Animal Nutrition

Jan Marrie R. Baldoman M.Sc.

Instructor

College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries

Caraga State University
Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph
Animal Nutrition – study of composition and characteristics of the
material consumed by the animal, including how it
is metabolized (converted, utilized, and excreted)
in various digestive sites in monogastric,
ruminants, and other farm animals.
Nutrients – substances found in food/feed which drive biological
activity, and are essential in the animal’s life.
Digestion – breakdown of feed particles for absorption

Absorption – transfer of a substance from GIT to the circulatory system

Metabolism – the combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions

occurring in the body with the liberation of energy
CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION

CARBOHYDRATES

Background

- Primary component in livestock feeds and considered a renewable

resource
- “hydrates of carbon” having C (40%), H (7%) and O (53%)
- Limited storage in the animal’s body
CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION

Functions of carbohydrates
1. Source of energy
2. Source of heat
3. Building blocks of other nutrients
4. Stored in the animal body by converting to fats

Structure
1. Consist of C atoms arranged in chains to which O are attached
2. May contain an aldehyde or ketone group
 Classification of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
– simple sugars or building blocks of CHO
- Can be classified as aldoses or ketoses
Classification of Carbohydrates
 Classification of Carbohydrates
Classified based on the number of simple sugar molecules in their
structures, as follows:

2. Disaccharides
- Two simple sugars
Sucrose (glucose+fructose),Lactose (glucose+galactose),
Maltose(glucose +glucose), Cellobiose (glucose+glucose),
 Classification of Carbohydrates

3. Oligosaccharides
- 3 to 9 sugars (traditional definition)
4. Polysaccharides
- is composed of long chains of hexose or pentose units
- Many sugar molecules
Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Classification of Carbohydrates

Lignin Gums
- Not a carbohydrate Obtained by incisions from trunk and
- Influences feed digestibility (indigestible) branches of Acacia senegal
1. Among the monosaccharides below, which
is not an example of a hexose?
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Ribose
d. galactose
2. A monosaccharide found in fruits and
honey. It is also considered as the sweetest
sugar.
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Mannose
d. galactose
3. A disaccharide also known as “milk sugar”
a. Sucrose
b. Lactose
c. Maltose
d. cellobiose
4. Among these polysaccharides, which is
not actually a carbohydrate?
a. Starch
b. Hemicellulose
c. Cellulose
d. lignin
5. Main carbohydrate source of ruminants.
a. Starch
b. Glycogen
c. Cellulose
d. lignin
6. Storage form of carbohydrates in animal’s
body.
a. Mannan
b. Cellulose
c. Starch
d. glycogen
CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION
Fats
Background
- Made up (molecular weight) of C (77%), H (12%), and O (11%)
- Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
- Yield 2.25 more calories than CHO

Functions
1. Contains essential fatty acids
2. Source of heat, insulation, and protection for animal body
3. Hormone synthesis
4. Bile acid synthesis
5. Serve as a carrier for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Classification of Lipids
Fats
Structure of Fats
a. Glycerol and Fatty Acids
b. Saturated Fatty Acids
c. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Fats
Location and Natural Sources of Fats
a. Animal Body
1. Subcutaneous
2. Surrounding internal organs
3. Marbling and Milk
b. Natural Sources- most feeds have less than 10% fat except oil
seeds of 20%
1. Fats yield more energy compared with
carbohydrates and fats by:
a. 1.25 times
b. 2.25 times
c. 3.25 times
d. 4.25 times
2. Which of the following is a building blocks
of lipids?
a. Chylomicrons
b. Oils
c. Glycerol
d. Lipoproteins
3. Fats function as a source of essential fatty
acids, such as:
a. Oleic and linoleic acid
b. Linoleic and Linolenic acid
c. Oleic and acetic acid
d. None of the above
CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION
Protein
Background
- Made up of C (53%), H (7%), O (23%), N (16%) and P (1%)
- Constructed from the set of 20 amino acids
- Dietary requirement (%) is the highest in the young growing
animals and declines gradually to maturity

Functions
1. Basic structural unit of the animal body, i.e., collagen, elastin,
contractile protein, keratin proteins, blood proteins
2. Body metabolism- enzymes, hormones, immune antibodies,
hereditary transmission.
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Classification of Proteins
➢ Those yielding only amino acids or their
Simple (Globular protein) derivatives upon hydrolysis
Albumin, globulin,
glutelins, prolamines,
Histones

These proteins are water-soluble and are typically

involved in functions such as enzyme catalysis, transport,
and regulation of various cellular processes
 Are also known as
heteroproteins; upon hydrolysis,
they yield amino acids and non-
protein components called
prosthetic groups.

