paper of course is not separated from various parties,
either directly or indirectly. With all the humility I realize that the paper I made is far
from the word perfect and there are many shortcomings. Therefore, suggestions and
constructive criticism are expected. The end of the word hopefully this paper can
benefit the compilers and readers. Hopefully get a blessing.

Padang, September 2020

Author

I
 CONTENTS
FOREWORD..................................................................................................................i
CONTENTS..................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1
A. Background.....................................................................................................1
B. Problem...........................................................................................................1
C. Purpose............................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION........................................................................................2
A. Definition of wind and cloud..........................................................................2
B. Types of Clouds and Their Impacts................................................................3
C. Types of Wind and Their Impacts..................................................................7
CHAPTER III CLOSING...........................................................................................17
A. Conclusion....................................................................................................17
B. Suggestion.....................................................................................................17
REFERENCES............................................................................................................18

II
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Clouds and wind are important elements in our lives. Our life will never be
separated from the wind. Likewise, with clouds, clouds are objects that we
usually see every day. Therefore, this time we will learn more about clouds and
wind.
B. Problem
From the background we get the problem are:
1. What it’s cloud and wind?
2. What are type of cloud and their impact?
3. What are type of wind and their impact?
C. Purpose
From the problem we get the purpose of the paper are:
1. To know the meaning of cloud and wind.
2. To understanding about type of cloud and their impact.
3. To understanding about type of wind and their impact.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of wind and cloud
1. Definition of wind

Wind is often spoken of as “air in motion”. To one who looks at the

atmosphere from the perspective of kinetic gas theory, this is “a distinction
without a difference”. On the molecular level, air is always in motion, even
under completely windless conditions. The various gaseous atmospheric
molecules are eternally moving about. In doing so, they display a wide variety
of speeds, both along their individual true paths and along their individual
component paths. Naturally, on the macroscopic level, these molecular
motions are not usually perceptible to our bodily senses. Therefore, when we
cannot sense any air movement, we say that “The air is still”. It is not still, of
course, but—with our limited senses—we are simply unable to detect any
perceptible movement. Nevertheless, the main purpose of this collection of
papers is to look at common atmospheric phenomena through the perspectives
of kinetic gas theory and statistical mechanics. From those perspectives, the
air is never still. It is always in motion. Consequently, we will define wind as:
Wind is air in net motion. That is, when the wind is blowing, more air
molecules have a component of motion in the wind direction than in any other
direction. Moreover, their average speeds along this windward component of
motion are somewhat faster than their average speeds along any other
direction. In the discussions that follow, we will develop these two concepts in
detail and at some length(Harris, 1970).

In the Al-Qur’an, wind is called rīḥ in the mufrad form and riyāḥ in the
plural form. It is repeated in the Koran as much as 29 times which are
scattered in 26 chapters, 21 surah Makiyyah and 5 surah Madaniyyah. The
word rīḥ in the singular form is repeated in the Qur'an 19 times, while the
word riyāḥ is repeated in the Qur'an 10 times. In Arabic, linguistically, the
word rīḥ is defined as fresh air (nasim alhawa '), moving air (al-hawa' iza
taharrakat), and gifts and strength (ar-rahmah wal-quwwah). In connection
with the meaning of this word as a power or a source of energy that can be
utilized by humans, rīḥ ṭayyibah (good wind in Qs. Yunus: 22 at first glance it
is like talking only about a boat that still uses sails and needs wind to move it.
But actually, the word rīḥ is also used to mean strength or energy as Allah

2
 says in QS. Al-Anfāl: 46

“And obey Allah and His Messenger and do not argue, which causes
you to be afraid and lose your strength and be patient. Verily Allah is with
those who are patient.

Likewise, the information of the Koran about the strength and energy of
wind that has been subdued by Prophet Solomon can also be a sign that the
meaning of wind is not just 'moving air' and as an important factor in the
process of falling rain, but can also be used as strength. move ships that sail
super fast and become a source of natural energy(Puadah, 2016).

