GROUP 1 PAPERS

SPACE AND CHEMICAL EARTH

"Understanding Clouds and Winds and Their Impact"

Supervisors:

Atika Ulya Akmal, S. Pd., M. Pd.

BY GROUP 1:

1. RAIKA NABILA ZAMRI (21129287)

2. YULISA HARISNAINI ILSA (21129143)
3. SALMAYSAH (21129303)

PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

PADANG STATE UNIVERSITY

2022

1
 FOREWORD

Praise be to Allah SWT for all His blessings so that this paper can be compiled
to completion. We do not forget to say thank you for the help of those who have
contributed by contributing both thoughts and materials.
The author hopes that this paper can add knowledge and experience to
readers. In fact, we hope that this paper can be practiced by readers in their daily
lives.
For us as authors, we feel that there are still many shortcomings in the
preparation of this paper due to our limited knowledge and experience. For this
reason, we sincerely hope for constructive criticism and suggestions from readers
for the perfection of this paper.

Padang, 09 September 2022

Writer

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ............................................................................................. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................... ii
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION...........................................................
A. Background ...................................................................................... 2
B. Formulation of the problem............................................................ 2
C. Writing purpose ............................................................................... 3
CHAPTER II – DISCUSSION................................................................. 4
A. Cloud ................................................................................................. 8
B. Wind ..................................................................................................
CHAPTER III – CLOSING .....................................................................
A. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 22
B. Suggestion ......................................................................................... 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 23

ii
CONCEPT MAPS

1
 PIG
PRELIMINARY

A. Background
Clouds form when relatively moist air rises. As an air mass rises, a lower
pressure applies at a higher rate allowing it to expand. In expansion, air cools
adiabatically (that is, without exchanging heat with the surrounding air). The air
cools until its temperature drops below the dew point, at which point the air
becomes so saturated that the water vapor condenses into cloud condensation
nuclei or tiny water droplets (or builds up to ice cores or small ice crystals). The
condensation nucleus consists of microscopic particles in the air. The process
rapidly produces granules 0.01 mm (0.0004 in) in diameter. These droplets,
usually present in concentrations of several hundred per cubic centimeter, form
non-precision clouds of water.
Wind is moving air caused by the rotation of the earth and also by the
difference in air pressure (from high pressure to low pressure) around it. Wind
is air that moves from high pressure to low pressure or from low temperature to
high air temperature. Wind is the movement of air caused by temperature
differences, which in turn cause pressure fluctuations. Air pressure rises at low
temperatures and at high temperatures. Wind blows from areas of high pressure
to areas of low pressure.

B. Formulation of the problem

1. What does cloud mean?
2. What are the types of clouds?
3. What is the process of cloud formation?
4. What does wind mean?
5. What are the types of wind?
6. What are the factors that cause wind?
7. How does the wind affect living things?

2
C. Writing purpose
The purpose of writing this paper is for us to know about the notion of
clouds, types of clouds, the process of cloud formation, understanding of wind,
types of wind, and the impact of wind on living things.

3
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Cloud
1. Definition of Cloud

Clouds are visible accumulations of tiny droplets of water, ice crystals, or

both, suspended in the air. Although they vary in shape and size, all clouds form
essentially the same way through the vertical air above the condensation level.
Clouds can also form contact with the ground surface as well. Such clouds will
be known as fog.
Etymologically, the origin of the term "cloud" can be found in the Old
English word clud or clod, which means hill or collection of rocks. Around the
early 13th century, the word came into use as a metaphor for rain clouds, due to
the similarity in appearance between rock masses and cumulus pile clouds.
Clouds are important for many reasons. Precipitation, like rain or snow, is one
reason. At night, clouds reflect heat back to the surface and keep it warm. During
the day, clouds can shade us from the sun and makeEarth structurecolder.
Definition of clouds according to experts:
• Encyclopedia Britannica, Clouds are droplets of mass of water, ice
crystals, or a mixture of both that float in the air, usually at a fairly high
altitude (see video). Fog is a shallow layer of cloud at or near the ground
surface.
• NASA, Clouds are masses of water droplets or ice crystals suspended
in the atmosphere. Clouds form when water condenses in the sky.

4
 Condensation allows us to see water vapor. There are many types of
clouds. Clouds are an important part of the weather and climate on
Earth.
• Lamarck and Howard, a collection of water bubbles.
• Von Guericke, clouds are formed according to the bubble theory.
• Coulier, cloud droplets from the sky formed by dust.
The presence of clouds in the atmosphere greatly affects the weather and
climate on Earth. For example, if in your area there are black and dense clouds,
it is likely that it will rain in that area. On the other hand, if you find clean white
clouds with not too many of them accompanied by a view of the blue sky, then
it is likely that it will not rain in the area.

2. Cloud Forming Process

In simple terms, clouds are formed due to the evaporation of water from
the sea, lake, or river. Then, this water vapor will rise to the top into water
droplets and form clouds. The following is a further explanation of the
condensation process of water droplets in cloud formation, quoted from the
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) web page.
• Air that moves up will experience adiabatic cooling so that the relative
humidity (RH) will increase.
• Then, when the RH approaches 100, the water drops start turning into
cloud drops. This is because the water vapor has been used by the
larger nuclei, while the smaller nuclei are less active. Therefore, the

5
 volume of cloud drops formed is much smaller than the number of
condensation nuclei.
• Drops of clouds that have formed generally have a radius of 5-20 mm
and will fall at a speed of 0.01-5 cm/s. However, the velocity of the
upward airflow is much greater so that the cloud drops will not fall to
the earth and remain above.

3. Types of Clouds
Based on the height, clouds are divided into four types, namely as follows.
1) Low cloud group, namely clouds whose height only reaches 2,000 m.
The clouds that are classified as low clouds are as follows.
• Nimbo Stratus is a low, uniform, thick cloud. No wonder the sun's
rays are difficult to penetrate these clouds. This results in the
formation of a gray color at the bottom of the cloud and the
potential for heavy rain.
• Strato Cumulus is a low cloud that looks like a fleece or fish
scales. This cloud can be seen in its three-dimensional form, you
know. This is due to the low height of this cloud.
• Stratus is a low cloud that is flat and does not have a specific
shape like other clouds. If this cloud hits the ground, it will form
fog.

2) Intermediate cloud group, namely clouds that are at an altitude of 2,000

m - 6,000 m. The clouds that are classified as medium clouds are as
follows.
• Alto Cumulusis a medium-sized cloud in the form of a fairly large
clump resembling fish scales or fleece.
• Alto Stratus ismedium cloud that is evenly distributed and usually
gray in color. The presence of these clouds can be an indicator of
rain in one place.

6
3) High cloud group, namely clouds that have a height above 6,000 m. The
clouds that are classified as high clouds are as follows.
• Cirrus are tall clouds that are shaped like feathers and sometimes
also like hooks. Generally, these clouds are pure white.
• Cirro Cumulus is a cloud in the form of small clumps resembling
fish scales and is pure white in color. Cirro cumulus clouds appear
smaller than alto cumulus because of their higher position.
• Cirro Stratus is a high cloud that does not have a specific shape,
but rather flattens the atmosphere. Basically, this cloud shape is
almost the same as alto startus, only in a higher position. When
viewed during the day, these clouds can be blinding to the eyes.

4) Groups of clouds that soar upwards, namely as follows.

• Cumulis Humilis is a cloud formed by vertical airflow. If air flows
upwards, clouds will form. Conversely, if the air flows
downwards, the clouds will disappear. These clouds are visible
below the cirro stratus clouds.
• Cumulus congetus is an advanced phase of the cumulus humilis
cloud. If the cumulus humilis cloud gets excessive heat, then this
cloud will soar upwards with a larger size but not yet wide, still
pointed.
• Cumulo Nimbus is the last phase of vertical cloud formation.
Cumulus congetus that continues to soar upwards, the longer it
will widen and enlarge. This cloud is called the cumulo nimbus.
No wonder the cumulo nimbus becomes a hotbed of lightning,
lightning, and thunder. Who would have thought that the
existence of this cloud was quite feared by pilots, you know.
Because of its thickness and size, these clouds can interfere with
the speed and motion of the aircraft. Especially when there is
lightning in it.

7
 B. Wind
1. Definition of Wind

Wind is one of the weather elements that can affect the environment either
directly or indirectly. Broadly, the wind will affect other weather elements such
as temperature, humidity and cloud movement. The direction of the wind will
affect the water vapor content it carries. When the wind contains a lot of water
it will form clouds. This happens at the beginning of the rainy season. In
addition, the wind that contains a lot of water vapor will increase the humidity
of the air and can also lower the air temperature.
Wind is moving air caused by the rotation of the earth and also due to
differences in air pressure around it. Wind moves from areas of high air pressure
to areas of low air pressure. Another definition of wind is moving air caused by
the rotation of the earth and also because of the difference in air pressure around
it. Wind moves from areas of high air pressure to areas of low air pressure.

2. The process of the occurrence of wind

Wind occurs because of differences in air pressure or differences in air
temperature in an area or region. This is related to the amount of solar thermal
energy received by the earth's surface. In an area, areas that receive greater solar
thermal energy will have hotter air temperatures and lower air pressures. So that
there will be a difference in temperature and air pressure between areas that
receive greater heat energy and other areas that receive less heat energy, as a
result there will be air flow in the area.
Wind has a close relationship with sunlight because areas that are exposed
to a lot of sun exposure will have a higher temperature and lower air pressure

8
than other areas around it, causing airflow. Wind can also be caused by the
movement of objects that push the surrounding air to move elsewhere.
Artificial winds can be made using a variety of tools ranging from simple
to complex. In simple terms, we can create our own wind by using our palms,
satay fans, newspapers, magazines, and so on by shaking it. Meanwhile, in a
complicated way, we can make wind with electric fans, hand dryers, hair dryers,
tire pumps, and so on. Naturally we can use the mouth, nose, anus, and so on to
create wind.
The following is the process of the occurrence of several types of wind:
• The Process of the Occurrence of Trade Winds

Trade winds occur when there is a difference in air density in the

area around 30 degrees latitude (both north and south latitudes with
maximum pressure and around 10 degrees latitude with minimum
pressure.

• The Process of the Occurrence of Monsoons

9
 Continents (land) and oceans (waters) are two regions that have
different physical properties in terms of receiving heat energy. As
solid materials, the continents absorb heat faster but also release it
faster. On the other hand, oceans or water areas are slower to receive
and release heat energy. The difference in the physical properties of
the two regions certainly results in differences in air density and
pressure.
Due to the very striking difference in air pressure between the
continents and oceans, a mass of air called the monsoon flows from the
continent to the ocean or vice versa. Changes in the direction of
monsoon movement usually coincide with the alternation of summer
and winter.

• The Process of Land Wind and Sea Wind

Land breezes and sea breezes are types of local winds that occur
in the coastal area and its surroundings. Land masses have physical

10
 properties that are quick to receive heat and quickly release it, ocean
masses are slow to absorb heat and slow to release it.
This property causes the difference in air pressure in both places
at the same time. During the day the land receives heat faster, so the air
becomes hot and then expands and has a lower pressure than the ocean.
This pressure difference causes the wind to blow from the sea to the
land.This wind from the sea to the land is known as the sea breeze.
Meanwhile, at night the air pressure on land is higher than the air
pressure at sea. This pressure difference causes the wind to blow from
the land to the sea so that there is a land breeze.

