Mathematics – Solids

May 29, 2023

Group 1:

Brian Carter
Akeem Nicely
Tyrek Tummings
Joel Wickham
Aaron Baker
Zavian Eastwood
What are solids?

A solid typically refers to a three-dimensional object that occupies

space.

In geometry, solids are often studied and classified based on their

properties and characteristics. Some common types of solids in
mathematics include:

1. Polyhedra: These are three-dimensional figures with flat faces,

straight edges, and vertices. Examples of polyhedra include cubes,
pyramids, prisms, and dodecahedra.

2. Cylinders: A cylinder is a solid object with two parallel circular bases

and a curved surface connecting the bases. Examples of cylinders
include cans and tubes.

3. Cones: A cone is a solid object with a circular base and a pointed

vertex. The surface of a cone connects the base to the vertex. Examples
of cones include traffic cones and ice cream cones.

4. Spheres: A sphere is a perfectly round geometrical object in three

dimensions. It consists of all the points in space equidistant from a fixed
center point. Examples of spheres include balls and planets.
What is the difference between a Plane shape and a
Solid?

The main difference between a plane shape and a solid lies in their
dimensions and the amount of space they occupy.

A plane shape, also known as a 2D shape or a flat shape, exists in a two-

dimensional space and has only length and width. It is confined to a
plane, which is a flat surface with no thickness. Plane shapes are often
represented on paper or a screen. Examples of plane shapes include
squares, circles, triangles, rectangles, and polygons. These shapes can
be described by their sides, angles, and various properties like
perimeter and area.

On the other hand, a solid is a three-dimensional object that occupies

space. It has length, width, and height (or depth). Solids have a three-
dimensional volume and can be visualized as objects with thickness or
solidity. Unlike plane shapes, solids are not limited to a flat surface but
extend into the third dimension. Examples of solids include cubes,
spheres, cylinders, pyramids, and prisms. Solids have additional
properties such as surface area and volume, which are distinct from the
properties of plane shapes.

To summarize, plane shapes exist in a two-dimensional plane and have

only length and width, while solids are three-dimensional objects that
occupy space and have length, width, and height. Plane shapes are flat
and confined to a surface, while solids have thickness and extend into
the third dimension.
Diagrams of the Following Shapes Include:

A Cylinder

A Cone
A Cube

A cuboid
A sphere

A Triangular based prism

A triangular based pyramid

A Rectangular Based Pyramid

What is the difference between a prism and a solid?

The main difference between a prism and a pyramid lies in their shape
and the arrangement of their faces.

A prism is a three-dimensional geometric solid that has two congruent

and parallel polygonal bases connected by parallelogram faces. The
bases are typically polygons (such as triangles, rectangles, or hexagons),
and the side faces are parallelograms. The prismatic shape remains
consistent from the base to the top, and the side faces are parallel to
each other. Prisms are named based on the shape of their base, such as
triangular prism, rectangular prism (or cuboid), or pentagonal prism.
The volume of a prism is calculated by multiplying the area of the base
by the height.

A pyramid, on the other hand, is a three-dimensional geometric solid

that has a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common
vertex called the apex. The base of a pyramid can be any polygon, and
the side faces are triangles that share a common vertex. Pyramids are
named based on the shape of their base, such as square pyramid,
triangular pyramid, or pentagonal pyramid. The volume of a pyramid is
calculated by multiplying the area of the base by the height and dividing
by 3.
The types of Prism and Pyramids

The types prisms include:

1. The triangular prism

2. The Rectangular prism

3. Square based prism

The types of pyramids include:

1. The triangular based pyramid

2. The Rectangular Based Pyramid

3. The pentagonal based pyramid

What is the net of a solid?

The net of a solid refers to a two-dimensional representation of the

surfaces of the solid when it is unfolded or flattened out. It is like a
"map" of the solid, showing how the faces of the solid are connected.

For example, if we have a cube, the net of the cube would consist of six
squares connected along their edges to form a pattern that, when
folded along the edges, would create the cube. Each square in the net
represents one face of the cube, and the edges of the squares
correspond to the edges of the cube.

The net of a solid provides a visual representation of how the solid is

structured and can be used to understand its geometry and properties.
It allows us to see the relationships between the faces, edges, and
vertices of the solid.

When working with more complex three-dimensional shapes, the nets

can become more intricate and involve different types of polygons and
their connections. The net helps us visualize the shape in a simpler, two-
dimensional form, making it easier to analyze and study the properties
of the solid.

In summary, the net of a solid is a flattened representation of its

surfaces, showing how the faces are connected and folded to recreate
the original solid shape. It provides a useful tool for understanding the
structure and properties of three-dimensional objects.

Diagrams of the Following shapes include:

The Cylinder

The Cone
The cube

The Cuboid
The Sphere

The triangular based prism

The triangular based pyramid

The Rectangular Based Pyramid

The Surface area of a Solid

The surface area of a solid refers to the total area of all its external
surfaces. It represents the combined area of all the faces, curved
surfaces, and any other surfaces that make up the outer boundary of
the solid.

