Blood

 Blood type is fluid connective tissue.

- Average amount of blood in a healthy adult person = 5-6 liters

- It is about 7.5-8% of the total weight of a person.

- Blood originates from the mesoderm reproductive level of the fetus.

- Function of blood is to transport oxygen and minerals to all body organs.

- PH value of blood is 7.4 (weak alkaline / alkaline), so it turns red litmus blue.

- Blood is red in color due to the respiratory pigment hemoglobin, which is purple in color.

- Blood is a colloidal solution

- Hemoglobin is a complex protein which has two parts –

1. Heme or hematin part- This part acts as pigment. The iron element in the heme part is found in the
ferrous state (Fe+2).

2. Globin part- It is a type of protein.

-Hb+O2→ Oxy hemoglobin (red colour-oxygenated blood - pure blood)

- Hb+Co2/CO →Carboxy hemoglobin/carb-mono hemoglobin – Black colour -impure-deoxygenated)

CO, along with Hb, carbon monoxide acts on sleeping by burning the brazier in a closed room, which
causes suffocation and death.

- At night, sleeping under large trees, carbon dioxide combined with Hb creates a stifling atmosphere.

- Quantity of hemoglobin-

1. Male = 14-16 Gram / 100 Ml Blood

2. Female = 12-14 Gram / 100 Ml Blood

3. Child = 18-20 Gram / 100 Ml Blood

- Order of fraternity of hemoglobin = CO> O2> CO2

 BLOOD

plasma(55%) Blood Corpuscles (45%)

It is a light yellow, thick, alkaline fluid.

Plasma contains 90–92% water.

Organic / inorganic salts and proteins are found in 8–10%.

Plasma Proteins - Plasma contains three types of proteins.

1. Fibrinogen / prothrombin protein - (blood clotting)

2. Albumin - mineral balance / osmosis control

3. Globulin - Development of immune system

- Most found protein in plasma - albumin

- Blood Serum - If clotting proteins are removed from the plasma, the remaining part is called serum.

- [Serum = Blood - (Blood Corpuscles + fibrinogen)]

There are three types of globulin proteins: alpha, beta and gamma globulin .

Alpha and beta are transport proteins while gamma globulin is responsible for disease resistance.

3 Types of Blood Corpuscles

RBC
WBC
Platelets
1. RBC / red blood corpuscle / blood / erythrocyte -
- Number - 50-55 Lac k / mm3 or 5 to 5.5 Million / mm3
- The life span of RBC in humans is 120 days.

- Construction site of RBC-

In adult - in red bone marrow and In the fetus - in the liver + spleen
- The formation of RBC is called Erythropoisis or hemopoiesis.

- The color of RBC is red due to Hb.

- The work of RBS is to Transport Oxygen.

- Nucleus is not found in the RBC of mammals. Exception – Camel, Lama

- Nucleus is found in the frog's RBC.

- The cemetery / slaughterhouse / Graveyard of RBC is called spleen.

- The largest RBC in the world is an amphibian named Amphiuma.

- The largest RBC is Found in Elephant in mammals.

- The smallest RBC among mammals is that of musk deer.

- The RBC shape is Biconcave or Dumbbell shaped.

- The length of RBC can be about 7 micrometers.

- The number of RBCs in jaundice decreases.

- The number of RBCs increases when going high.

- The number of RBCs Decreases when to sleep.

- When RBC is poured into the Distill water, it swells and bursts.

- RBC/Hb deficiency leads to anemia, which is called lack of blood.

- Due to excess of RBC - there is a problem called Polycythomia or Polycyphonia.

In Africa, people of Bandu species drink alcohol in an iron and those who work in iron mines vessel, so
iron particles accumulate in their body in solid form, a problem which is known as iron siderosis.

- Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease in which RBC Becomes sickle shaped. People who have this
disease cannot have malaria disease.

- RBC number measuring instrument – Hemocytometer

2. WBC / white blood corpuscle / leukocyte -

- WBC numbers range from 6000 to 10000.

- WBC's life span is 2-5 days.

- The manufacturing site of WBC is yellow bone marrow, thymus gland and spleen.

- The function of WBC is to develop the immune system and create antibody.

- WBC is called the first soldier of the body and the guard cells of the body.
- The training center of the WBC is called the thymus gland.

- The WBC Have their own Nucleus.

- WBC is mainly of two types -

A. Granulocyte or granular WBC-neutrophils, basophiles and eosinophils

B. Agranulocyte WBC- monocyte and lymphocyte

- Most commonly found WBC neutrophils (65%) and least found WBC basophile (0.1– 0.5%)

- The largest WBC monocyte and the smallest WBC lymphocyte.

- Basophiles and eosinophils control WBC allergies.

- The lymphocyte forms the antibody.

- Neutrophil and monocyte WBCs feed on foreign microbes, hence they are called Eater WBCs.

- Neutrophils are called micro police man while monocyte is called macro police man.

- Eating of microbes in solid form is called cellular Eating /Phagocyte while eating in the form of liquid is
called cellular Drinking/Pinocyte.

- Excess of monocyte WBC leads to blood cancer or leukemia.

- The number of WBCs increases when there is an infection or at the time of allergy.

- Increasement of WBC is called leukocytosis whereas the Decreasement of WBC is called leukopenia
or lycopenia.

- There are also two types of lymphocyte WBC. (T4 and T8)

- In AIDS disease the number of T4-lymphopsite WBCs decreases.

3. Platelets/ Thrombocyte -
- Number - 1.5-4.5 Lack/ mm3

- Lifetime 10-13 days

- Construction - by mega karyocyte cells of the bone marrow

- Nucleus is not found in platelets.

- Platelet excess - Thrombocytosis

- Deficiency - thrombocytopenia

Work - To thicken blood or clot blood