• The Process of Mountain Wind and Valley Wind

In the morning until late in the day, the slopes or ridges of the
mountains are exposed to the sun first when compared to the valley
areas. As a result, the slope area warms up faster and has low air
pressure, while the air temperature in the valley area is still relatively
cold so it has high air pressure. Then the air mass moves from the valley
to the slope or to the ridge of the mountain. These moving air masses
are known as valley breezes.
At night, the air temperature in the mountain area is so low that
there is a deposition of dense air masses from the mountain area to the

11
 valley which is still relatively warm. This movement of air is called
mountain wind.

3. Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Wind

• Barometric Gradient, a number that represents the difference in air
pressure of 2 isobars that are 111 km apart. The bigger the barometric
gradient, the faster the wind blows.
• Place Place,Wind speeds near the equator are faster than those far from
the equator.
• Place Elevation, the higher the place, the stronger the wind that blows,
this is due to the influence of the frictional force that inhibits the air
velocity. On the earth's surface, mountains, trees, and other uneven
topography exert great frictional forces. The higher a place is, the less
this frictional force is.
• Time, during the day the wind moves faster than at night.
• Topographical Condition,if the wind blows on the topography in the
form of mountains it will tend to rise, in contrast if it hits on the
topography in the form of plains, it will tend to go straight.
• Land and Ocean, the wind that moves on land will tend to follow the
condition of the land surface, different if the wind blows over the ocean
then it will also affect the shape of the sea level, even the movement of
currents over the sea. So it is more free to move over the ocean than on
land.
• There are trees, very influential if the tree is high enough and interfere
with the wind speed.

4. Types of Wind
a. Based on Local Wind
➢ Sea breeze

12
 Sea breeze is a wind that blows from the sea towards the land
which generally occurs during the day from 09.00 to 16.00. This
wind is usually used by fishermen to return home from fishing in the
sea.

➢ Land Wind

Land breeze is a wind that blows from the land towards the sea
which generally occurs at night from 20.00 hours to 06.00 hours.
This type of wind is beneficial for fishermen to go fishing with
simple wind-powered boats.

➢ Valley Wind

13
 Valley breeze is a wind that blows from the valley towards
the top of the mountain which usually occurs during the day.

➢ Mountain Wind

Mountain winds are winds that blow from mountain peaks to

mountain valleys that occur at night.
➢ Hurricane/Whirlwind

Also known as a tornado, a strong wind that comes suddenly,

has a center, moves in a spiral like a spiral to touch the earth's surface
and disappears in a short time (3-5 minutes). The average wind speed
ranges from 30-40 knots. This wind comes from Cumulonimbus

14
 (Cb) clouds, which are dark gray and towering clumpy clouds.
However, not all Cumulonimbus clouds cause tornadoes.
Tornadoes can occur anywhere, on land or at sea and if they
occur at sea, their duration is longer than on land. This wind is more
common in the afternoon or evening, sometimes at night and more
often occurs at the change of seasons (transitional). The area affected
is about 5-10 km, because it is very local.

b. Based on Seasonal Wind

• Fohn wind

Fohn winds/fall winds are winds that occur after Orographic rains.
wind that blows in an area with different temperatures and humidity. Fohn
winds occur because there is a movement of air masses up mountains that
are more than 200 meters high on one side and then down on the other.
Fohn winds that fall from the top of the mountain are hot and dry, because
the water vapor is removed during orographic rains.
Usually this wind is hot, destructive and can cause casualties.
Plants that are exposed to this wind can die and humans who are
exposed to this wind can lose their resistance to disease.

• Monsoons

15
 Munsoon, Moonsun, Monsoon winds are winds that blow
periodically (at least 3 months) and between periods with one
another the pattern will be opposite which changes direction in
opposite directions every half year. Generally in the first half of the
year dry land breeze blows and the next half year wet sea breeze
blows.