The formula for calculating the surface area of a solid depends on the
specific shape and geometry of the object.

Below shows worked examples of a few surface areas

1. Cylinder:

Let's say we have a cylinder with a radius of 4 units and a height of 8

units. We can calculate its surface area using the formula:

Surface Area = 2 × π × (radius)² + 2 × π × radius × height

Surface Area = 2 × π × (4)² + 2 × π × 4 × 8

= 2 × π × 16 + 2 × π × 32
= 32π + 64π
= 96π
So, the surface area of this cylinder is 96π square units.

2. Cone:

Let's consider a cone with a radius of 5 units and a slant height of 10

units. The formula for the surface area of a cone is:

Surface Area = π * radius * (radius + slant height)

Surface Area = π × 5 × (5 + 10)

= π × 5 × 15
= 75π

The surface area of this cone is 75π square units.

3. Cube:

Suppose we have a cube with a side length of 6 units. The formula for
the surface area of a cube is:

Surface Area = 6 × (side length)²

Surface Area = 6 × 6²
= 6 × 36
= 216

The surface area of this cube is 216 square units.

4. Cuboid:
Let's consider a cuboid with dimensions: length = 5 units, width = 4
units, and height = 3 units. The formula for the surface area of a cuboid
is:

Surface Area = 2 × (length × width + width × height + height × length)

Surface Area = 2 × (5 × 4 + 4 × 3 + 3 × 5)
= 2 × (20 + 12 + 15)
= 2 × 47
= 94

The surface area of this cuboid is 94 square units.

5. Sphere:

Let's say we have a sphere with a radius of 7 units. The formula for the
surface area of a sphere is:

Surface Area = 4 × π * (radius)²

Surface Area = 4 × π × (7)²

= 4 × π × 49
= 196π

The surface area of this sphere is 196π square units.

6. Triangular Based Prism:

Suppose we have a triangular based prism with a base triangle having a

base length of 5 units and a height of 6 units. The prism has a height of
8 units. The formula for the surface area of a triangular based prism is:

Surface Area = (base perimeter × height of the prism) + (2 × base area)

Surface Area = (5 + 5 + 6) × 8 + (2 × (1/2 × 5 × 6))

= 16 × 8 + 2 × 15
= 128 + 30
= 158

The surface area of this triangular based prism is 158 square units.

7. Triangular Based Pyramid:

Let's consider a triangular based pyramid with a base triangle having a

base length of 7 units and a height of 5 units. The height of the pyramid
is 10 units. The formula for the surface area of a triangular based
pyramid is:

Surface Area = (base perimeter × slant height) + base area

First, we need to calculate the slant height using the Pythagorean

theorem:

Slant Height = √[(base height)² + (slant height)²]

Slant Height = √(5² + 10²)
= √(25 + 100)
= √125
= 5√5
Now, we can calculate the surface area:

Surface Area = (7 + 7 + 7) × 5√5 + (1/2 × 7 × 5)

= 21 × 5√5 + 17.5
= 105√5 + 17.5

The surface area of this triangular based pyramid is 105√5 + 17.5 square
units.

8. Rectangular Based Pyramid:

Suppose we have a rectangular based pyramid with base dimensions:

length = 6 units and width = 4 units. The height of the pyramid is 9
units. The formula for the surface area of a rectangular based pyramid
is:

Surface Area = (base perimeter × slant height) + base area

First, we need to calculate the slant height using the Pythagorean

theorem:

Slant Height = √[(base height)² + slant height)²]

Slant Height = √(4² + 9²)

= √(16 + 81)
= √97

Now, we can calculate the surface area:

Surface Area = (2 × (6 + 4)) × √97 + (6 × 4)

 = 20√97 + 24

The surface area of this rectangular based pyramid is 20√97 + 24 square

units.

These examples demonstrate how to calculate the surface area for

different solid shapes using their respective formulas.

The Cross Sectional Face of a solid

The cross-section of a solid is the shape that is obtained when the solid
is cut by a plane. It is the intersection of the solid with the plane,
resulting in a two-dimensional figure.

The specific shape of the cross-section depends on the orientation and

position of the cutting plane relative to the solid. The cross-section can
vary in shape, such as being a circle, rectangle, triangle, or any other
geometric figure.