2. Definition of cloud

Clouds are clumps of air vapor floating in the atmosphere. Clouds look
like white or gray smoke in the sky. White clouds are caused because sunlight
is a combination of various rays with different wavelengths (colors). The air
and ice grains in the cloud are evenly distributed in various directions
throughout the sunshine component. The blending of rays with different
wavelengths evenly produces white color. Globally, the cloud system has a
role to filter, reduce, and even completely eliminate solar radiation. However,
if the sun appears to be peeking out from the clouds, for example, the glow of
solar radiation from that cloud will actually make solar radiation increase
compared to no clouds at all. Mixed solar radiation can indeed increase the
size or size of the incoming solar radiation. Depending on the type of cloud.
Thin cloud layers and clouds are known to reflect incoming sunlight and
increase radiation diffusion. In fact, thick clouds will reduce the mix. Billions
of water droplets or ice crystals floating in the air make up the clouds. The
following are the types and how they are formed.

B. Types of Clouds and Their Impacts

1. Claudy Classification
a. Based on Cloud Formation

Cloud systems are controlled by vertical air motion due to

convection, orographic effects, convergence, and fronts. The cloud

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 classification based on the vertical motion mechanism is (Nurmaeta Alif,
2009):

a. Stratiform
These clouds cause continuous rain caused by macro scale air
rise by fronts or convergence or topography. The rain area is quite
wide, the intensity of the rain is small and drizzling to moderate rain,
the upward air flow in this cloud covers a large area but is weak.

b. Cumuliform
These clouds cause localized rain which is caused by
convection located in unstable air. Heavy rain intensity from normal
to heavy rain (shower). The upward flow of air within this cloud
covers a small but strong area

b. Based on the shape

 Liquid cloud
Clouds that are formed from liquid material (water) are called liquid
clouds.
 Ice cloud (snow)
Clouds that are formed from ice or snow are called ice clouds (snow).
 Mixed cloud
Clouds that are formed from water and ice (snow) are called mixed
clouds.
c. Based on the height (Kristanto et al., 2017)

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 Based on the height of the clouds can be divided into:

 High clouds,> 6000 m altitude

 Medium clouds, with an altitude of 2000 m to 6000 m
 Low clouds, <2000 m altitude

d. Based on the morphology (Adriat, 2018)

Based on the morphology of clouds can be divided into:

 Sirus cloud
Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals, smooth like fine fibers and
straight. Sometimes forming curves that are irregular in arrangement.
Often occurs over Cumulus. looks shiny because it contains lots of ice
crystals.
 Stratus clouds
Stratus clouds will appear as a vast plain visible. Arranged in such a
way that the gray color and the white color will depend on the density
and the fall of sunlight on the surface, Clouds that are layered like thin
fog are called Stratus clouds.
 Cumulus clouds
This cumulus cloud develops quite literally, has the shape of domes
resembling cauliflower with round curves that are brilliant white when
exposed to sunlight. These clouds produce sudden heavy rain with a
duration of about one hour
 Nimbus clouds
The characteristics of Nimbus clouds are clouds that are dark in color,
look wet and cause rain
 Cumulonimbus clouds
This lay has a gently sloping cloud base, “pillar” of towering clouds
and a peak that is shaped like an anvil or plinth for hammering metal.

2. Cloud Hazard
 Can disrupt the electrical system and aircraft navigation, caused by
cumulonimbus clouds.
 Stacks of cumulonimbus clouds have the potential to generate an electric
charge which triggers a thunderstorm
 Creates strong and strong wind gusts, for example Lenticular Clouds or
pancakes or UFO.