• West Wind

The West Monsoon/West Monsoon is a wind that flows from

the Asian continent (winter) to the Australian continent (summer)
and contains a lot of rainfall in western Indonesia, this is because the
wind passes through a wide area, such as waters and oceans. .
Examples of waters and oceans that are passed are the South China
Sea and the Indian Ocean. The West monsoon causes Indonesia to
experience the rainy season.
These winds occur in December, January and February, and
are maximum in January with a minimum speed of 3 m/s.

• East Wind

16
 The East Monsoon/East Monsoon is a wind that flows from
the Australian continent (winter) to the Asian continent (summer)
with little rainfall (dry) in eastern Indonesia because the wind passes
through narrow crevices and deserts (Gibson, Greater Australia). ,
and Victoria). This is what causes Indonesia to experience a dry
season. Occurs in June, July and August, and maximum in July.

• Trade Wind

Trade winds are winds blowing steadily throughout the year

from the subtropics to the equator (equator). It consists of the
Northeast Passat Wind blowing in the Northern Hemisphere and the
Southeast Passat Wind blowing in the Southern Hemisphere.
Around the equator, these two trade winds meet. Because the
temperature in the tropics is always high, the air mass is forced to
rise vertically (convection). The area where the two trade winds meet
is called the Intertropical Convergence Area (DKAT). DKAT is
characterized by an always high temperature. As a result of this
increase in air mass, the DKAT area is free from typhoons. As a
result, this area is called the doldrum area (quiet area).

• Anti Trade Wind

17
 The air above the equator that flows to the polar regions and
descends in the subtropical maximum area is an anti-passat wind. In
the Northern Hemisphere it is called the Southwest Anti-Passat
Wind and in the Southern Hemisphere it is called the Northwest
Anti-Passat Wind. At latitudes around 20o – 30o North Latitude and
South Latitude, anti-trade winds fall back vertically as dry winds.
This dry wind absorbs water vapor in the air and land surface. As a
result, deserts formed on earth, such as deserts in Saudi Arabia, the
Sahara Desert (Africa), and deserts in Australia.
Because of the pressure gradient, the wind will always blow
from places with high air pressure to places with low air pressure.
This causes the wind to blow from latitudes to the equator.

5. Wind Benefits
• Wind to move sailboats across the archipelago, even to penetrate cross-
border borders, such as the Butonese.
• Wind as an alternative to diesel or coal, in Australia, wind is used as a
substitute for diesel or coal.
• The wind is very useful for the journey of the fishermen back and forth.
• The wind serves as an instrument to assist the take-off or landing of
aircraft on airport runways.
• Wind is also useful for removing heat and heat. like a fan. In the field
of sports, water skiing, paragliding, and others.

18
6. Wind Function
The function of the wind is as a mixing layer of air, between hot air and
dry air, between hot air and cold air, moist air and dry air, air rich in CO2 and
air with low CO2.
With this function cycle, the hydrological cycle can take place and CO2
poisoning in the city center and industrial areas can be avoided.

7. Wind Impact
a. Impact of the East Monsoon
➢ Positive

▪ The income of salt farmers will increase and the quality of the salt
produced will increase.
▪ Visits of foreign tourists to tourist areas, especially beaches that
have beautiful views and beautiful sea waves or waves will
increase.
▪ The activities or activities of most people carried out in open areas
become easier.
▪ Farmers who have just finished harvesting will get their rice dry
faster because it takes less time to dry.
▪ Travel traffic in the air will be smoother and more comfortable
than during the rainy season.
▪ The activities of fishermen to catch fish became smooth because
of the sunny weather.
➢ Negative
▪ There was a drought that hit most parts of Indonesia, the lack of
water supply.
▪ Very high air temperature, low humidity and fluctuating weather
changes, often result in the weakened condition of the human
body from attacks of various diseases due to transitions, such as
prickly heat, acne etc.
▪ As a result, the body's ions are quickly reduced, so the body will
quickly experience fatigue.

