BIO NOTES Defense Proteins – Plays an
important role in the body’s
PROTEINS
 Are the most abundant
organic compounds in living
organisms that is
responsible for as much as
15% of the body’s dry
weight. Importance of this
proteins plays a major
roles as antibodies,
enzymes, hormones, and
other substances involved
with digestion, respiration,
reproduction, and even
normal vision.
These are found in:
 Beef
 Chicken
 Fish
 Milk
 Tofu
 Nuts
 Cheese
 Eggs
 Legumes
 Tuna
Structural Proteins – Parts
of the cells such as tissues,
such as keratin in hair and
fingernail.
Enzymatic Protein – All
chemical processes in the body
need a large amount of
energy. They catalyse or speed
up chemical reactions without
themselves being chemically
changed at the end of the
process.
Transport Proteins – Aids
cells on moving materials.
defense system against
disease-causing foreign
organisms and particles.
Regulatory or Signal
Proteins – Regulate body
functions (Hormonal).
Contractile Proteins – Form
of actin and myosin that are
found in cells to allow
movement and cause muscle
contraction.
Storage Proteins – Serve as
reserves of amino acids.
Amino Acids
 The building block of
proteins that contain an
amino group (−NH 2) and
an acid group (−COOH ¿.
The third group is called an
R group, it helps
distinguish amino acids
from others since it has a
specific name and function
in the body that will
depend on the sets of
chemicals that are in the
group.
All amino acids have a
common structure but what
 makes it different is the “R”
group in the general formula.
Plants are capable of
synthesizing amino acids for
themselves. On the other
hand, animals, including us,
cannot make amino acids for
themselves. So, it is needed to
take proteins as a part of their
diet. Once consumed, these
proteins are broken down into
amino acids that can form
other proteins.
Lysine
Amino acids are linked
together by peptide bonds to
form along chains of up to
several hundred amino acids
(polypeptide chains). Amino
acids can be combine to form
peptide chains in a
condensation reaction then
the other reaction that breaks
up peptide chains that uses
water called hydrolysis.

Essential amino acids are
those cannot be produced by
our body. So, they should be
present on our daily diet.
Nonessential amino acids
are those can be produced by
our body
Carbohydrates
Are organic of compounds that
serve as the main source of
energy together with proteins,
they function as structural
components of living cell. They
are created by carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
molecules with a ratio of 1:2:1
These are commonly found in:

Conditionally nonessential  Agave

amino acids are not vital but  Apple
may become urgent during  Pear
health crisis or stress  Mango
 Honey
Essential Conditionally Nonessential  Soda with HFCS (High
Nonessential
fructose corn syrup)
Histidine Arginine Alanine
Isoleucine Asparagine Aspartate Fructose – the sweetest sugar
found on fruits
Leucine Glutamine Cysteine
Methionine Glycine Glutamate Made by:
Phenylalanin Proline Glucose + glucose
e
Threonine Serine
Tryptophan Tyrosine Saccharide is from Sacchar
which means sugar in Greek.
Valine
 Monosaccharides are simple Complex sugars made up of two
sugar with only one sugar unit. molecules of monosaccharides
They are based on the number chemically joined together with a
of carbon atoms they are chemical formula of C 12 H 22 O11.
made up. Triose, such as
Sucrose is common table sugar,
glyceraldehyde (C 6 H 12 H 6).
sugar cane, carrots, and other
Fructose (corn sugar),
sweet fruits but not found on
galactose (brain sugar),
mammals.
mannose, and glucose also
called dextrose (blood sugar)
are examples of hexoses.
Digestible Disaccharides in Food
Sucrose
Fructose is mostly found on
Glucose - Fructose
plants but rarely on animals
Lactose (Milk)
Found on:
Galactose – Glucose
 Ripe mangoes
 Melon Maltose (Cereal)
 Sugar Apple (Atis)
Glucose - Glucose
Glucose is an indispensable part
of the mammalian blood and is
found at least in small quantities Polysaccharide (3 or more
in all animals saccharides)
Complex sugars made up of
chains or branches of
Ribose and Deoxyribose are
monosaccharides form by
simple sugars forming the
condensation reactions with a
backbones of RNA and DNA
basic formula of (CH O)n, where
RNA = Ribonucleic Acid “n” refers to a number of
monosaccharides present
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Examples:
Monosaccharides:
 Starch
Glucose
 Glycogen
Fructose  Cellulose
Galactose

Starch a storage carbohydrate of

plants that is composed of
Disaccharides
entirely glucose molecules as constipation haemorrhoids, and
many as 200 glucose. even rectal cancer.