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  Mammatus clouds, indicating the arrival of extreme weather

3. Benefits of Clouds for Humans

a. Clouds as Weather and Climate Indicators
The Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) uses weather
clouds to predict the weather

b. As a Weather Controller
The high water content in clouds can also regulate temperature and
weather through the rain process.

c. Water sources for the Earth hu

With rain, the water will immediately be absorbed back into the earth
and will be returned in the form of springs.

d. Solar Radiation Reflector

Not all solar radiation can be reflected by the atmosphere, sometimes
ultraviolet radiation en the earth. Now, with the cloud, the radiation that had
escaped was immediately reflected back into space.

e. Eliminates hot weather and provides cool air.

4. Explanation of Clouds in the Qur'an

Al-Qur'an Signs about Clouds and Their Interpretation In the Qur'an,
clouds are expressed by the expression sahāb which is contained in several
verses of the Koran: First, five verses use the term al-sahāb, namely(Maya,
2017):

‫َز َل ُهّللا‬UU‫ِإَّن ِفي َخ ْلِق الَّسَم اَو اِت َو اَألْر ِض َو اْخ ِتَالِف الَّلْيِل َو الَّنَهاِر َو اْلُفْلِك اَّلِتي َتْج ِر ي ِفي اْلَبْح ِر ِبَم ا َينَفُع الَّناَس َو َم ا َأن‬
‫ِم َن الَّسَم اء ِم ن َّم اء َفَأْح َيا ِبِه األْر َض َبْع َد َم ْو ِتَها َو َبَّث ِفيَها ِم ن ُك ِّل َد آَّبٍة َو َتْص ِريِف الِّر َياِح‬
١٦٤﴿ ‫﴾َو الَّس َح اِب اْلُمَس ِّخ ِر َبْيَن الَّس َم اء َو اَألْر ِض آلَياٍت ِّلَقْو ٍم َيْع ِقُلوَن‬

“, at the creation of the heavens and the earth, the alternation Behold of night and day,
ships sailing in the sea with (cargo) that are beneficial to humans, what Allah sent
down from the sky in the form of water, and with it He brought to life the earth after
dying (dry), and He scattered in it various beasts, and the controlled range of winds

6
and clouds between heaven and earth, (all of them) truly, are signs (of the greatness
of Allah) to those who understand. " (Surah al-Baqarah [2]: 164)

‫ُهَو ٱَّلِذ ى ُيِريُك ُم ٱْلَبْر َق َخ ْو ًفا َو َطَم ًعا َو ُينِش ُئ ٱلَّس َح اَب ٱلِّثَقاَل‬
“It is He who shows lightning to you that causes fear and hope, and He makes
cloudy.”(Surah al-Ra'd [13]: 12)

C. Types of Wind and Their Impacts

According to Manik (2014: 87) the types of winds are generally classified into
two, namely local winds and monsoons.

a. There are 3 types of local winds, namely:

1) Land wind and sea breeze.

Source:https://wetter-wien.wien/wetter-lexikon/land-see-wind/

Sea breeze is a form of thermal circulation. The unequal heating

between land and water is the cause of the meso scale winds that occur in
coastal areas. During regional daylight hours, the land warms up faster than
the oceans and the intense heating causes low pressure over land. The air
above the waters is still cooler than the air above the land, because the high air
pressure occurs above the ocean.

The effect of this pressure distribution in general is that there is a sea

breeze blowing from the sea to the land. At night, land cools faster than the

7
 ocean. The air over land is cooler than the ocean and again creates a pressure
distribution with the high pressure now over land. Now the wind blows in the
opposite direction from land to sea and becomes a land wind. The temperature
difference between land-sea is usually smaller at night than during the day, so
the land wind is weaker than the sea breeze.

