Protein and Vitamin

Syifania Hanifah Samara, S.Pi., M.Sc.

Protein
  A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in a specific
sequence
 An essential nutrient. There is no life without protein
 Protein is contained in every part of the body, the skin, muscles,
Protein hair, blood, body organs, eyes, even fingernails and bone
 Next to water, protein is the most plentiful substance in the body
 Type Examples Functions
Amylase, Help in digestion of food by
Digestive
lipase, pepsin, catabolizing nutrients into
Enzymes
trypsin monomeric units
Hemoglobin, Carry substances in the blood
Transport
albumin or lymph throughout the body
Actin, tubulin, Construct different structures,
Structural
keratin like the cytoskeleton
Protein
Insulin, Coordinate the activity of
Function Hormones
thyroxine different body systems
Immunoglobulin Protect the body from foreign
Defense
s pathogens
Contractile Actin, myosin Effect muscle contraction
Legume storage Provide nourishment in early
Storage proteins, egg development of the embryo
white (albumin) and the seedling
 Simple Protein Conjugated Protein Derived Protein
• on hydrolysis they • simple proteins • proteins derived
yield only the combined with from simple or
amino acids and some non-protein conjugated
Three occasional small
carbohydrate
material in the
body
proteins by
physical or
Classifications compounds
• albumins,
• nucleoproteins,
glycoproteins,
chemical means
• denatured
of Protein globulins, phosphoproteins, proteins and
glutelins, haemoglobins and peptides
albuminoids, lecithoproteins
histones and
protamines
 Enzymes
 produced by living cells
 catalysts in biochemical
reactions (like digestion)
Enzymes and  usually complex or
conjugated proteins
Hormones  each enzyme is specific for
the substrate (a reactant that
binds to an enzyme) it acts on
 all enzymes increase the rate
of reaction and, therefore,
are considered to be organic
catalysts
Hormones
 chemical-signaling molecules
 usually small proteins or
steroids
 secreted by endocrine cells
that act to control or regulate
specific physiological
processes
 for growth, development,
metabolism, and
reproduction
  Proteins are composed of small units called amino acids, which are
called the building blocks of protein.
 There are about 20 different amino acids which are commonly
Protein known
Structure  Most proteins are large molecules that may contain several
hundred amino acids arranged in branches and chains
 Proteins contain a wide range of functional groups. These
functional groups include alcohols, thiols, thioethers, carboxylic
acids, carboxamides, and a variety of basic groups. When
combined in various sequences, this array of functional groups
accounts for the broad spectrum of protein function
  Proteins can interact with one another and with other biological
macromolecules to form complex assemblies
Protein
 Some proteins are quite rigid, whereas others display limited
Structure flexibility
 Changes in temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals may lead
to permanent changes in the shape of the protein, leading to loss
of function, known as denaturation
Amino Acids

 Monomers that make up proteins

 A protein is made up of one or more linear chains of amino acids,
each of which is called a polypeptide
 Amino acids share a basic structure, which consists of a central
carbon atom, also known as the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an
amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group COOH), and a hydrogen
atom
 Every amino acid
also has another
atom or group of
atoms bonded to
Amino Acids the central atom,
known as the R
group, which
determines the
identity of the
amino acid
Vitamin
  There are 13 known vitamins.
 Vitamins are either water-soluble or fat-soluble.
 Fat-soluble vitamins are easier for the body to store than water-
Vitamin soluble.
 Vitamins always contain carbon, so they are described as
“organic.”
 Food is the best source of vitamins
 Fat-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble  stored in the fatty tissues of
the body and the liver
and water-  Vitamins A, D, E, and K
soluble  easier to store than water-
vitamins soluble vitamins
 can stay in the body as
reserves for days, and
sometimes months
Water-soluble vitamins
 do not stay in the body for
long
 body cannot store them, and
they are soon excreted in
urine
 water-soluble vitamins need
to be replaced more often
than fat-soluble ones
 Vitamin C and all the B
vitamins
Vitamin
Functions
 Vitamin Deficiency Effect
A (Retinol, retinal, may cause night-blindness and keratomalacia, an eye
and four disorder that results in a dry cornea
carotenoids)
B (thiamine) may cause beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome
Vitamin B2
B3
may cause ariboflavinosis
may cause pellagra, with symptoms of diarrhea,
Deficiency dermatitis, and mental disturbance
B5 may cause paraesthesia, or “pins and needles.”
B6 may cause anemia, peripheral neuropathy, or
damage to parts of the nervous system other than
the brain and spinal cord
B7 may cause dermatitis or enteritis, or inflammation of
the intestine
 Vitamin Deficiency Effect
B9 during pregnancy is linked to birth defects
B12 may cause megaloblastic anemia, a condition
where bone marrow produces unusually large,
abnormal, immature red blood cells
C may cause megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin D may cause rickets and osteomalacia, or softening of
the bones
Deficiency (2) E uncommon, but it may cause hemolytic anemia in
newborns. This is a condition where blood cells are
destroyed and removed from the blood too early
K may cause bleeding diathesis, an unusual
susceptibility to bleeding