Found in: Chitin – Serves as an effective

source in the medical field due to
 Potato Tubers
its surgical sutures or threads
 Cassava
that is due to its flexibility and
 Carrots
strength. Also used in industrial,
 Corn
pharmaceutical, and
 Cereals
biotechnological purposes.
Easily digested by most animals
due to an enzyme called amylase
that is a compound that is needed Lipids
to be present in animals.
Organic substances that include
fats and fat-like substances, this
includes phospholipid, wax,
Glycogen a storage carbohydrate
steroid, and sphingolipid. They
in animals, which accumulates in
are generally hydrophobic but
the liver and muscle cells of
soluble in organic solvents such
glycogen. This contains more
as benzene, ether, and
glucose units than starch.
chloroform.
Functions:
During digestion, glucose and
 Solvent for fat-soluble
other monosaccharides that are
vitamins and hormones
released from use and used as
 Prevents water loss from
energy sources. However, if not
skin surface
used by the cells they are stored
 Essential parts of cell
in the liver as glycogen for future
structures such as cell
use. If animals are not capable of
membrane
storing glycogen it would need
 Insulating material to
them to eat every minute of their
prevent heat loss and
lives.
protection against extreme
cold.
 Source and storage of
Cellulose – The most abundant
energy
organic compound on Earth, a
structural polysaccharide found in
plant cell walls. It is needed on
Fats are lipids composed of one
the human diet since it serve as a
molecule of glycerol (alcohol
fibre source. This reduces
containing three carbon) and
cholesterol in the body, reducing
three fatty acid molecules.
Two types of fatty acids Storage of genetic information.
DNA and RNA are made up of the
 Saturated (Solid at room
basic building block called the
temperature like margarine)
Nucleotide which is made up of
 Unsaturated (Liquid state at
five carbon sugar (Pentose),
room temperature like
phosphate group, nitrogenous
Vegetable oil and corn)
base, and deoxyribose (sugar).
The nitrogenous bases are either
double-ringed purines, such as
Other types of lipids:
Guanine (G), adenine (A), or
 Phospholipids – main single-ringed pyrimidines, such as
component of cell cytosine (C), thymine (T), and
membranes uracil (U).
 Waxes – Protective
Replication:
coverings on the skin and
fur on some animals. A=T
Important on covering the
T=A
surface levels of leaves and
stem G=C
 Steroids – Lapis with a
C=G
carbon skeleton of four
fused rings (Cholesterol,
Bile Salts, Sex hormones,
Stages of Protein synthesis
and Vitamin D)
 Cholesterol – Adds  DNA Replication
strength on the plasma  Transcription (RNA)
membrane of animals  Translation (RNA = Amino =
 Triglycerides – Blood fats Protein)
that circulate the
Differences
bloodstream along with
cholesterol (Can be DNA
obtained on meats and
 Double Stranded Helix
plant oils). Too much of
Molecule
these can increase the risk
 Made of cytosine, guanine,
of heart and blood vessel
adenine, and uracil
diseases
 Sphingolipids – Found in RNA
brain, lungs, and nerve
 One strand
tissues. They reduce
 Made of cytosine, guanine,
tensions on the lungs to
adenine, and thymine
maintain its right shape

Nucleic Acid
Example:
CCG GGC ATA CGC
GGC CCG TAT GCG (Replication)1st

GGC CCG UAU GCG(Transcription) 2 nd

(3rd step) Translation:

GGC = Glycine
CCG = Proline
UAU = Tyrosine
GCG = Alanine