➢ Refers to a protein that is covalently bonded to

Conjugated Protein one or more non-protein components
Nucleoproteins,
lecithoproteins,
lipoproteins
Classification of Proteins
➢ Constitute about 30% of total protein in
Fibrous Protein animal body
➢ Usually found in connective tissues

Collagen, myosin, fibrin,

actin, keratin, elastin

Such proteins tend to be mechanically strong and

resistant to solubilization in water.
1. Among the given amino acids, which is
considered non-essential?
a. Phenylalanine
b. Alanine
c. Leucine
d. isoleucine
2. An essential amino acid.
a. Alanine
b. Asparagine
c. Arginine
d. Aspartic acid
3. What is the first limiting amino acid in
poultry diets?
a. Lysine
b. Methionine
c. Alanine
d. Isoleucine
4. What are the sulfur-containing amino
acids?
a. Lysine and methionine
b. Isoleucine and leucine
c. Cysteine and methionine
d. Tryptophan and lysine
VITAMINS

Background

- organic compounds required in a limited amount

- obtained from plants, animals, & dietary supplements
- deficiency will decrease energy delivery, and synthesis of
metabolic products, and will pre-dispose the animals to metabolic
problems
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water upon entering
the body.
Vitamin A helps maintain normal vision in
dim light. Extreme vitamin A deficiency may
lead to night blindness. Such a condition is
called.
a. Xeropthalmia
b. Osteomalacia
c. Encephalomalacia
d. Agalactia
 Water soluble vitamins include:
a. Thiamine and riboflavin
b. Vitamins A & D
c. Vitamins E & K
d. All of the above
Examples of fat-soluble vitamins
a. Vitamins A & E
b. Thiamine and riboflavin
c. Vitamins C & D
d. Pantothenic acid and biotin
The deficiency of this vitamin resulted to
hyperkeratosis in chicken and goose-
stepping in swine.
a. Biotin
b. Choline
c. Pantothenic acid
d. Folic acid
Macrominerals are normally present at
greater levels in the animal body and are
needed in relatively large amounts in the diet.
Examples of macrominerals are:
a. Ca and P
b. Cu and Zn
c. Fe and Cu
d. All of the above
Iodine plays role in the production of
thyroxine by the thyroid gland. Deficiency in
iodine.
a. Goiter
b. Beri-beri
c. Scurvy
d. Tetany
The ideal ratio of calcium and phosphorus in
the diet for monogastric animals.
a. 1:1-2:1
b. 2:1-3:1
c. 1:2-2:3
d. 1.5:2-2.5:3
WATER
- Cheapest and most abundant
nutrient
- Percentage of body water
varies depending on age
(the animal’s body ranges from
65-85% at birth and 45-60% of
body weight at maturity. )
Main Function of WATER

- Transport of nutrients and excretion

- Serves as solvent in which most of the chemical
reactions take place
- Acts as a lubricant around joints
- Aids in the regulation of the body temperature
SOURCES OF WATER
1. Drinking Water
2. Water contained in Feeds (8-
30%)
3. Metabolic water (may
account for 5-10% of total
water intake)
1. Main source of water for the animals?
a. Drinking water
b. Water in Feeds
c. Metabolic water
The Fates of Carbohydrates
The Fates of Carbohydrates
The Fates of Proteins
The Fates of Proteins
The Fates of Fats
 Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

Nutrient Catabolic Reactions Anabolic Reactions

Carbohydrates Glycogenolysis Glycogen synthesis
Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis
Pentose Phosphate Shunt

Proteins Deamination of Amino Amino Acid

Acids Synthesis
Protein synthesis
Urea cycle
Lipids Fatty acid Fatty Acid synthesis
degradation Ketogenesis
Cholesterol synthesis
7. Enzymes produced by the pancreas and
secreted into the duodenum.
a. Trypsin
b. Rennin
c. Peptide bond
d. pepsin
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS

❑ Concentrate Feeds – feed materials usually have low

moisture and fiber content (less than 18%) with relatively high
digestibility
Concentrates are classified into:
✓ Basal (carbonaceous) concentrates – those materials rich in
energy (less than 18% CP).
Examples: cereal grains – yellow corn, RBD1, sorghum
Root crops – cassava meal
Oils/Fats – coconut oil, fish oil, tallow
Molasses
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS

✓ Protein Concentrates – CP is 20% or higher

Examples: Animal/Marine sources – fish meal, meat and bone
meal, blood meal
Plant sources – SBM, CM, peanut meal
Non Protein Nitrogen – Urea
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
 Some Pasture Species (grass or legumes)

Improved grasses Scientific Name

Napier grass Pennisetum purpureum

Guinea grass Panicum maximum

Para grass Brachiaria mutica

Signal grass Brachiaria decumbens

Star grass Cynodon plectostachyus

Gamba grass Andropogon gayanus

 Some Pasture Species (grass or legumes)

Native Grasses Scientific Name

Cogon Imperata cylindrica

Bagocboc Themeda triendra

Misamis grass Cappilipedium parviflorum

Amor seco Chrysopogon aseculatus

Carabao grass Paspalum conjugatum

 Some Pasture Species (grass or legumes)

Fodder tree legumes Scientific Name

Rensonni/Cinerea Desmodium cinereal or
rensonii

Flemengia Flemengia macrophylla

Indigofera Indigofera anil
Madre de cacao Gliricidia sepium
Other legumes
Pintoi peanut Arachis pintoi
Roughages are plant materials that contain
greater than 18% CF. These feeds are suited
for animals such as:
a. Chicken
b. Duck
c. Swine
d. carabao
Which of the following is not a concentrated
source of energy?
a. Coconut oil
b. Lard
c. Corn oil
d. Peanut meal
Paragrass is an improved forage, what is its
scientific name?
a. Brachiaria mutica
b. Panicum maximum
c. Pennisetum purpureum
d. Imperata cylindrica
Feed Formulation

Objective of Ration Formulation

✓ To utilize knowledge about nutrients, feedstuff,

and animals
✓ Develop nutritionally adequate rations that will
suffice the nutrient requirement of the animal
✓ Mix ingredients at a reasonable cost
Feed Formulation

Requirements for balancing ration:

➢ Nutrient requirement of the animals

(specific kind, age (physiological stage), type of work
or product produced, and amount and proportion of
nutrients required.
➢ Nutrient composition of feeds
➢ Economical
➢ Availability and Quality of Feedstuff
Feed Formulation

Requirements for balancing ration:

➢ Palatability
➢ Digestibility
➢ Toxic substance in the feed
 Common toxic substance found in feeds

Toxin Feedstuff
Aflatoxin Peanut, corn, soya, cassava, wheat, rye,
oats, sorghum, rice, millet
T-2 toxin Corn, wheat, barley, rye, sorghum, rice
Deoxynivalenol (DON) Corn, wheat, rye, barley, oat, sorghum,
rice
Zearalenone Corn, wheat, barley, rye, oat, sorghum,
rice
Ochratoxin and citrinin Barley, oat, rye, wheat, corn, rice, soya,
sorghum
Hydrocyanic acid cassava
Solanin Camote, potato
 Common toxic substance found in feeds

Toxin Feedstuff
Mimosine Ipil-ipil

Gossypol Cotton seed meal

Prussic acid Sorghum, cassava leaves

Goitrogen Peanut, soya, rapeseed

Phytic acid Soya, cottonseed

Cyanogen Linseed
Ipil-ipil leaf meal contains mimosine which
limits its usefulness as animal feed. Fresh
cassava tubers contain:
a. Hydrocyanic acid
b. Goitrogen
c. Oxalate
d. gossypol
Cottonseed meal is a good source of protein
(41% CP) but contains anti-nutritional factor.
a. Gossypol
b. Stearic acid
c. Mimosine
d. All of the above
Least-Cost Linear Programming
Ration/Feed Formulation

Easy and simple to follow

Pearson’s
Square
Balance nutrient one at a
Method time

Center number in the square

must be intermediate between
the nutrient concentration of
the 2 feed groups
Ration/Feed Formulation
Ration/Feed Formulation
Ration/Feed Formulation
Feed Formulation

A farmer wishes to mix a ration containing 22% crude

protein (CP). He decided to use yellow corn with 8.5% CP
and fish meal with 65% CP. How much of each of the feed
ingredients should be used?
Feed Formulation

A farmer has plenty yellow corn (8.5 CP) and soya meal
(44% CP). How much soya meal will be needed for a 100 kg
mixture containing 14% CP?
a. 14.59
b. 15.49
c. 13.49
d. 12.59
e. None of the above
Thank
You!

College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries

Caraga State University
Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph