Student Name: Mariam Abduljalil Maarouf El-zaiat

Student ID: 20212100

Student Email: Maryam.ab.maarouf@std.pharma.cu.edu.eg
Student Level: Level 1
Course Name: Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry-II
Course Code: PCC203
Title of Research: Iodine/Iodide system and its applications
Applications of I2/I- system in our life:

1- Recovery of gold:

Gold may be determined iodometrically (indirect determination) using ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid.

Separation of gold from most elements depends on the fact that gold can be easily reduced to its metallic state.
For collection of small amounts, we can use mercury, lead, or tellurium. The gold content can then be
determined gravimetrically by strong burning of the precipitate, cupellation and weighing the resulting gold
bead. [1]

2- Determination of moisture in Pharmaceuticals:

Karl Fischer reagent (I2 and SO2 in pyridine, methanol) is used for the
determination of moisture. We dissolve I2 and SO2 in pyridine as they are volatile to
give additive reaction. Also, we add methanol to prevent the reaction of Pyridine
Sulphur trioxide(C5H5NSO3) with water to form C5H5NH+HSO4- . Using direct
volumetric titration, the water content of Pyrazolone, cipofloxacin hydrochloride,
effortil, folic acid, nicotinic acid, and scopolamine hydrobromide have been
determined. Concentration of water affects the KF reaction that means the titration of
diluted water with methanol requires more KF reagent than undiluted water. In
addition, we can use KF reagent in determination of water in another different
substances such as cosmetics, foodstuffs, plastics, and petrochemical products. [2] [3]

3- Determination of Vitamin C tablets:

Vitamin C is a white crystalline compound highly soluble in water. Strong reducing agent. It is not a
carboxylic acid but a lactone. It is also found to be a powerful antioxidant that can neutralize harmful free
radicals; helps make collagen, a tissue needed for healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels. We can
determine it using direct titration (Iodimetric method) with I2 using starch as indicator forming
dehydroascorbic acid.
Procedure:
In a flask, dissolve a tablet of Vitamin C in 100ml distilled water. Take 10ml of dissolved tablet, add 10ml of
KI and 10ml of HCl. Then add 2ml of starch (colorless). Start the titration against potassium iodate (KIO 3).
The color will change from yellow to first blue (end point). [4]

[6] [5]
4- Determination of hypochlorite in natural water, tap water, or milk:

Determination of hypochlorite using thionin has been developed to be simple and

rapid. The method is based on the reaction of hypochlorite with potassium iodide in
acidic medium (acetic acid) to liberate iodine and titrate it with thiosulphate. HCl
cannot be used for acidification as it causes loss of free chlorine from Calcium chlorate
produced by disproportionation of hypochlorite. [7]

[8]
5- Determination of Maltose: [9]

Maltose which is also known as malt is a disaccharide made up of two alpha D glucose unit. The two-
unit of glucose are linked with an alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond. It’s also a reducing sugar, because the ring of
one of the two glucose units can open to present a free aldehyde group; and because of the nature of the
glycosidic bond the other one cannot.

Maltose can de determined indirectly (iodometrically) using the following reagents:

• A buffer solution which is a mixture of (5ml of 0.2M sodium carbonate +1ml of 0.4M Hydrochloric
acid)
• 0.05M Iodine in 2.4% KI
• 0.6M sulphuric acid |
• 0.05 sodium thiosulphate
• 1% of starch dispersion (indicator)

Procedure:

In a glass-stoppered Erlenmeyer flask, the buffer solution is added with the sugar solution (starch hydrolysis
mixture) and immediately titrated with 0.05 M iodine which is added from a burette.

After gentle shaking the flask is kept in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes to oxidize sugar.

By the end of 30 minutes, 0.6 sulfuric acid is added to wash down the sides of the flask and mixed it gently.
The excess iodine is immediately titrated with 0.05 sodium thiosulphate which is added from a burette.

The equivalent amount of maltose present in the solution can be determined boy calculating the difference
between the volume of thiosulfate required to reduce the original iodine solution, and that required for the
iodine which remains after the oxidation of the sugar that presents the iodine reduced by the sugar. [10] [11]

[12]
References:
[1]
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/1962/an/an9628700349?casa_token=df5eAERual4AAAAA:KCDeKp_CBZj4
7U6OenPzDwvXisojzYhAQzshQr7UUAqKc4l7F13kQuhXbt4ylhm1R9XsmtLGd15UPeg4

[2]

http://www.metrohmsiam.com/foodlab/FL_38/Monograph_WaterDeterminationKF.pdf

[3]

https://5.imimg.com/data5/JP/NV/MY-7844623/karl-fischer-reagent-250x250.jpg

[4]

http://www.aensiweb.net/AENSIWEB/rjabs/rjabs/2007/367-369.pdf

[5]

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.Vds3E4Rk2tvlIQTUTZIAwQAAAA?pid=ImgDet&rs=1

[6]

https://cdn.stemcell.com/media/catalog/product/cache/2/small_image/040ec09b1e35df139433887a97daa66f/7/2/
72132-product-1.jpg

[7]

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10809-005-0166-y
[8]

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.EaE_kE6uFeAqSNYawwKtaAHaC-?pid=ImgDet&rs=1

[9]

https://pasalx.com.np/image/images/5f86ca5a6b22c.jpg?p=full

[10]

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ac50101a009

[11]

https://byjus.com/jee/maltose-structure/?msclkid=c3dc4d7dc4a911ecbe06951348d185fc

[12]

https://www.the-mad-scientist.net/uploads/1/2/2/1/12216247/screenshot-2020-02-25-09-29-49_orig.png