2) Valley wind and mountain wind

During the day, the air that seems confined to the valley floor is hotter
faster than the air at the top of the mountain which is more open (free), so the
air flows from the valley to the top of the mountain to become a valley wind.
On the other hand, at night, the flow is reversed. The slopes of the mountains
cool down faster and cool the air that hits the mountain walls. The colder, the
denser the air and heavier so that the air flows down the valley to form a
mountain wind. In most places upward winds begin early in the morning,
reaching their highest speed near midday and in the opposite direction towards
evening. The winds that descend the valley begin to occur and reach their
peak usually just before morning comes. (Manik, 2014: 88)

8
 Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/mountain-breeze

3) Wind Fall
Falling winds are dry and hot. Fohn winds or falling winds are dry and
hot winds falling on the slopes of the Alpine mountains. This type of wind is
widely available in Indonesia with the names Bahorok wind (Deli), Kumbang
wind (Cirebon), Gending wind in Pasuruan (East Java), and Brubu wind in
South Sulawesi).
Fohn Winds (Falling Winds) are winds that occur according to
Orographic rain. A wind that blows in an area with different temperature and
humidity. The Fohn winds occur because there is a movement of air masses
up the mountains more than 200 meters high, up on one side and then down
on the other. The Fohn winds that fall from the top of the mountain are hot
and dry, because water vapor has been removed during orographic rains.

9
 Usually these winds are hot damaging and can cause casualties. Plants
exposed to this wind can die and humans who are exposed to this wind can
lose their resistance to disease.

Source:https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51727-
8_71-1

b. There are 5 kinds of monsoons, namely:

1) Trade wind

Trade winds are winds blowing constantly throughout the year from
the subtropics towards the equator (equator). It consists of the Northeast
Passat Winds blowing in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southeast Passat
Winds blowing in the Southern Hemisphere. Around the equator, these two
trade winds meet. Because the temperature in the tropics is always high, the
air mass is forced to rise vertically (convection). The area where the two trade
winds meet is called the Inter-Tropical Convergence Area (DKAT). DKAT is
characterized by a temperature that is always high. As a result of this increase
in air mass, the DKAT area was free from typhoons. As a result, this area is
called the doldrum area (quiet area).

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2) Anti-air wind
The anti-trade winds above, the equatorial areas that flow to the arctic
regions and down in the subtropical maximum areas are anti-passat winds. In
the northern hemisphere it is called the Southwest Anti Passat Wind and in the
Southern hemisphere it is called the Anti-Passat Northwest Wind. In the area
around latitude 20o - 30o North Latitude and South Latitude, the anti-trade
winds fall back down vertically as a dry wind. This dry wind absorbs water
vapor in the air and land surface. As a result, deserts were formed on earth, for
example the deserts in Saudi Arabia, the Sahara Desert (Africa), and the
deserts in Australia. In the Subtropic area (30o - 40o North Latitude / LS)
there is a "shady subtropical" area where the air is calm, descends from above,
and there is no wind. Whereas in the equatorial area between 10o N - 10o
South Latitude there is also a quiet area called the "shady equator" or
"doldrum area"
3) West wind
Some of the air that comes from the maximum areas of North and
South subtropics flows to the North and moderate areas of the South as the
West wind. The influence of the Western wind on the Northern hemisphere is
less pronounced because of the resistance of the continents. In the southern
hemisphere, the influence of this western wind is very large, especially in the
60o latitude area. Here the west wind blew very strong which the sailors
called roaring forties. (Sofyan, 2016)
4) East Wind
In the Arctic and South Pole areas of the earth there are areas with
maximum air pressure. From this area the wind flows to the subpolar
minimum area (60oLU / LS). This wind is called the East wind. This east
wind is cold because it comes from the arctic region.
5) Monsoon Winds (Monsoon)
The monsoon winds are winds that blow periodically (at least 3
months) and between periods they will have opposite patterns that change
direction in the opposite direction every half year. Generally in the first half of
the year dry land winds blow and the following half year wet sea winds blow.
In October - April, the sun is in the southern part of the sky, so that the
Australian continent receives more solar warming from the Asian continent.
As a result, in Australia there are centers of low air pressure (depression)
while in Asia there are centers of high air pressure (compression). This
situation causes wind currents from the Asian continent to the Australian
continent. In Indonesia, this wind is the Northeast monsoon in the Northern
Hemisphere and the West monsoons in the Southern Hemisphere. Because