19
 ▪ It is difficult to get clean water, because the supply of clean water
during the previous rainy season that should have been used when
the dry season arrives is mostly polluted by piles of garbage
(generally occurs in big cities that are slum and densely
populated).
▪ Farmers are threatened with crop failure due to lack of water
supply for their fields.
▪ Many trees die and wither due to lack of water.
▪ Air pollution and dust flying in the air increase during the dry
season caused by smoke and exhaust gases from motor vehicles.
Dusty roads often cause respiratory diseases such as flu, shortness
of breath and other respiratory disorders.
▪ Agricultural land will experience drought so that it interferes with
plant processes and inhibits the metabolic process of agricultural
crops.
▪ Resulting in a change in cropping patterns. Due to erratic weather
changes, farmers are expected to adjust their cropping patterns in
the face of this no-rainy season. Farmers who rely on rainfed have
difficulty getting water.
▪ It is difficult to get water, both for humans themselves, plants and
animals. Water is a rare item. To get water was an uphill battle
that had to be done.
▪ There is the potential for massive forest fires due to dry forest
areas, and friction between dry tree branches.

b. Impact of the West Monsoon

➢ Positive
▪ The availability of water will be sufficient and there will be no
more water shortage problems.
▪ The planting period for the garden is longer

20
 ▪ Water supply in catchment areas such as reservoirs, ponds and
lakes will be more as supplies for agriculture and drinking water
in the dry season.
▪ It is suitable for use during farming because the plants will thrive.
▪ The weather in the surrounding area will be cooler.
▪ With the rain will automatically clean the dirty air so the sky will
look brighter.
▪ Forests that experienced fires due to the previous dry season, will
begin to decrease.
➢ Negative
▪ Potential to cause landslides if there are no trees to hold the soil
due to the flow of water when it rains.
▪ For urban areas, the danger of flooding continues to threaten,
because at times like today the rain cycle is even more difficult to
predict. Sometimes heavy rains come suddenly in a short duration
but are prone to flooding.
▪ For agricultural areas such as rice fields that have a rice planting
cycle of 3 (three) months, at the end of May to mid-June it will
enter the second harvest period. If it still rains, the harvest season
will face many problems, such as rice fields that are still wet and
some are still waterlogged.
▪ Drying rice after harvest is difficult to do in the open because the
rain tends to be unpredictable.
▪ For rice fields that are prone to waterlogging due to overflowing
rivers, they are also threatened with crop failure, because heavy
rains can trigger floods and rivers overflow to inundate rice fields.
Rice will be damaged before it is harvested.

21
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Clouds are visible accumulations of tiny droplets of water, ice crystals, or
both, suspended in the air. Although they vary in shape and size, all clouds form
essentially the same way through the vertical air above the condensation level.
Clouds can also form contact with the ground surface as well. Such clouds will
be known as fog.
Wind is moving air caused by the rotation of the earth and also due to
differences in air pressure around it. Wind moves from areas of high air pressure
to areas of low air pressure. Another definition of wind is moving air caused by
the rotation of the earth and also because of the difference in air pressure around
it. Wind moves from areas of high air pressure to areas of low air pressure.

B. Suggestion
In making this paper, we realize that there are many mistakes and it is
still far from perfect. Therefore, we expect all parties to provide constructive
criticism and suggestions, for the smooth making of the next paper. However,
we hope that our paper can be useful for all of us, especially for the presenters.

22
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kartasapoetra, Ance Gunarsih, Ir., 1993. “Climatology, the influence of climate

on soil and plants. Jakarta: Earth Literacy.
Tjasyono, B. 2004. Climatology. ITB: Bandung.
Tantawi, AR 2007. The Relation of Wind Speed and Humidity to Emission of
Conidium Cercospora Nicotianae in Tobacco. Agritrop, 26(4) : 160-167
https://www.quipper.com/id/blog/mapel/geografi/awan-pengertian-type-dan-
proses-pemformasi/

23