The Volume of a Solid

The volume of a solid refers to the amount of space enclosed by the

solid. It quantifies the three-dimensional capacity or size of the object.
The formula for calculating the volume of a solid depends on the
specific shape and geometry of the object
Below shows worked examples of a few surface areas

1. Cylinder:
Suppose we have a cylinder with a radius of 4 units and a height of 10
units. To find its volume, we can use the formula:

Volume = π × (radius)² × height

Plugging in the values:

Volume = π × (4)² × 10
Volume = 160π cubic units

2. Cone:
Consider a cone with a radius of 3 units and a height of 6 units. The
formula for its volume is:
Volume = (1/3) × π × (radius)² × height

Substituting the given values:

Volume = (1/3) × π × (3)² × 6
Volume = 18π cubic units
 3. Cube:
Let’s say we have a cube with a side length of 5 units. The volume of a
cube is given by:
Volume = (side length)³

Plugging in the values:

Volume = 5³
Volume = 125 cubic units

4. Cuboid:
Suppose we have a cuboid with dimensions: length = 6 units, width = 4
units, and height = 3 units. The formula for its volume is:
Volume = length × width × height

Substituting the given values:

Volume = 6 * 4 * 3
Volume = 72 cubic units

5. Sphere:
Consider a sphere with a radius of 2 units. The formula for its volume is:
Volume = (4/3) × π × (radius)³
 Substituting the given values:
Volume = (4/3) × π × (2)³
Volume = (4/3) × π × 8
Volume = 32π cubic units

6. Triangular based prism:

Suppose we have a triangular based prism with a base of triangle area =
9 square units and height = 5 units. The formula for its volume is:
Volume = base area × height

Substituting the given values:

Volume = 9 × 5
Volume = 45 cubic units

7. Triangular based pyramid:

Consider a triangular based pyramid with a base of triangle area = 6
square units and height = 8 units. The formula for its volume is:
Volume = (1/3) × base area × height

Substituting the given values:

Volume = (1/3) × 6 × 8
Volume = 16 cubic units
 8. Rectangular based pyramid:
Let’s say we have a rectangular based pyramid with a base length = 4
units, base width = 3 units, and height = 7 units. The formula for its
volume is:
Volume = (1/3) × base area × height

Substituting the given values:

Volume = (1/3) × (4 × 3) × 7
Volume = 8 cubic units

These examples demonstrate how to calculate the volume of various

geometric shapes. By using the appropriate formulas and substituting
the given measurements, we can determine the volume of each shape
accurately.

The Capacity of a solid

The capacity of a solid refers to its volume or the amount of space it

occupies. It is typically measured in cubic units such as cubic meters
(m³) or cubic centimeters (cm³). The capacity of a solid depends on its
shape and dimensions. For regular shapes like cubes, rectangular
prisms, or cylinders, the capacity can be calculated using specific
formulas.

Below shows worked examples of a few surface areas

1. Cylinder:

Let's say we have a cylinder with a radius of 5 units and a height of 10

units.

The formula for the capacity (or volume) of a cylinder is:

Capacity = π × (radius)² × height

Plugging in the values:

Capacity = π × (5)² × 10
Capacity = π × 25 × 10
Capacity = 250π cubic units (or approximately 785.4 cubic units)

2. Cone:

Consider a cone with a radius of 3 units and a height of 6 units.

The formula for the capacity of a cone is:

Capacity = (1/3) × π × (radius)² × height

Substituting the values:

Capacity = (1/3) × π × (3)² × 6
Capacity = (1/3) × π × 9 × 6
Capacity = 54π cubic units (or approximately 169.6 cubic units)

3. Cube:

Assume we have a cube with side length of 4 units.

The capacity of a cube is simply the volume, and the formula is:
Capacity = (side length)³

Using the given side length:

Capacity = 4³
Capacity = 64 cubic units

4. Cuboid:

Let's work with a cuboid that has dimensions: length = 6 units, width = 3
units, and height = 2 units.

The capacity of a cuboid is given by:

Capacity = length × width × height

Plugging in the provided dimensions:

Capacity = 6 × 3 × 2
Capacity = 36 cubic units

5. Sphere:

Consider a sphere with a radius of 2 units.

The formula for the capacity of a sphere is:

Capacity = (4/3) × π × (radius)³

Applying the given radius:

Capacity = (4/3) × π × (2)³
Capacity = (4/3) × π × 8
Capacity = 32π cubic units (or approximately 100.5 cubic units)
6. Triangular Based Prism:

Let's assume we have a triangular-based prism with a triangular base of

height 5 units, base length 6 units, and a prism height of 10 units.

The capacity of a triangular-based prism is found by multiplying the

area of the base triangle by the prism height:
Capacity = (1/2) × base length × height × prism height

Substituting the given values:

Capacity = (1/2) × 6 × 5 × 10
Capacity = 150 cubic units

7. Triangular Based Pyramid:

Consider a triangular-based pyramid with a triangular base of height 4

units, base length 8 units, and a pyramid height of 6 units.

The capacity of a triangular-based pyramid is given by:

Capacity = (1/3) × (1/2) × base length × height × pyramid height

Using the provided values:

Capacity = (1/3) × (1/2) × 8 × 4 × 6
Capacity = 16 cubic units

8. Rectangular Based Pyramid:

Let's work with a rectangular-based pyramid with a rectangular base of

length 5 units, width 3 units, and a pyramid height of 7 units.
The capacity of a rectangular-based pyramid is calculated as:
Capacity = (1/3) × base length × base width × pyramid height

Plugging in the values:

Capacity = (1/3) × 5 × 3 × 7
Capacity = 35 cubic units

These examples showcase how to calculate the capacities (or volumes)

of various geometric shapes using their respective formulas.