11
this wind passes through the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, it carries a lot
of water vapor, so that generally in Indonesia there is a rainy season. The
rainy season covers all parts of Indonesia, it's just that the distribution is not
evenly distributed. the more to the east the rainfall decreases because of the
less water vapor content. (Sofyan, 2016)
In April-October, the sun is in the northern sky, so the Asian continent
is hotter than the continent of Australia. As a result, in Asia there are centers
of low air pressure, while in Australia there are centers of high air pressure
that cause winds from Australia to Asia. In Indonesia there are east monsoons
in the southern hemisphere and southwest monsoons in the northern
hemisphere.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/Malaysian-Australian-
monsoon

Because it does not pass through a wide ocean, the wind does not
contain much moisture. Therefore, in general, the dry season occurs in
Indonesia, except for the west coast of Sumatra, Southeast Sulawesi, and the
south coast of Irian Jaya. Between the two seasons there is a season called
transitional (transition) season, namely: dry season which is the transition
from the rainy season to the dry season, and the wet season which is the
transition from the dry season to the rainy season. As for the characteristics of
the transition season, namely: The air feels hot, the wind direction is irregular
and there is sudden rain in a short and heavy time.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that monsoons can be
divided into two types, namely:

12
 a. The west monsoon or west monsoon winds, namely the winds that
blow from Asia to Australia and bring rainfall so that in Indonesia
there is a rainy season. This wind blows from October to April.
b. The east monsoon or east monsoon winds, namely the winds that blow
from Australia to Asia and do not bring rainfall so that in Indonesia
there is a dry season. This wind blows from April to October.

Several types of wind according to different references, namely:

1. Wind Cyclones: Its movement towards minimum air pressure. In the northern
part of the earth, this wind moves counterclockwise, on the other hand in the
southern part of the earth it moves clockwise.
2. Anticyclone Winds: Wind leaving the area of maximum pressure. This wind
movement in the north is clockwise, and in the south is counterclockwise.

Cyclone Wind and Anticyclonic Wind Scheme (Source: www.berpendidikan.com)

3. Fixed wind

The first type of wind is fixed wind. Fixed wind is a wind that has a constant
blowing direction throughout the year. This fixed wind is divided into two types,
namely trade winds and anti-tactile winds. Trade winds are winds that blow from
subtropical areas towards the equator or the equator. Meanwhile, the anti-ploy
wind is the wind that blows from the equator to the subtropics.

According to (el-Banjary, 2016) the next step is to know the nature and
characteristics of the types of wind that can be used to determine the direction of the
Qibla, Sheikh Zubaer Umar al-Jaelani said in his book al-Khulashah al-Wafiyyah:

13
"Shaba wind (its characteristics) are hot and dry, Dabur wind has cold and humid
characteristics, Janub wind is hot and the temperature is humid, while the Shamal
wind has cold and dry characteristics."

According to (Bahari et al., 2011) wind has a positive impact on human

survival. Among other things, in the salt production process. Wind speed will speed
up the evaporation process of brine into salt crystals. The wind is also useful in
driving the windmill water pump as a practical, inexpensive and efficient means of
transferring water which functions to maintain the stability and continuity of raw
water supply and water salinity conditions throughout the evaporation area and
crystallization table. Utilization and development of this windmill water pump needs
to be developed, especially in eastern Indonesia because it is supported by the climate
and weather that is potential for the salt production process and the potential for
extensive freshwater land. The use of a windmill water pump can save you the cost of
purchasing equipment if you use a gas station and save operating costs in the form of
buying fuel.
According to (Nurjani et al., 2015) disaster can be associated with damage,
loss, loss of life and life or deterioration of socio-economic value caused by natural
events. Disasters can be categorized into types, namely natural disasters, non-natural
disasters and social disasters. Hurricane disasters are natural disasters that occur
naturally without human intervention as the cause. Disaster is a series of events that
threaten and disrupt the life and livelihood of the community caused, both by natural
factors and / or non-natural factors as well as human factors, resulting in human
casualties, environmental damage, property loss, and psychological impacts.

