BASIC NUTRITION

Proteins and
Amino Acids
presented by GROUP 7
INTRODUCTION
 - A protein is a naturally-occurring,
unbranched polymer in which the
monomer units are amino acids

NATURE OF - Proteins are most abundant molecules in

the cells after water – account for about
PROTEINS 15% of a cell’s overall mass
Classification of Amino Acids
According to Essentiality
 Classification of Amino Acids
According to the chemical composition of their side chains

1. Basic Amino Acids

2. Acidic Amino Acids
3. Neutral Amino Acids

According to Hydrolytic Products and Sources

glucogenic (they follow carbohydrate pathways in
metabolism);
ketogenic - acidic, basic or neutral
Classification of Amino Acids
According to Structure and Spatial Arrangement of Amino Acids

Fibrous Proteins: Alpha- Globular proteins:

Keratin & Collagen Myoglobin & Hemoglobin
Classification of Amino Acids
According to Structure and Spatial Arrangement of Amino Acids

Insulin Molecule showing

amino acid sequence
Amino Acid content Classification
of Proteins of protein

1. Complete Proteins - ex. meat,

poultry, eggs, dairy 1. Simple Proteins

2. Partially Complete Proteins - ex. 2. Conjugated Proteins

gliadin in wheat, legumin in
legumes 3. Derived Proteins

3. Incomplete Proteins - ex. nuts,

seeds, whole grains
FUNCTIONS OF
PROTEINS
Functions of Proteins

Made up of amino acids that build and repair cells and tissues,
supplies energy, and control bodily functions.
An available proper amount of essential amino acids forms specific
protein molecule that aids the growth of all living things.
All enzymes are protein and only some hormones are protein. All body
fluids and secretions have protein, except bile.

Source of Energy
Regulator of Body Processes
Specific Roles of an Amino Acid
Examples and Function of mentioned Amino Acids.

Type and examples Occurrence or function

Catalytic protein (enzymes)

Trypsin Hydrolysis of peptide bonds
DNA polymerase Synthesis of DNA

Regulatory proteins (hormones)

Insulin Stimulates glucose metabolism
Growth hormone Stimulates bone growth

Protective proteins
Antibodies Combine with foreign proteins
Interferon Impairs virus replication

Storage proteins
Casein Major protein in milk
Ferritin Iron storage in liver
Examples and Function of mentioned Amino Acids:

Type and examples Occurrence or function

Transport proteins
Hemoglobin Transports oxygen in blood
Myoglobin Transports/stores oxygen in muscles

Structural proteins
Collagen Fibrous connective tissue
Ribosomal proteins Associated with RNA in ribosomes

Contractile proteins (in muscles)

Myosin Thick filaments of muscle
Actin Thin filaments of muscle

Genetic proteins
Histones Associate with DNA of chromosomes
Repressor Blocks expression of genes

Blood clotting proteins

Prothrombin Converted to Thrombin
Fibrinogen Converted to Fibrin
Determination
of Protein
Quality
 BIOLOGICAL TEST CHEMICAL TEST
1. Biological Value (BV)
Retained Nitrogen
x 100
Absorbed Nitrogen
5. Amino Acid Score (AAS) or
2. Net Protein Utilization (NPU) Chemical Score
Dietary N minus (Urinary N+ Fecal N) mg of AA in 1 g test protein
NPU = x 100
Dietary N Amino Acid Score = mg AA in 1 g reference protein x 100
3. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)
N wt. (g) 6. Protein Digestibility Corrected
PER =
P intake (g) Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)
4. Net Dietary Protein Calories
mg of limiting AA in I g test protein
Percent PDCAAS = mg of same AA in 1 g reference protein x 100
Protein kcal
NDP Cal % = x 100
Total kcal intake
Ways of Improving Protein Quality

1. Fortification

2. Enrichment

3. Supplementation

4. Complementation
 Protein
Malnutrition
 Protein Malnutrition
Protein malnutrition is an imbalance between the
amount of protein and energy available and what
the body needs in order to grow and operate at its
most efficient level.

Deficiency Signs:
loss of muscle mass
brittle nail and hair loss
stunted growth for children
 PROTEIN UNDERNUTRITION

KWASHIORKOR
is a disease marked by severe protein
malnutrition and bilateral extremity swelling.

MARASMUS

is a severe manifestation of protein-energy

malnutrition. It occurs as a result of total
calorie insufficiency.
 PROTEIN OVERNUTRITION

a form of malnutrition arising from

excessive intake of nutrients, specifically
protein, leading to accumulation of body fat
that impairs health.

Effects on health
heart problem
obesity
 Protein
Metabolism
Nitrogen Balance
the traditional method of
determining dietary protein
requirements.

Factors Affecting Nitrogen Balance

Amino Acid Composition
Immobility
Emotional Stress
Caloric Intake
 FOOD
SOURCES
 Animal Based Sources

EGG POULTRY SEAFOODS FISH

MEAT DAIRY PRODUCTS

 Plant Based Sources

NUTRITIONAL YEAST TOFU NUTS QUINOA SEEDS

PROTEIN
CHIA SEEDS BUCKWHEAT BEANS BROCCOLI
POWDERS
 PROTEIN
REQUIREMENT
AND
ALLOWANCE
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT PROTEIN REQUIREMENT

Body Size
State healthy
Effect of growth
Stress factors
Effect of pregnancy and
Effect of Physical activity
lactation
Quality of Proteins
Effect of aging
 Adequacy of calories

Planning the Diet to Meet the

Protein Needs
CONCLUSION
END.