According to (Iryanthony, 2015) Lack of public knowledge of the data

provided by BMKG has greatly reduced awareness of disasters. This has triggered
vulnerability to the Puting tornado disaster in the Semarang area (Below), which has
a very significant supply of land and sea winds. Semarang in the south is bordered by
Mount Ungaran which gives the effect of the night wind (land) and day winds from
the Java Sea to the north of Java Island. This is what designs the selection of research
locations.

Wind greatly affects human life, some of its effects are beneficial to humans,
and some are capable of destroying humans. Winds that are beneficial to humans,
such as winds that bring rain, or winds of land and sea that help fishermen sail. And,
the wind that is capable of destroying humans, for example tornado.

14
 Whirlwinds, which lay people also call leysus winds, which are also known as
bohorok winds in Sumatra, or also known as tornadoes in America, are winds that
rotate at high speed moving in a straight line that form the relationship between the
clouds. with the ground. Typically, tornado wind speeds are 177 km / hr or more with
an average range of 75 m and cover several kilometers before disappearing on their
own. Wind Tornadoin America, the speed can even reach 320 km / hour and a
diameter of 500 meters. Tornado winds - with wind speeds of more than 300-480
km / hr and width of more than 1.6 km - can withstand destruction at ground level for
more than 100 km. This wind can destroy anything in its path, because with its
vortex, objects that are passed can be lifted and thrown away.

Whirlwinds often occur during the day or evening during the transition
season. Initially visible white clouds towering like cauliflower, then develop into dark
clouds accompaniedgusts of cold air, and the wind began to shake the trees violently
to the left and right, then the wind swirled faster and faster and was followed by
heavy rain and even hail. As a result of solar radiation during the day, black clouds
grow vertically, then in the cloud there is a turbulent air current up and down at a
fairly high speed. Air currents descending at high speed blow to the earth's surface
suddenly and travel randomly.

As Allah explains:

Adz Dzariyat (51) verses 41-42

"And also on Aad's (story) when We sent them the winds that destroy" (Surah Adz
Dzariyat 51:41)

15
"The wind does not let a single thing in its path, but turns it into powder." (Surah Adz
Dzariyat 51:42)

If the air is heated, it expands, causing the air's density to decrease. The
impact of heating this air causes the density of air to be smaller (lighter) than cold air
(greater density) around it so that hot air moves up (moves upward). If this happens,
the air pressure becomes low because the air is reduced. The cold air around him
flowed into the low pressure place earlier. The hot air above then gradually cools
down, the air eventually shrinks so that it becomes heavier (greater density) and
descends to the ground. Above the ground the cold air becomes hot again and moves
up again. This flow of rising hot air and falling cold air is called convection.

As Allah explains:

Al A'raaf (7) verse 57.

16
"And it is He who blows the wind as a bearer of happy news before the coming of His
grace (rain); so that when the wind has brought a cloudy cloud, We will drive it to a
barren area, then We send rain on that area, so We send it out, because the rain is all
kinds of fruit. Like that We raise people who have died, hopefully you take a lesson. "

17
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
We can conclude that cloud can be differentiated by based on cloud
formation, based on the shape, based on the height, based on the morphology.
And clouds have many benefits for our lives. Whereas the wind can be
distinguished by local winds and monsoons. And winds have many benefits too
for our lives.

B. Suggestion
In making this thesis, the author realizes that there are still deficiencies
and errors caused by the limited knowledge that the author has. Therefore, the
authors ask for constructive criticism and suggestions from readers.

18
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